6 - Agricultural Policy and Performance in Liberia (1920-1990): Implications for Policy in Post-Gvil War Liberia
Africa Development,
Vol. 23 No. 1 (1998): Africa Development
Abstract
L'agriculture libérienne est en déclin depuis le début des années 1920, et les politiques n'ont pas été réellement capables de remédier à une telle situation. Sur le plan historique, il y a eu des tentatives majeures de renverser cette tendance à la baisse de la production vivrière, caféière et cacaoyère. Malheureusement, ces plans essentiels ont échoué depuis longtemps. Jusqu'à présent, aucune alternative politique n'a été pensée pour l'après-guerre civile au Liberia Contrairement aux auteurs qui se sont focalisés sur les facteurs économiques pour analyser la politique agricole, cet article se propose d'aller au-delà. Il prend en compte des facteurs économiques et non économiques qui sont à l'origine de l'échec de la politique agricole au Liberia Les conclusions de cet article indiquent, «ceteris paribus», que: a) Les facteurs économiques et politiques ont beaucoup influencé la politique et les stratégies agricoles du début des années 1920 à la fin des années 1980, et b) Le manque d'égards envers la sociologie rurale existante a dû avoir un impact négatif sur la restructuration cognitive du cultivateur en ce qui concerne la politique du gouvernement. Cet article propose des options et des stratégies politiques qui pourraient favoriser la production agricole au Liberia d'après-guerre civile.
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- Aryeetey; A. and Gockel, 1991, Mobilising Domestic Resources for Capital Formation in Ghana: The Raie of Informal Financial ISSER, University of Ghana
- Aryeetey, A., 1992, The Informal Financial Sector in Ghana and Its Relationship to the Formal Sector: Summaries of Two AERC-sponsored Studie4 ISSER, University of Ghana
- Berry, S., 1983, 'Agrarian Crisis in Africa? A Review and Interpretation', Paper presented for the Joint African Studies Committee of the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Leamed Societies, September, Boston.
- Clower, R. W. et al., 1966, Growth Without Development: An Economie Survey of Liberia, Evanston, Northwestem University.
- Coleman, J. R. et al., 1973, 'How Policy Changes Affected Cocoa Sectors in Sub-Saharan African Countries', Policy Research Worldng Papers, the World Bank.
- Donald, G., 1976, Credit for Small Farmers in Developing Countries, Boulder, Westview Press.
- Dummont, R., 1954, Types of Rural &onomy, ·1ranslated from &anomie agricole dans le monde, Paris, Methuen and Co. Ltd.
- Ellis, F., 1992, Agricultural Policies in Developing Countries, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
- Gedeo, A. S., 1982, 'A Review of the Historical Developments of Liberia's Agricultural Policy (1950-1980)', Term Paper, University of Liberia
- Hallet, G., 1971, The &anomies of Agricultural Policy, Oxford, Basil Blackwell.
- Hart, K., 1982, The Political Economy of West African Agriculture, Cambridge.
- Cambridge University Press.
- Hayami, Y. and Vernon, W. Ruttan, 1971, Agricultural Development: An International Perspective, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press.
- Hyden, G, 1986, 'The Invisible Economy of Small-holder Agriculture in Africa', in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming System,r (ed.) Joyce Lewinger Moock, Boulder, Westview Press.
- International Labour Office, 1972, Report to the Liberian Government of 'Total Involvement: A Strategy for Development', Geneva
- Jaeger, W. K., 1992, 'The Effects of Economie Policies on African Agriculture', World Bank Discussion Papers; Africa Technical Department Series, 147.
- James, G., 1971, Agricultural Policy in Wealthy Countries, Angus and Robertson Publishers Ltd., London.
- Kamara, S., 1987, 'Agrarian Transformation and Problems of Food lnsecurity in Liberia'; Liberian Forum, Vol. 3/1, pp. 6-25.
- Kraaij, F. P. M. Van der, 1983, The Open Door Policy of Liberia: An &anomie History of Modern Liberia, Bremer Afrika Archive, Band 17/1; Bremen, ln Selstwerlag des Museums.
- Knutson, R. D. et al., 1983, Agricultural and Food Policy, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall Inc.
- Lalugba, A. K., 1986, 'Extension and Farm Productivity: An Evaluation of the Lofa County Agricultural Development Project', B.Sc. Thesis, Cuttington University College.
- Liebenow, J. Gus., 1969, Liberia: The Evolution of Privilege, Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
- Lowenkopf, M. 1976, Politics in Liberia, The Conservative Road to Development Stanford, Hoover Institutions Press.
- Lowe, R. G., 1986, Agricultural Revolution in Africa? Impediments to Change and Implications for Farming, for Education and for Society London, MacMillan Publishers, Ltd.
- Mabogunje, A. L., 1984, The Development Process: A Spatial Perspective, Hutchinson and Co., Publishers Ltd.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Song County Agricultural Development, Project, 1985,Annual Report 1984//985, Monrovia, Liberia
- Ni chois, W. H., 1964, 'The Place of Agriculture in Economie Development', in Agriculture in Economie Development (ed.) Carl Eicher and Lawrence Witt, Mc-Graw-Hill Bool Company.
- Oluwasanmi, H. A., 1966, Agriculture and Nigerian &anomie Developmen( Ibadan. Pereira-Lunghu, J., 1973, 'The Impact of LAMCO on Agricultural Sector of the Liberian Economy', 8.Sc. Thesis, Economies Department, Liberia, Cuttington University College.
- Pereira-Lunghu, J., 1988, 'Approaches to Improving Management and Efficiency in Public and Private Enterprises', Paper delivered at the Joint Seminar on Privatisation held at the Liberian Chamber of Commerce, Liberia, Monrovia, December 15.
- Pereira-Lunghu, J., 1995, 'Trends in Govemment Deficits in the Liberian Economy from 1912 to 1990:
- Implications for Fiscal Policy in Post-Civil War Liberia', Liberian Studies Journa Vol. XX, No. 2, pp. 207-231.
- Richards, P., 1985, Indigenous Agricultural Revolution Ecology and Food Production in West A.frica, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
- Robson, P and D. A. Lury, 1969, (ed.), The Economies of A.frica, London, Allen and Unwin.
- Seibel, D. and Andreas, Massing, 1947, Traditional Organisations and Economie Development: Studies of lndigenous Co-operative in Liberiq New York, Praeger Publishers, Inc.
- Toe, J. C., 1994, 'Macroeconomic Policies and Agricultural Performance in Liberia 1980-1990',
- Liberian Studies Journa Vol. XIX, No. 2, pp. 137-172.
- United States Infonnation Services, 1990, Facts on File/World News Digest with Index,
- Vol. 50, No. 2563, January 1-5, p.167.
- United States Infonnation Services, 1991, Facts on File/World News Digest with Index,
- Vol. 51, No. 2615, January 1-5, p.206.
- United States Infonnation Services, 1992, Facts on File/World News Digest with Index,
- Vol. 52, No. 2667, January 1-5, p.822.
- United States Infonnation Services, 1992, Facts on File/World News Digest with Index,
- Vol. 53, No. 2719, January 1-5, p.925.
- Wrigley, C., 1959, Crops and Wealth in Uganda, EAISR, Kampala
- Zinnah, M. M., 1985, 'Toward Self-sufficiency in Food Production in Liberia', Pamphlet.
- Zinnah, M. M., 1989, 'The Penetration of Export-Oriented Capitalist Mode of Production in Peasant
- Production and the Dislocation of Domestic Food Production: Two Cases from Liberia', Tenn Paper,
- University of Wisconsin-Madison.
References
Aryeetey; A. and Gockel, 1991, Mobilising Domestic Resources for Capital Formation in Ghana: The Raie of Informal Financial ISSER, University of Ghana
Aryeetey, A., 1992, The Informal Financial Sector in Ghana and Its Relationship to the Formal Sector: Summaries of Two AERC-sponsored Studie4 ISSER, University of Ghana
Berry, S., 1983, 'Agrarian Crisis in Africa? A Review and Interpretation', Paper presented for the Joint African Studies Committee of the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Leamed Societies, September, Boston.
Clower, R. W. et al., 1966, Growth Without Development: An Economie Survey of Liberia, Evanston, Northwestem University.
Coleman, J. R. et al., 1973, 'How Policy Changes Affected Cocoa Sectors in Sub-Saharan African Countries', Policy Research Worldng Papers, the World Bank.
Donald, G., 1976, Credit for Small Farmers in Developing Countries, Boulder, Westview Press.
Dummont, R., 1954, Types of Rural &onomy, ·1ranslated from &anomie agricole dans le monde, Paris, Methuen and Co. Ltd.
Ellis, F., 1992, Agricultural Policies in Developing Countries, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Gedeo, A. S., 1982, 'A Review of the Historical Developments of Liberia's Agricultural Policy (1950-1980)', Term Paper, University of Liberia
Hallet, G., 1971, The &anomies of Agricultural Policy, Oxford, Basil Blackwell.
Hart, K., 1982, The Political Economy of West African Agriculture, Cambridge.
Cambridge University Press.
Hayami, Y. and Vernon, W. Ruttan, 1971, Agricultural Development: An International Perspective, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press.
Hyden, G, 1986, 'The Invisible Economy of Small-holder Agriculture in Africa', in Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming System,r (ed.) Joyce Lewinger Moock, Boulder, Westview Press.
International Labour Office, 1972, Report to the Liberian Government of 'Total Involvement: A Strategy for Development', Geneva
Jaeger, W. K., 1992, 'The Effects of Economie Policies on African Agriculture', World Bank Discussion Papers; Africa Technical Department Series, 147.
James, G., 1971, Agricultural Policy in Wealthy Countries, Angus and Robertson Publishers Ltd., London.
Kamara, S., 1987, 'Agrarian Transformation and Problems of Food lnsecurity in Liberia'; Liberian Forum, Vol. 3/1, pp. 6-25.
Kraaij, F. P. M. Van der, 1983, The Open Door Policy of Liberia: An &anomie History of Modern Liberia, Bremer Afrika Archive, Band 17/1; Bremen, ln Selstwerlag des Museums.
Knutson, R. D. et al., 1983, Agricultural and Food Policy, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall Inc.
Lalugba, A. K., 1986, 'Extension and Farm Productivity: An Evaluation of the Lofa County Agricultural Development Project', B.Sc. Thesis, Cuttington University College.
Liebenow, J. Gus., 1969, Liberia: The Evolution of Privilege, Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
Lowenkopf, M. 1976, Politics in Liberia, The Conservative Road to Development Stanford, Hoover Institutions Press.
Lowe, R. G., 1986, Agricultural Revolution in Africa? Impediments to Change and Implications for Farming, for Education and for Society London, MacMillan Publishers, Ltd.
Mabogunje, A. L., 1984, The Development Process: A Spatial Perspective, Hutchinson and Co., Publishers Ltd.
Ministry of Agriculture-Song County Agricultural Development, Project, 1985,Annual Report 1984//985, Monrovia, Liberia
Ni chois, W. H., 1964, 'The Place of Agriculture in Economie Development', in Agriculture in Economie Development (ed.) Carl Eicher and Lawrence Witt, Mc-Graw-Hill Bool Company.
Oluwasanmi, H. A., 1966, Agriculture and Nigerian &anomie Developmen( Ibadan. Pereira-Lunghu, J., 1973, 'The Impact of LAMCO on Agricultural Sector of the Liberian Economy', 8.Sc. Thesis, Economies Department, Liberia, Cuttington University College.
Pereira-Lunghu, J., 1988, 'Approaches to Improving Management and Efficiency in Public and Private Enterprises', Paper delivered at the Joint Seminar on Privatisation held at the Liberian Chamber of Commerce, Liberia, Monrovia, December 15.
Pereira-Lunghu, J., 1995, 'Trends in Govemment Deficits in the Liberian Economy from 1912 to 1990:
Implications for Fiscal Policy in Post-Civil War Liberia', Liberian Studies Journa Vol. XX, No. 2, pp. 207-231.
Richards, P., 1985, Indigenous Agricultural Revolution Ecology and Food Production in West A.frica, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
Robson, P and D. A. Lury, 1969, (ed.), The Economies of A.frica, London, Allen and Unwin.
Seibel, D. and Andreas, Massing, 1947, Traditional Organisations and Economie Development: Studies of lndigenous Co-operative in Liberiq New York, Praeger Publishers, Inc.
Toe, J. C., 1994, 'Macroeconomic Policies and Agricultural Performance in Liberia 1980-1990',
Liberian Studies Journa Vol. XIX, No. 2, pp. 137-172.
United States Infonnation Services, 1990, Facts on File/World News Digest with Index,
Vol. 50, No. 2563, January 1-5, p.167.
United States Infonnation Services, 1991, Facts on File/World News Digest with Index,
Vol. 51, No. 2615, January 1-5, p.206.
United States Infonnation Services, 1992, Facts on File/World News Digest with Index,
Vol. 52, No. 2667, January 1-5, p.822.
United States Infonnation Services, 1992, Facts on File/World News Digest with Index,
Vol. 53, No. 2719, January 1-5, p.925.
Wrigley, C., 1959, Crops and Wealth in Uganda, EAISR, Kampala
Zinnah, M. M., 1985, 'Toward Self-sufficiency in Food Production in Liberia', Pamphlet.
Zinnah, M. M., 1989, 'The Penetration of Export-Oriented Capitalist Mode of Production in Peasant
Production and the Dislocation of Domestic Food Production: Two Cases from Liberia', Tenn Paper,
University of Wisconsin-Madison.