3 - The Informal Sector in the Labour Reserve Economies of Southern Africa with Special Reference to Zimbabwe *
Africa Development,
Vol. 11 No. 1 (1986): Africa Development
Abstract
En partant des spécificités historiques des économies classées, comme celles de l'Afrique du Sud, comme des économies de réserves d'emploi, l'auteur de cet article insiste sur les problèmes théoriques et politiques qu'il estime importants pour le Zimbabwe. H souligne que pour comprendre le développement des agglomérations urbaines de l'Afrique ainsi que leur structure et fonction, il est nécessaire de comprendre les formes selon lesquelles les différentes régions de l'Afrique ont été intégrées au système capitaliste mondial
Expliquant les origines du <rsecteur informel» par la réponse à la crise de l'emploi que traverse le Tiers-monde depuis les années 1960, l'auteur fait un résumé des différents débats théoriques qui ont eu lieu avant l'avènement de cette lexicographie désormais populaire de €Secteur Informel» dans le but de venir aux prises avec cette si tuation anormale de la présence de main-d'œuvre bon marché mais sous-employé ainsi que d'un processus d'accumulation de capital de plus en plus caractérisé par une forte intensité du capital.
L'auteur fait ensuite un survol critique des grandes lignes des différents débats qui ont eu lieu sur le secteur informel. Bref, l'auteur rejette les notions classiques de complémentarité, de facilité d'entrée et de cette célèbre notion du camctère de forte proportion d'emplois du secteur informel Au contraire, l'auteur insiste sur les faits de la croissance par paupérisation ainsi que le processus interne d'exploita tion et de dépendance. Il note que ce secteur se caractérise par la sur exploitation des salariés, le non paiement des membres des famûles ainsi que des apprentis sans oublier la productivité faible, les revenues faibles et les heures de dur labeur.
Revenant au cas du Zimbabwe, le seul jjays africain à avoir incorporé le secteur informel dans sa première déclaration politique, l'auteur étudie l'environnement dans lequel les petites entreprises de vront opérer. L'auteur analyse les lièns structurels qui doivent exister entre les secteurs formel et informel ainsi que les mécanismes inter nes de génération de surplus avant de conclure par une mise en garde contre des espoirs illusoires en ce qui concerne le secteur informel.
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- Amin, S. (1974) tAccumulation on a World Scale: A Critique of the Theo ry of Underdevelopment». (Monthly Review, New York).
- Arrighi, G. (1970) «International Corporation, Labour Aristocrâcies and Economic Development in Tropical Africa» in Rhodes (1970) p. 220-267.
- Berg, E. J. (1961) «Backward sloping labour supply functions in dual economies: the African Case», Quarterly Journal of Economics - Vol. 75.
- Cardosso,F.(1972) «Dependency and Development in Latin America»,New Left Review, No. 7.
- Clammer, J. (1971) The New Economic Anthropology (Macmillan, London)
- Clarke. D. G. (1978) Unemployment and Economic Structure in Rhodesia (Mambo Press, Mutare).,
- Davis,R. B. (1976) The Informal Sector (Mambo Press).
- Eckaus, R. (1955) «Factor Proportions Problem in Underdeveloped Areas», American Economic Review, September 1955, pp. 539-565.
- Geertz, C. (1963) Peddlers and Princes: Social Change and Economic Modernisation in two Indonesian Towns (University of Chicago, Chicago).
- Gerry, Chris (1974) «Petty Producers and the Urban Economy: A Case Study of Dakar» (ILO/WEP Working Paper, Geneva).
- Gilbert, A. and Gugler, J.(1982) Cities, Poverty and Development: Urbanisation in the Third World (Oxford University Press, London).
- Government of Zimbabwe (1981) Growth With Equity (Harare).
- Government of Zimbabwe (1981) Report of the Commission of Inquiry in to Incomes, Prices and Conditions of Service (Harare).
- Government of Zimbabwe (1982) The National Transitional Development Plan 1982/83 - 1984/85, Vol. I (Harare).
- Hart, K. (1973) «Informal come Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana», Journal of Modern African Studies, Feb.
- House, W. (1982) «Nairobi's Informal Sector: An Exploratory Study» in Tillick", ed. (1982).
- ILO (1972) Employment, Incomes and Equality: A Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya (ILO, Geneva).
- ILO/JASPA (1977a) Reducing Dependence: A Strategy for Productive Employment and Development in Swaziland (Addis Ababa).
- ILO/ J ASP A (1977b ) Narro wing the Gaps: Planning for Basic Needs and Productive Employment in Zambia (Addis Ababa).
- Jeffries, R. (1975) «Populist Tendencies in the Ghanian Trade Union Move ment» in Sandbrook and Cohen, ed. (1975).
- Kahn, J. S. «Marxist Anthropology and Peasant Economics: A Study of the Social Structures of Underdevelopment» in Clammer (1977).
- Lewis, N. A. (1954) «Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour, Manchester School of Economics and Social Studies.
- Long, N. and Richardson P. «The Informal Sector, Petty Production and the Social Relations of Small Scale Enterprise» in Gammer J. (ed.) (1978). Meier, G.(1976) Leading Issues in Economic Development (Oxford University Press, London).
- Meillassoux, C. (1981) Maidens, Meal and Money (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
- Mkandawire,T. (1981) Capital and Technological Change: Some Theoretical and Practical Issues from Africa. ILO/WEP Working Paper, No. 81.
- Munra, F. J. (1976) Africa and the International Economy 1800-1960 (J. M. Dent and Sons, London).
- Myint, H. (1960) Economic Theory and the Underdeveloped Countries (Oxford University Press, London).
- Patel, D. H. and Adams, R. J. (1981) Chirambahuyo: A Case Study in Low Income Housing (Mambo'Press).
- Peace, A. (1975) «The Lagos Proletariat: Labour Aristocrats or Populist Militants» in Sandbrook and Cohen (1975).
- Quijano,A. (1974) «The Marginal Role of the Economy and the Marginalised Labour Force», Economy and Society, Vol. 3, No. 4.
- Rhodes, R.I. (1970) -Imperialism and Underdevelopment: A Reader (Monthly Review Press, New York).
- Roberts, B. (1981) Cities of Peasants: The Political Economy or Urbanisa tion in the Third World (Arnold, London).
- Rodney, W.(1972) How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Tanzania Publish ing House, Dar-es-Salaam).
- Rweyemamu, J. (1981) «The Formulation of an Industrial Strategy» Afri ca Development, Vol. 6, No. 1.
- " Sandbroak, R. and Cohen, R.(1975) The Development of an African Work ing Class (Longman).
- Sandbrook, R. (1982) The Politics of Basic Needs: Urban Aspects of Assual ting Poverty in Africa (Heinmann, London).
- Saul, J. and Arrighj.G.. (1968) «Socialism and Economic Development in Tropical Africa» Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2.
- Saul, J. (1975) The «Labour Aristocracy: Thesis Reconsidered» in Sand brook and Cohen (1975).
- Sethuraman, S.V. (ed.) (1981) The Urban Informal Sector in Developing Countries (ILO, Geneva).
- Stoneman C. (ed.) (1981) Zimbabwe's Inheritance (The College Press, Harare).
- Suret-Canale, J. (1971) French Colonialism in Tropical Africa, (Hurst, London).
- Stutcliffe, R. B. (1971) Industry and Underdevelopment (Addison-Wesley, London).
- Tillick, ed. (1981) Papers on the Kenyan Economy (Heinemann, Nairobi).
- Todaro,M. (1971) «Income Expectations, Rural-Urban Migration and Employment in Africa» International Labour Review reprinted in Meier (1976).
- Tokman, VJB. (1978) «An Exploration Into the Nature of Informal-For mal Sector Relationahips» World Development Vol. 6.
- Van Onselen C. (1980) Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia, (Ravan Press, Johannesburg).
- Weeks, J. (1971) «Does Employment Matter?» Manpower and Unemployment Research Vol. 4 No. 1.
- World Bank (1981) Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Agenda for Action, (World Bank, Washington DC.)
References
Amin, S. (1974) tAccumulation on a World Scale: A Critique of the Theo ry of Underdevelopment». (Monthly Review, New York).
Arrighi, G. (1970) «International Corporation, Labour Aristocrâcies and Economic Development in Tropical Africa» in Rhodes (1970) p. 220-267.
Berg, E. J. (1961) «Backward sloping labour supply functions in dual economies: the African Case», Quarterly Journal of Economics - Vol. 75.
Cardosso,F.(1972) «Dependency and Development in Latin America»,New Left Review, No. 7.
Clammer, J. (1971) The New Economic Anthropology (Macmillan, London)
Clarke. D. G. (1978) Unemployment and Economic Structure in Rhodesia (Mambo Press, Mutare).,
Davis,R. B. (1976) The Informal Sector (Mambo Press).
Eckaus, R. (1955) «Factor Proportions Problem in Underdeveloped Areas», American Economic Review, September 1955, pp. 539-565.
Geertz, C. (1963) Peddlers and Princes: Social Change and Economic Modernisation in two Indonesian Towns (University of Chicago, Chicago).
Gerry, Chris (1974) «Petty Producers and the Urban Economy: A Case Study of Dakar» (ILO/WEP Working Paper, Geneva).
Gilbert, A. and Gugler, J.(1982) Cities, Poverty and Development: Urbanisation in the Third World (Oxford University Press, London).
Government of Zimbabwe (1981) Growth With Equity (Harare).
Government of Zimbabwe (1981) Report of the Commission of Inquiry in to Incomes, Prices and Conditions of Service (Harare).
Government of Zimbabwe (1982) The National Transitional Development Plan 1982/83 - 1984/85, Vol. I (Harare).
Hart, K. (1973) «Informal come Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana», Journal of Modern African Studies, Feb.
House, W. (1982) «Nairobi's Informal Sector: An Exploratory Study» in Tillick", ed. (1982).
ILO (1972) Employment, Incomes and Equality: A Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya (ILO, Geneva).
ILO/JASPA (1977a) Reducing Dependence: A Strategy for Productive Employment and Development in Swaziland (Addis Ababa).
ILO/ J ASP A (1977b ) Narro wing the Gaps: Planning for Basic Needs and Productive Employment in Zambia (Addis Ababa).
Jeffries, R. (1975) «Populist Tendencies in the Ghanian Trade Union Move ment» in Sandbrook and Cohen, ed. (1975).
Kahn, J. S. «Marxist Anthropology and Peasant Economics: A Study of the Social Structures of Underdevelopment» in Clammer (1977).
Lewis, N. A. (1954) «Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour, Manchester School of Economics and Social Studies.
Long, N. and Richardson P. «The Informal Sector, Petty Production and the Social Relations of Small Scale Enterprise» in Gammer J. (ed.) (1978). Meier, G.(1976) Leading Issues in Economic Development (Oxford University Press, London).
Meillassoux, C. (1981) Maidens, Meal and Money (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
Mkandawire,T. (1981) Capital and Technological Change: Some Theoretical and Practical Issues from Africa. ILO/WEP Working Paper, No. 81.
Munra, F. J. (1976) Africa and the International Economy 1800-1960 (J. M. Dent and Sons, London).
Myint, H. (1960) Economic Theory and the Underdeveloped Countries (Oxford University Press, London).
Patel, D. H. and Adams, R. J. (1981) Chirambahuyo: A Case Study in Low Income Housing (Mambo'Press).
Peace, A. (1975) «The Lagos Proletariat: Labour Aristocrats or Populist Militants» in Sandbrook and Cohen (1975).
Quijano,A. (1974) «The Marginal Role of the Economy and the Marginalised Labour Force», Economy and Society, Vol. 3, No. 4.
Rhodes, R.I. (1970) -Imperialism and Underdevelopment: A Reader (Monthly Review Press, New York).
Roberts, B. (1981) Cities of Peasants: The Political Economy or Urbanisa tion in the Third World (Arnold, London).
Rodney, W.(1972) How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Tanzania Publish ing House, Dar-es-Salaam).
Rweyemamu, J. (1981) «The Formulation of an Industrial Strategy» Afri ca Development, Vol. 6, No. 1.
" Sandbroak, R. and Cohen, R.(1975) The Development of an African Work ing Class (Longman).
Sandbrook, R. (1982) The Politics of Basic Needs: Urban Aspects of Assual ting Poverty in Africa (Heinmann, London).
Saul, J. and Arrighj.G.. (1968) «Socialism and Economic Development in Tropical Africa» Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2.
Saul, J. (1975) The «Labour Aristocracy: Thesis Reconsidered» in Sand brook and Cohen (1975).
Sethuraman, S.V. (ed.) (1981) The Urban Informal Sector in Developing Countries (ILO, Geneva).
Stoneman C. (ed.) (1981) Zimbabwe's Inheritance (The College Press, Harare).
Suret-Canale, J. (1971) French Colonialism in Tropical Africa, (Hurst, London).
Stutcliffe, R. B. (1971) Industry and Underdevelopment (Addison-Wesley, London).
Tillick, ed. (1981) Papers on the Kenyan Economy (Heinemann, Nairobi).
Todaro,M. (1971) «Income Expectations, Rural-Urban Migration and Employment in Africa» International Labour Review reprinted in Meier (1976).
Tokman, VJB. (1978) «An Exploration Into the Nature of Informal-For mal Sector Relationahips» World Development Vol. 6.
Van Onselen C. (1980) Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia, (Ravan Press, Johannesburg).
Weeks, J. (1971) «Does Employment Matter?» Manpower and Unemployment Research Vol. 4 No. 1.
World Bank (1981) Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Agenda for Action, (World Bank, Washington DC.)