5 - Dispute Resolution and Electoral Justice in Africa: The Way Forward
Corresponding Author(s) : Lydia Apori Nkansah
Africa Development,
Vol. 41 No. 2 (2016): Africa Development
Abstract
This article examines electoral adjudication in Africa’s democratisation process. The idea of aggrieved persons instituting an election petition in court as opposed to resorting to violence is a positive sign in Africa’s democratisation process. The aggrieved are choosing the law as their arbiter. This practice will facilitate the institutionalisation of succession and entrench the rule of law and constitutionalism. However, there have been misgivings about the outcome of judicial adjudication of some of these electoral disputes. Electoral disputes are not always resolved expeditiously and courts’ decisions on such matters are sometimes overtaken by events. There is also the perception of judicial bias in some cases. In the same way the large numbers of election petitions put a lot of strain on the judiciary, clogging up the courts. Voter education on realistic expectations of elections by citizens should be intensified so that an election ends with the ballot and only genuine cases go through adjudication.
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- Abdulahi v. Elayo (1993)1 NWLR ( (pt. 268)171.
- Abubakar v. Yar’Adua (2009) All FWLR (Pt.457) 1 S.C.
- Abuya, E. O. (n.d.). The Role of the Judiciary in Promotion of Free and Fair Elections. Unpublished Manuscript, retrieved 20 July 2014 from http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/wccl/ponencias/1/1.pdf
- ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, 2012, The ACE Encyclopaedia: Legal Framework. Retrieved 23 July 2014 from http://aceproject.org/ace-en/pdf/lf/view
- Addo Dankwa Akuffo Addo & Two Others v. John Dramani and Others. Writ No. J/16/2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013 from www.judicial.gov.gh
- African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance, 2007, retrieved 30 May 2014 from http://www.ipu.org/idd-E/afr_charter.pdf
- African Union Declaration on Principles Governing Democratic Elections in Africa adopted in Durban South Africa in July 2002.
- Ahumah-Ocansey v. Electoral Commission; Centre for Human Rights & Civil Liberties (Churchill) v. Attorney-General & Electoral Commission(Consolidated). Writs No JI/4/2008 & No JI/ 5/2008).
- Ajayi, K., 2010, Exploring alternative approaches for managing electoral injustice in Africa: The case of breast protests in Nigeria and the sex strike in Kenya. ISS paper 214. Retrieved 20 July 2014 from http://www.issafrica.org/uploads/214.pdf
- Aregesola v. Onyin Lola (2011)1 WRM 33.
- Attorney-General and Two Others v. Aman Walid Kabourou (1996) TLR 156 (CA).
- Aregbesola v. Oyinlola (2011) 1 WRN 33.
- Attorney-General and Christopher Mtikila Civil Appeal No. 45 Unreported.
- Augustine Lyantonga Mrema and Others v. Attorney-General (1996) TLR 273 (HC)
- Awuor, L. & Achode, M., 2013, Election Petitions in the World: Comparative Analysis of Presidential Election Petitions in Kenya and Other Jurisdictions. Retrieved 30 May 2014 from M.+(2013).+Election+Petitions+in+the+World:+comparative+Analysis+of+Presidential+Election+Petitions+in+Kenya+and+other+Jurisdictions&spell=1
- Brown, S. & Kaiser, P., 2007, Democratisations in Africa: Attempts, hindrances and prospects, Third World Quarterly, 28(6), pp. 1131-1149, at 1131 and 1133.
- Buhari v. Obasanjo (2005) CLR 7(K) (SC).
- Bush v. Gore (2000) 531 US 98.
- Choper, J.H., 2001, Why the Supreme Court Should Not Have Decided the Presidential Election of 2000. University of California Berkeley School of Law, Public Law and Legal Theory, Working paper No. 65, 2001. Retrieved 16 July 2014 from http://paper.ssrs.com/abstract=281869;
- Constitution of Cape Verde, 1999. Retrieved 18 September 2014 http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/CapeVerde.pdf
- Constitution of Ghana, 1992. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://www.judicial.gov.gh/constitution/chapter/chap_1.htm
- Constitution of Nigeria, 1999. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://www.assetrecovery. o rg/kc/node/f85cace8-6e8d-11dd-9b9db7c0585fc33c.0;jsessionid=A4C6A1FF538D4BA98709268CF241EF3F
- Constitution of the Republic of Benin, 1990. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://landwise.landesa.org/record/821
- Constitution of Sierra Leone 1991. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf
- Constitution of United Republic of Tanzania, 1977. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf
- Cumper, P., 1999, Constitutional & Administrative Law (2nd Ed.), London: Blackstone Press Limited.
- Davis-Roberts, A., 2009, Electoral Dispute Resolution Discussion Paper for Experts Meeting, Atlanta GA - February 2009. Dingyadi v. Wamakko of Sokoto State,
- Dorf, M.C., 2000-2001, The 2000 Presidential Election: Archetype or Exception?,
- Michigan Law Review 99, 1279-1297, Cornell Law School Legal Studies
- Research Paper Series, Paper No. 13-38. Retrieved 15 July 2014 from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2214976
- Eastman, J.C., 2005, Judicial review of unenumerated rights: Does Marbury’s holding apply in a post-warren court world? Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 28 (3), pp.713-740.
- Economic Community of West African States Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance 2001. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/compilation_democracy/ecowasprot.htm
- Electoral Act of Nigeria, 2006. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from Electoral Code of Senegal, 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SN/senegal-electoral-code-2012/view Electoral Laws Act, 2002 of Sierra Leone (as amended). Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2002-5.pdf
- Electoral Act of Zimbabwe, 2005.
- Enos v. Electoral Commission and another (1999-2000) 1 GLR 56.
- Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy (EISA), African Democracy Encyclopaedia Project on Election Dispute, 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2014 from http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/election-disputes
- European Commission, 2007, Compendium of International Standards for Elections, Elanders Graphic Systems AB: Sweden. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://www.eueom.eu/files/dmfile/compendium-of-int-standardsfor-elections_en.pdf
- European Union Observation Mission in Nigeria, Final Report on General Elections, April 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2014 from http://eeas.europa.eu/eueom/pdf/missions/final-report-nigeria2011_en.pdf
- Fall, I.M., Hounkpe, M., Jinadu, A.L. & Kambale, P., 2011, Election Management Bodies in West Africa: A Comparative Study of the Contribution of Electoral Commissions to the Strengthening of Democracy, Dakar, Senegal: Open Society Foundations.
- Fayemi v. Oni (No. 11) EWLR (PT. 554)1.
- Garrett, E., 2001, Institutional Lessons from the 2000 Presidential Election, Florida State University Law Review (forthcoming), Chicago Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper No. 13. Retrieved 5 August 2014 from http://papers.ssrn.com/paper.taf?abstractid=269658
- Gladwell Wathoni Otieno & Anor v. Ahmed Issack Hassan & Three Others(PETITION NO.4 of 2013).
- Gloppen, S., 2007, Elections in Court: the judiciary and Uganda’s 2006 Presidential and Parliamentary elections. Retrieved 20 June 2014http://www.google.com.gh/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CCoQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.ntnu.no%2Fiss%2Ffagkonferanse2007%2Fintern%2Fpapers%2Fsiri.gloppen%40cmi.noGloppen%2520Elections%2520in%2520Court.doc&ei=49UaVMOcBtGPyASq1oLQCQ&usg
- =AFQjCNGz5mFUqiCvP5RZMrrDMIoY6PA5g&bvm=bv.75097201,d.aWw
- Halliday, S., 2004, Judicial Review and Compliance with Administrative Law, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1973) 999 UNTS 171.
- International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2010a, Electoral Justice: The International IDEA Handbook, Bulls Graphic: Sweden. Retrieved 20 June 2014 from http://www.idea.int/publications/electoral_justice/upload/inlay-Electoral-Justice.pdf
- International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2010b, Electoral Justice: An Overview of the International IDEA Handbook, Sweden: Bulls Tryckeri AB.
- Judicial Service of Ghana, 2012, Manual on Election Adjudication in Ghana, Ghana:DPI Print Ltd.
- Kiggundu, B.M., 2006, Electoral Petitions, Regulation in Uganda: Challenges and best practices. Paper presented at the 8th Judges Conference held from 6-9 February 2006 at the Sheraton Hotel, Kampala, Uganda.
- Kline, M.T., 2000, The Line Item Veto Case and the Separation of Powers, California Law Review. 88 (1), pp. 181-233.
- Makaramba, R.V., Trial and Management of Election Petitions by Courts: A Case of Tanzania, paper presented at the Ninth EAMJA Annual Conference and General Meeting on ‘The Role of the East African Judiciaries in the Electoral Processes’, held from 11-15 October 2011 at the Imperial Resort Beach Hotel, Entebbe, Uganda.
- Moses Kiarie Kuria & Two Others v. Ahmed Issack Hassan & Another (PETITION No. 3 of 2013).
- Movement for the Democratic Change v. The Chairperson of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission, High Court of Zimbabwe at Harare, delivered 14 April 2008 (uchena j) unreported.
- Murison, J., 2013, Judicial politics: election petitions and electoral fraud in Uganda, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 7(3).
- National Assembly and Presidential Election Act of Kenya, …
- Nkansah, L.A., 2012, Democratic Succession in Africa: The Quest for an Orderly Transition. Paper presented at a conference on international law in Africa under the theme ‘The Quest for Human Security, Peace and Development: Challenges and Responses’, organised by the African Foundation of International Law (AFIL), the Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, South Africa, the Institute for International and Comparative Law in Africa (ICLA), University of Pretoria, South Africa and Faculdade de Direito,
- Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique, held from 5-6 October 2011 in Mozambique.
- Obasanya v. Obafemi, (2000), 15(324), NWLR (pt.689)1.
- Okello, J.B., 2009, Managing Successful Free and Fair Elections, A lecture delivered at the Police Training School Kabalye-Masindi on 13 October 2009, retrieved 18 September 2012 from http://www.ec.or.ug/docs/Jenny%20Presentation%20To%20Police.pdf
- Omotola, S., 2010, Explaining Electoral Violence in Africa’s Democracies, African Journal on Conflict Resolution, 10(3), pp. 51-73.
- Ongoya, E.Z., 2013, The Role of Institutions in the Resolution of Election Disputes in Kenya, in Handbook on Election Disputes in Kenyan: Contexts, Legal Framework, Institutions and Jurisprudence (pp.151-177), Law Society of Kenya.
- Orubu v. NEC,(1988)5 NWLR (pt. 94)323 on p. 347.
- Posner, R.A., 1987, The Decline of Law as an Autonomous Discipline: 1962-1987, Harvard Law Review, 761-780, on p. 762.
- Pushaw Jr., R.J., 2001, The Presidential Election Dispute, the Political Question Doctrine, and the Fourteenth Amendment: A Reply to Professors Krent and Shane, Florida State University Law Review, 29, pp. 603-623.
- Raila Odinga v. The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission & Others (2013), KLR National Council for Law Reporting – Kenya Law Reports retrieved on 26 September 2013 from www.kenyalaw.org
- Republic v. High Court, Koforidua; Exparte Asare (Baba Jamal & Other Interested Parties), (2009) SCGLR 460.
- Ruger, T.W., 2004, ‘A question, which convulses a nation’, The early republics greatest debate about the judicial review power, Harvard Law Review, 117(3), pp. 827-897.
- Segal, A., 1996, Can democratic transitions tame political successions? Africa Today, 43(4), pp. 369-384.
- Sihanya, B., 2013, Constitutionalism, the Rule of Law and Human Rights in Kenya’s Electoral Process. In Handbook on Election Disputes in Kenyan: Contexts, Legal Framework, Institutions and Jurisprudence, pp. 22-56, Law Society of Kenya.
- Thiankolu, M., 2013, Resolution of Electoral Disputes in Kenya: An Audit of Past Court Decisions. In Handbook on Election Disputes in Kenyan: Contexts, Legal Framework, Institutions and Jurisprudence, pp.57-95, Kenya: Law Society of Kenya.
- Ubanyionwu, C.J., 2011, Strategies and Procedures for Expediting Election Petition and Appeals, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journal of International Law and Jurisprudence, 2 Retrieved, 20 July 2014, from http://www.ajol.info/index.php/naujilj/article/view/82416
- Unongo v. Aper Aku (1983) Suit No: SC.95/1983 Unreported.
References
Abdulahi v. Elayo (1993)1 NWLR ( (pt. 268)171.
Abubakar v. Yar’Adua (2009) All FWLR (Pt.457) 1 S.C.
Abuya, E. O. (n.d.). The Role of the Judiciary in Promotion of Free and Fair Elections. Unpublished Manuscript, retrieved 20 July 2014 from http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/wccl/ponencias/1/1.pdf
ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, 2012, The ACE Encyclopaedia: Legal Framework. Retrieved 23 July 2014 from http://aceproject.org/ace-en/pdf/lf/view
Addo Dankwa Akuffo Addo & Two Others v. John Dramani and Others. Writ No. J/16/2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013 from www.judicial.gov.gh
African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance, 2007, retrieved 30 May 2014 from http://www.ipu.org/idd-E/afr_charter.pdf
African Union Declaration on Principles Governing Democratic Elections in Africa adopted in Durban South Africa in July 2002.
Ahumah-Ocansey v. Electoral Commission; Centre for Human Rights & Civil Liberties (Churchill) v. Attorney-General & Electoral Commission(Consolidated). Writs No JI/4/2008 & No JI/ 5/2008).
Ajayi, K., 2010, Exploring alternative approaches for managing electoral injustice in Africa: The case of breast protests in Nigeria and the sex strike in Kenya. ISS paper 214. Retrieved 20 July 2014 from http://www.issafrica.org/uploads/214.pdf
Aregesola v. Onyin Lola (2011)1 WRM 33.
Attorney-General and Two Others v. Aman Walid Kabourou (1996) TLR 156 (CA).
Aregbesola v. Oyinlola (2011) 1 WRN 33.
Attorney-General and Christopher Mtikila Civil Appeal No. 45 Unreported.
Augustine Lyantonga Mrema and Others v. Attorney-General (1996) TLR 273 (HC)
Awuor, L. & Achode, M., 2013, Election Petitions in the World: Comparative Analysis of Presidential Election Petitions in Kenya and Other Jurisdictions. Retrieved 30 May 2014 from M.+(2013).+Election+Petitions+in+the+World:+comparative+Analysis+of+Presidential+Election+Petitions+in+Kenya+and+other+Jurisdictions&spell=1
Brown, S. & Kaiser, P., 2007, Democratisations in Africa: Attempts, hindrances and prospects, Third World Quarterly, 28(6), pp. 1131-1149, at 1131 and 1133.
Buhari v. Obasanjo (2005) CLR 7(K) (SC).
Bush v. Gore (2000) 531 US 98.
Choper, J.H., 2001, Why the Supreme Court Should Not Have Decided the Presidential Election of 2000. University of California Berkeley School of Law, Public Law and Legal Theory, Working paper No. 65, 2001. Retrieved 16 July 2014 from http://paper.ssrs.com/abstract=281869;
Constitution of Cape Verde, 1999. Retrieved 18 September 2014 http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/CapeVerde.pdf
Constitution of Ghana, 1992. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://www.judicial.gov.gh/constitution/chapter/chap_1.htm
Constitution of Nigeria, 1999. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://www.assetrecovery. o rg/kc/node/f85cace8-6e8d-11dd-9b9db7c0585fc33c.0;jsessionid=A4C6A1FF538D4BA98709268CF241EF3F
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Constitution of Sierra Leone 1991. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/constitution1991.pdf
Constitution of United Republic of Tanzania, 1977. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf
Cumper, P., 1999, Constitutional & Administrative Law (2nd Ed.), London: Blackstone Press Limited.
Davis-Roberts, A., 2009, Electoral Dispute Resolution Discussion Paper for Experts Meeting, Atlanta GA - February 2009. Dingyadi v. Wamakko of Sokoto State,
Dorf, M.C., 2000-2001, The 2000 Presidential Election: Archetype or Exception?,
Michigan Law Review 99, 1279-1297, Cornell Law School Legal Studies
Research Paper Series, Paper No. 13-38. Retrieved 15 July 2014 from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2214976
Eastman, J.C., 2005, Judicial review of unenumerated rights: Does Marbury’s holding apply in a post-warren court world? Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 28 (3), pp.713-740.
Economic Community of West African States Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance 2001. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/compilation_democracy/ecowasprot.htm
Electoral Act of Nigeria, 2006. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from Electoral Code of Senegal, 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SN/senegal-electoral-code-2012/view Electoral Laws Act, 2002 of Sierra Leone (as amended). Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2002-5.pdf
Electoral Act of Zimbabwe, 2005.
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Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy (EISA), African Democracy Encyclopaedia Project on Election Dispute, 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2014 from http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/election-disputes
European Commission, 2007, Compendium of International Standards for Elections, Elanders Graphic Systems AB: Sweden. Retrieved 18 September 2014 from http://www.eueom.eu/files/dmfile/compendium-of-int-standardsfor-elections_en.pdf
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Fayemi v. Oni (No. 11) EWLR (PT. 554)1.
Garrett, E., 2001, Institutional Lessons from the 2000 Presidential Election, Florida State University Law Review (forthcoming), Chicago Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper No. 13. Retrieved 5 August 2014 from http://papers.ssrn.com/paper.taf?abstractid=269658
Gladwell Wathoni Otieno & Anor v. Ahmed Issack Hassan & Three Others(PETITION NO.4 of 2013).
Gloppen, S., 2007, Elections in Court: the judiciary and Uganda’s 2006 Presidential and Parliamentary elections. Retrieved 20 June 2014http://www.google.com.gh/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CCoQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.ntnu.no%2Fiss%2Ffagkonferanse2007%2Fintern%2Fpapers%2Fsiri.gloppen%40cmi.noGloppen%2520Elections%2520in%2520Court.doc&ei=49UaVMOcBtGPyASq1oLQCQ&usg
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Halliday, S., 2004, Judicial Review and Compliance with Administrative Law, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1973) 999 UNTS 171.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2010a, Electoral Justice: The International IDEA Handbook, Bulls Graphic: Sweden. Retrieved 20 June 2014 from http://www.idea.int/publications/electoral_justice/upload/inlay-Electoral-Justice.pdf
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2010b, Electoral Justice: An Overview of the International IDEA Handbook, Sweden: Bulls Tryckeri AB.
Judicial Service of Ghana, 2012, Manual on Election Adjudication in Ghana, Ghana:DPI Print Ltd.
Kiggundu, B.M., 2006, Electoral Petitions, Regulation in Uganda: Challenges and best practices. Paper presented at the 8th Judges Conference held from 6-9 February 2006 at the Sheraton Hotel, Kampala, Uganda.
Kline, M.T., 2000, The Line Item Veto Case and the Separation of Powers, California Law Review. 88 (1), pp. 181-233.
Makaramba, R.V., Trial and Management of Election Petitions by Courts: A Case of Tanzania, paper presented at the Ninth EAMJA Annual Conference and General Meeting on ‘The Role of the East African Judiciaries in the Electoral Processes’, held from 11-15 October 2011 at the Imperial Resort Beach Hotel, Entebbe, Uganda.
Moses Kiarie Kuria & Two Others v. Ahmed Issack Hassan & Another (PETITION No. 3 of 2013).
Movement for the Democratic Change v. The Chairperson of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission, High Court of Zimbabwe at Harare, delivered 14 April 2008 (uchena j) unreported.
Murison, J., 2013, Judicial politics: election petitions and electoral fraud in Uganda, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 7(3).
National Assembly and Presidential Election Act of Kenya, …
Nkansah, L.A., 2012, Democratic Succession in Africa: The Quest for an Orderly Transition. Paper presented at a conference on international law in Africa under the theme ‘The Quest for Human Security, Peace and Development: Challenges and Responses’, organised by the African Foundation of International Law (AFIL), the Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, South Africa, the Institute for International and Comparative Law in Africa (ICLA), University of Pretoria, South Africa and Faculdade de Direito,
Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique, held from 5-6 October 2011 in Mozambique.
Obasanya v. Obafemi, (2000), 15(324), NWLR (pt.689)1.
Okello, J.B., 2009, Managing Successful Free and Fair Elections, A lecture delivered at the Police Training School Kabalye-Masindi on 13 October 2009, retrieved 18 September 2012 from http://www.ec.or.ug/docs/Jenny%20Presentation%20To%20Police.pdf
Omotola, S., 2010, Explaining Electoral Violence in Africa’s Democracies, African Journal on Conflict Resolution, 10(3), pp. 51-73.
Ongoya, E.Z., 2013, The Role of Institutions in the Resolution of Election Disputes in Kenya, in Handbook on Election Disputes in Kenyan: Contexts, Legal Framework, Institutions and Jurisprudence (pp.151-177), Law Society of Kenya.
Orubu v. NEC,(1988)5 NWLR (pt. 94)323 on p. 347.
Posner, R.A., 1987, The Decline of Law as an Autonomous Discipline: 1962-1987, Harvard Law Review, 761-780, on p. 762.
Pushaw Jr., R.J., 2001, The Presidential Election Dispute, the Political Question Doctrine, and the Fourteenth Amendment: A Reply to Professors Krent and Shane, Florida State University Law Review, 29, pp. 603-623.
Raila Odinga v. The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission & Others (2013), KLR National Council for Law Reporting – Kenya Law Reports retrieved on 26 September 2013 from www.kenyalaw.org
Republic v. High Court, Koforidua; Exparte Asare (Baba Jamal & Other Interested Parties), (2009) SCGLR 460.
Ruger, T.W., 2004, ‘A question, which convulses a nation’, The early republics greatest debate about the judicial review power, Harvard Law Review, 117(3), pp. 827-897.
Segal, A., 1996, Can democratic transitions tame political successions? Africa Today, 43(4), pp. 369-384.
Sihanya, B., 2013, Constitutionalism, the Rule of Law and Human Rights in Kenya’s Electoral Process. In Handbook on Election Disputes in Kenyan: Contexts, Legal Framework, Institutions and Jurisprudence, pp. 22-56, Law Society of Kenya.
Thiankolu, M., 2013, Resolution of Electoral Disputes in Kenya: An Audit of Past Court Decisions. In Handbook on Election Disputes in Kenyan: Contexts, Legal Framework, Institutions and Jurisprudence, pp.57-95, Kenya: Law Society of Kenya.
Ubanyionwu, C.J., 2011, Strategies and Procedures for Expediting Election Petition and Appeals, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journal of International Law and Jurisprudence, 2 Retrieved, 20 July 2014, from http://www.ajol.info/index.php/naujilj/article/view/82416
Unongo v. Aper Aku (1983) Suit No: SC.95/1983 Unreported.