2 - Capital accumulation, social reproduction and social struggle: rethinking the function of spatial planning and land use
Corresponding Author(s) : Paul Hendler
African Sociological Review,
Vol. 19 No. 2 (2015): African Sociological Review
Abstract
This purpose of this paper is to understand the historical impact on urban land usage of ecological,
economic and political factors in order to conceptualise strategic ideas for transforming urban
land usage currently and in the future to enable social equity, promote the efficient use of resources
and sustain the ecologies within which cities and towns are embedded. The paper analyses
the historical data through a triangular matrix of capital accumulation, state reproduction
and planning strategies and popular movements pressurizing to benefit from demanded land
usages. Capital accumulation is viewed as a process through which wealth produced by labour
accrues both to owners of capital and managers in the form of unearned value. This insight is
particularly important in the current phase of global capitalism, in which financialisation is a
dominant form of economic activity and impacts also on the way spaces are planned and used
in urban areas for economic gain. Given the contradiction between an exponentially growing
economy and finite resources, I take into account limits to growth and incorporate ecological
economics’ insights into classical political economy analyses.
Keywords
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Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Alan, Craig 2010 Organisational Excellence, available on line at https://craigalan.wordpress.com/2010/07/12/creative-tension-burning-platform-goals-and- change/Alexander, P 2010 Rebellion of the poor: South Africa’s service delivery protests – a preliminary
- analysis, Review of African Political Economy, 37, 123, 25-40, available on-line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056241003637870
- Althusser, L 1970 Ideology and Ideological State Apparatus, in Althusser, L Lenin and Philodophy and Other Essays, Monthly Review Press, London and New York, 127-168 Anthonissen, C 2015 Multilingual Spaces as Contact Zones: ‘Critical’ things we need to know about Critical Linguistics, Inaugural Lecture, Stellenbosch University, 16 April Ashman, S Fine, B and Newman, S 2011 The crisis in South Africa: Neoliberalism, Financialization and Uneven and Combined Development, Socialist Register, 47, 174-195, available on line at http://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/ article/view/14326#.VX1-5ksZ0pE
- Association for the Study of Peak Oil, 2013 Energy and Transport Status Quo: Demand and Vulnerabilities (unpublished), a report submitted to the National Department of Transport
- Beavon K 2000 Northern Johannesburg: part of the ‘rainbow’ or neo-apartheid city in the making?
- Mots Pluriels, available on-line at: http://www.arts.uwa.edu.au/ MotsPluriels/MP1300kb.html
- Bond, P 2010 South Africa’s Bubble Meets Boiling Urban Social Protest, Monthly Review, June Butt PE. 1984 The Growth and Development of the Organised Building Industry in the Western Cape with an Investigation into the Forces that have Shaped It, Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Architecture and Allied Disciplines of the University of Natal, Durban in complete fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Building Management), Cape Town, January Calderwood, D 1953 Native Housing in South Africa, a dissertation submitted to the University of the Witwatersrand for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
- Callinicos L. the Compound System in Callinicos L Gold and Workers, available on line at http://v1.sahistory.org.za/pages/library-resources/onlinebooks/Luli/Gold-and-workers/part%202/unit11.htm
- Camaren, P and Swilling, M 2011 Sustainable, Low-Carbon Cities in the 21st Century – Making it Happen! Paper for the Summit for the Urban Environmental-13, Gwangju, South Korea Commissioned by UNEP Chipkin CM. 2008 Johannesburg Transition – Architecture and Society from 1950, STE Publishers, Johannesburg, 49-75.
- Citizens Housing League, 1979 1929 – 1979: 50 Years Service, the Citizens Housing League, Cape Town Davenport R, and Hunt K 1975 The Right to the Land – Documents on South African History, David Phillip, Cape Town
- Dedering T. 2012 Compounds, camps, colonialism, Journal of Namibian Studies, 12 (29-46)
- DGE, 2010 A Strategy for a Developmental Green Economy in Gauteng, Report Prepared for the Gauteng Province Department of Economic Development, Gauteng Provincial Government
- Department of Environmental Affairs. 2011 The National Strategy for Sustainable Development and Action Plan (NSSD1)
- Die Stedelike Behuisingsbond, 1969 1929 toot 1969 – 40 Jaar Diens
- Driver, A Cowling, R and Maze, K 2003 Planning for Living Landscapes Perspectives and Lessons from
- South Africa, Cape Town, available on line at available at www.botanicalsociety.org.za/ccu or www.biodiversityscience.org
- Durning, A 1990 Apartheid’s Environmental Toll, Worldwatch Institute Paper, May Eliseev, A 2014 Analysis: Bonfires of discontent, in horrifying numbers, in Daily Maverick, 5 February, available on line at http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-02-05-analysis-bonfires-of-discontent-in-horrifying-numbers/#. VUYrhEsZ0pE
- Fair, D 1975 The National Physical Development Plan (NPDP): A Summary And A Review, South African Geographical Journal, 57, 2, 126-134, available online at http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsag20 Fine, B (n.d2.) Assessing the New Growth Path: Framework for Change?, available on line at http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13053/
- Frayne, B Battersby-Lennard, J Fincham, R. and Haysom, G 2009 Urban Food Security in South Africa: Case Study of Cape Town, Msunduzi & Johannesburg.
- Garden Cities, 1972 1922 – 1972: Fifty Years of Housing – The Story of Garden Cities, Garden Cities, Pinelands, Cape Town
- Gelb, S 2008 Behind Xenophobia in South Africa – Poverty or Inequality?, in Hassim, S Tawana, K and Worby, E (ed) Go Home or Die Here, Wits University Press, Johannesburg Glaser, D 2008 Disconnections: Elite and Popular ‘Common Sense’ on Matter of ‘Foreigners’, in Hassim, S Tawana, K and Worby, E (ed) Go Home or Die Here, Wits University Press, Johannesburg
- Groundwork, 2014 Shell: Don’t Frack the Karoo, Groundwork, Southern Cape Land Committee and Millieudienste (Netherlands), available on line at https://publicaties/rapporten/shell-dont-frack-the-karoo Hendler, P. 1986 Capital Accumulation, the State and the Housing Question: The Private Allocation of Residences in African Townships on the Witwatersrand 1980 to 1985, A thesis submitted to the University of the Witwatersrand in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
- Hendler P and Spiropolous J 1991 Development Institutions in the context of Planact’s Physical Implementation projects, Planact, November (unpublished)
- Hendler P 1992 Living in Apartheid’s Shadow, Urban Forum, 3(2), 39-80 June Hendler, P 1993 Privatised Housing Delivery, Housing Markets and Housing Policy: Residential Land Development for Africans in the Pretoria/Witwatersrand/ Vereeniging Region between 1975 and 1991, a thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
- Hendler P 2010 Governance, Housing and Sustainable Neighbourhoods, in Swilling M Sustaining Cape Town – Imagining a Livable City, Sustainability Institute and Sun Press, Stellenbosch Hendler P. 2013 Personal Communication with Professor Francois Viruly, Property Specialist, March
- Hendler, P 2014 Using Hindsight to Organise Better – Grassroots Service Solutions, in Cape Times 30 January
- Hendler, P 2015a The Right to the City: The Planning and ‘Unplanning’ of Urban Space since 1913, in Cousins B and Walker C (eds) Land Divided, Land Restored – Land Reform in South Africa for the 21st Century, Jacana, Auckland Park, 85-103
- Hendler, P 2015b Urban Land History - Dynamics which still influence the present, a working paper for the SA Cities Network Working Paper Series on Urban Land Hindson, D 1983 The Pass System and the Formation of an Urban African Proletariat ion South Africa: A Critique of the Cheap Labour Power Thesis, a dissertation submitted to the University of Sussex for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Hindson, D 1985 The Pass System and Differentiated Labour Power, paper presented to the Association for Sociology in Southern Africa (ASSA) conference, University of Cape Town, July
- Hirsh,J 2010 Community Protests in South Africa:Trends,Analysis and Explanations,the Local Government Working Paper Series, Community Law Centre, University of the Western Cape, available on line at http://www.communitylawcentre.org. za/Projects/Local-Government Hodson,M Marvin,S Robinson,B and Swilling M 2012 Reshaping Urban Infrastructure: Material Flow Analysis and Transitions Analysis in an Urban Context, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol 16, 6, Yale University, 2012, available on line at www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jie
- Hodgson Brown, E 2010 The Web of Debt – The Shocking `Truth about our Money System reak Free, Third Millenium Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Lefebvre H. 1968. Le Droit à la ville Paris Mabin, A and Smit, D 1997 ‘Reconstru
- The making of urban planning 1900 to 2000’, Planning Perspectives, 12, 2, 193-223 Mohammed, S 2011 Negative Trends in the South African Economy: How should these be overcome?, in Mbeki M (ed) Advocates for Change – How to Overcome Africa’s Challenges, Picador Africa, Johannesburg
- Morris, P 1981 A History of Black Housing in South Africa, South African Foundation National Department of Human Settlements, n.d. Sustainable Human Settlement Planning – A Resource Book on Housing Chapters
- National Upgrading Support Programme (NUSP) (n.d.) available on line at http://www.upgradingsupport.org/content/page/history
- Neocosmos, M 2006 From ‘Foreign Natives’ to ‘Native Foreigners’ – Explaining Xenophobia in Post-Apartheid South Africa – Citizenship and Nationalism, Identity and Politics, Codesria Monograph Series, Dakar, Senegal, available on line at www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/neocosmos-3.pdf
- Ngwane, T and Vilakazi, N n.d. The Anti-Privatisation Forum and Campaign against Xenophobia, Centre for Sociological Research, University of Johannesburg Noseweek, 2013 “2013 – Here comes the poison”, No 162, April, 10-13
- Noseweek, 2015 “A plague on frogs – an the people of Polokwane – Nature buffs unearth dark secrets of dodgy property deals”, No 187, May, 20-23
- Parnell, S 1987 Council Housing Provision for Whites in Johannesburg: 1920 – 1955, A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the Degree of Master of Arts
- Posel, D 1984 Providing for the Legitimate Labour Requirements of Employers, paper presented to the African Studies Seminar, African Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
- Posel, D 1985 Interests, Conflict and Power: The Relationship between the State and business in South Africa during the 1950s, paper presented to the Association for Sociology in Southern Africa (ASSA) conference, University of Cape Town, July Poulantzas N 2000 State, Power, Socialism, Verso Classic, London
- RSA 16/2013, Republic of South Africa, Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act, no 16 of 2013 Rubin J 2009 Why your world is about to get a whole lot smaller – oil and the end of globalisation,Random House, New York
- SANBI (South African National Biodiversity Institute), 2014. Biodiversity Mainstreaming Toolbox for land-use planning and development in Gauteng. Compiled by ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability
- SAIRR, 1977 South African Institute of Race Relations – A Survey of Race Relations AIRR, Johannesburg
- SAIRR, 1983 South African Institute of Race Relations – Survey of Race Relations 1983, SAIRR, Johannesburg
- SAIRR, 1984 South African Institute of Race Relations – Survey of Race Relations 1984, SAIRR, Johannesburg
- Santayana, G 1998 Reason in Common Sense, Volume 1 of The Life of Reason, New York Segar S 2013 “Wonderwoman – Gauteng’s Last Hope”, in Noseweek 162, April, 14-16 Silverman, M and Zack, T 2008
- Housing Delivery, the Urban Crisis and Xenophobia, in Hassim, S Tawana, K and Worby, E (ed) Go Home or Die Here, Wits University Press, Johannesburg
- South Africa Union 1955 The Report of the Committee appointed to Investigate the Question of Residential Areas for Natives in the East Rand Area (the Mentz Report), Part Four, (in Afrikaans), Johannesburg Municipal Library
- South Durban Community Environmental Alliance, 2011 Feeling the Heat in Durban, in Bond, P (ed) Durban’s Climate Gamble – Trading Carbon Betting the Earth, 117-140, Unisa Press, University of South Africa
- Sowman, M Fuggle, R and Preston, G 1995 A Review of the Evolution of Environmental Evaluation Procedures in South Africa, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa, Elsevier Science Inc.
- Swilling M.(n.d.) Greening Public Value: This Sustainability Challenge, in Bennington J and Moore M In Search of Public Value: Beyond Private Choice, London: Palgrave Swilling M. (ed) 2010 Sustaining Cape Town – Imagining a Livable City, Sun Press-Sustainability Institute, Stellenbosch
- Terreblanche S. 2005 A History of Inequality in South Africa 1652 – 2002, University of Natal Press and KMM Review Publishing, Pietermaritzburg
- Terreblanche, S 2012 Lost in Transformation – South Africa’s Search for a New Future since 1986, KMM Review Publishing Company, Johannesburg
- Todes A 2013 Spatial Targeting: Lessons from South African Experience, Background Report for the Cities Support Programme (CSP) Workshop on Spatial Targeting, 3 to 4 October
- Turner, R 1978 The Eye of the Needle, accessed from http://www.siyathanda.org.za/attachments/article/106/55744023-The-Eye-of-the-Needle-by-Richard- Turner.pdf
- Urban Foundation, 1987 Seminar Series on legal Changes in Black Housing, Seminar Notes US Green Building Council. 2008, Building Impacts. Accessed from http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1720, quoted in CSIR 2008 Design Guidelines for Energy Efficient Buildings in Johannesburg, City of Johannesburg, Gauge
- Vally, N 2009. National trends around protest action: mapping protest action in South Africa, Study undertaken on behalf of the Centre for Sociological Research (CSR) and the Freedom of Expression Institute, presented to CSR and ment Studies Seminar
- Van Aswegen, HJ 1970 The Urbanisation of Non-Whites in the Orange Free State, 1854 – 1902, SA Historical Journal, Vol 2, Issue 1 (Nov) 19-37. (published online 14 January 2009)
- Wilkinson P. 1981 A Place to Live: the Resolution of the African Housing Crisis in Johanesburg 1944 to 1954, paper presented at African Studies Seminar, African Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, July Wilkinson, P 1998 Housing Policy in South Africa, in Habitat International, 22, 3, 215- 229,
- available on line at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397598000010
References
Alan, Craig 2010 Organisational Excellence, available on line at https://craigalan.wordpress.com/2010/07/12/creative-tension-burning-platform-goals-and- change/Alexander, P 2010 Rebellion of the poor: South Africa’s service delivery protests – a preliminary
analysis, Review of African Political Economy, 37, 123, 25-40, available on-line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056241003637870
Althusser, L 1970 Ideology and Ideological State Apparatus, in Althusser, L Lenin and Philodophy and Other Essays, Monthly Review Press, London and New York, 127-168 Anthonissen, C 2015 Multilingual Spaces as Contact Zones: ‘Critical’ things we need to know about Critical Linguistics, Inaugural Lecture, Stellenbosch University, 16 April Ashman, S Fine, B and Newman, S 2011 The crisis in South Africa: Neoliberalism, Financialization and Uneven and Combined Development, Socialist Register, 47, 174-195, available on line at http://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/ article/view/14326#.VX1-5ksZ0pE
Association for the Study of Peak Oil, 2013 Energy and Transport Status Quo: Demand and Vulnerabilities (unpublished), a report submitted to the National Department of Transport
Beavon K 2000 Northern Johannesburg: part of the ‘rainbow’ or neo-apartheid city in the making?
Mots Pluriels, available on-line at: http://www.arts.uwa.edu.au/ MotsPluriels/MP1300kb.html
Bond, P 2010 South Africa’s Bubble Meets Boiling Urban Social Protest, Monthly Review, June Butt PE. 1984 The Growth and Development of the Organised Building Industry in the Western Cape with an Investigation into the Forces that have Shaped It, Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Architecture and Allied Disciplines of the University of Natal, Durban in complete fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Building Management), Cape Town, January Calderwood, D 1953 Native Housing in South Africa, a dissertation submitted to the University of the Witwatersrand for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Callinicos L. the Compound System in Callinicos L Gold and Workers, available on line at http://v1.sahistory.org.za/pages/library-resources/onlinebooks/Luli/Gold-and-workers/part%202/unit11.htm
Camaren, P and Swilling, M 2011 Sustainable, Low-Carbon Cities in the 21st Century – Making it Happen! Paper for the Summit for the Urban Environmental-13, Gwangju, South Korea Commissioned by UNEP Chipkin CM. 2008 Johannesburg Transition – Architecture and Society from 1950, STE Publishers, Johannesburg, 49-75.
Citizens Housing League, 1979 1929 – 1979: 50 Years Service, the Citizens Housing League, Cape Town Davenport R, and Hunt K 1975 The Right to the Land – Documents on South African History, David Phillip, Cape Town
Dedering T. 2012 Compounds, camps, colonialism, Journal of Namibian Studies, 12 (29-46)
DGE, 2010 A Strategy for a Developmental Green Economy in Gauteng, Report Prepared for the Gauteng Province Department of Economic Development, Gauteng Provincial Government
Department of Environmental Affairs. 2011 The National Strategy for Sustainable Development and Action Plan (NSSD1)
Die Stedelike Behuisingsbond, 1969 1929 toot 1969 – 40 Jaar Diens
Driver, A Cowling, R and Maze, K 2003 Planning for Living Landscapes Perspectives and Lessons from
South Africa, Cape Town, available on line at available at www.botanicalsociety.org.za/ccu or www.biodiversityscience.org
Durning, A 1990 Apartheid’s Environmental Toll, Worldwatch Institute Paper, May Eliseev, A 2014 Analysis: Bonfires of discontent, in horrifying numbers, in Daily Maverick, 5 February, available on line at http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-02-05-analysis-bonfires-of-discontent-in-horrifying-numbers/#. VUYrhEsZ0pE
Fair, D 1975 The National Physical Development Plan (NPDP): A Summary And A Review, South African Geographical Journal, 57, 2, 126-134, available online at http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsag20 Fine, B (n.d2.) Assessing the New Growth Path: Framework for Change?, available on line at http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13053/
Frayne, B Battersby-Lennard, J Fincham, R. and Haysom, G 2009 Urban Food Security in South Africa: Case Study of Cape Town, Msunduzi & Johannesburg.
Garden Cities, 1972 1922 – 1972: Fifty Years of Housing – The Story of Garden Cities, Garden Cities, Pinelands, Cape Town
Gelb, S 2008 Behind Xenophobia in South Africa – Poverty or Inequality?, in Hassim, S Tawana, K and Worby, E (ed) Go Home or Die Here, Wits University Press, Johannesburg Glaser, D 2008 Disconnections: Elite and Popular ‘Common Sense’ on Matter of ‘Foreigners’, in Hassim, S Tawana, K and Worby, E (ed) Go Home or Die Here, Wits University Press, Johannesburg
Groundwork, 2014 Shell: Don’t Frack the Karoo, Groundwork, Southern Cape Land Committee and Millieudienste (Netherlands), available on line at https://publicaties/rapporten/shell-dont-frack-the-karoo Hendler, P. 1986 Capital Accumulation, the State and the Housing Question: The Private Allocation of Residences in African Townships on the Witwatersrand 1980 to 1985, A thesis submitted to the University of the Witwatersrand in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Hendler P and Spiropolous J 1991 Development Institutions in the context of Planact’s Physical Implementation projects, Planact, November (unpublished)
Hendler P 1992 Living in Apartheid’s Shadow, Urban Forum, 3(2), 39-80 June Hendler, P 1993 Privatised Housing Delivery, Housing Markets and Housing Policy: Residential Land Development for Africans in the Pretoria/Witwatersrand/ Vereeniging Region between 1975 and 1991, a thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Hendler P 2010 Governance, Housing and Sustainable Neighbourhoods, in Swilling M Sustaining Cape Town – Imagining a Livable City, Sustainability Institute and Sun Press, Stellenbosch Hendler P. 2013 Personal Communication with Professor Francois Viruly, Property Specialist, March
Hendler, P 2014 Using Hindsight to Organise Better – Grassroots Service Solutions, in Cape Times 30 January
Hendler, P 2015a The Right to the City: The Planning and ‘Unplanning’ of Urban Space since 1913, in Cousins B and Walker C (eds) Land Divided, Land Restored – Land Reform in South Africa for the 21st Century, Jacana, Auckland Park, 85-103
Hendler, P 2015b Urban Land History - Dynamics which still influence the present, a working paper for the SA Cities Network Working Paper Series on Urban Land Hindson, D 1983 The Pass System and the Formation of an Urban African Proletariat ion South Africa: A Critique of the Cheap Labour Power Thesis, a dissertation submitted to the University of Sussex for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Hindson, D 1985 The Pass System and Differentiated Labour Power, paper presented to the Association for Sociology in Southern Africa (ASSA) conference, University of Cape Town, July
Hirsh,J 2010 Community Protests in South Africa:Trends,Analysis and Explanations,the Local Government Working Paper Series, Community Law Centre, University of the Western Cape, available on line at http://www.communitylawcentre.org. za/Projects/Local-Government Hodson,M Marvin,S Robinson,B and Swilling M 2012 Reshaping Urban Infrastructure: Material Flow Analysis and Transitions Analysis in an Urban Context, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol 16, 6, Yale University, 2012, available on line at www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jie
Hodgson Brown, E 2010 The Web of Debt – The Shocking `Truth about our Money System reak Free, Third Millenium Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Lefebvre H. 1968. Le Droit à la ville Paris Mabin, A and Smit, D 1997 ‘Reconstru
The making of urban planning 1900 to 2000’, Planning Perspectives, 12, 2, 193-223 Mohammed, S 2011 Negative Trends in the South African Economy: How should these be overcome?, in Mbeki M (ed) Advocates for Change – How to Overcome Africa’s Challenges, Picador Africa, Johannesburg
Morris, P 1981 A History of Black Housing in South Africa, South African Foundation National Department of Human Settlements, n.d. Sustainable Human Settlement Planning – A Resource Book on Housing Chapters
National Upgrading Support Programme (NUSP) (n.d.) available on line at http://www.upgradingsupport.org/content/page/history
Neocosmos, M 2006 From ‘Foreign Natives’ to ‘Native Foreigners’ – Explaining Xenophobia in Post-Apartheid South Africa – Citizenship and Nationalism, Identity and Politics, Codesria Monograph Series, Dakar, Senegal, available on line at www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/neocosmos-3.pdf
Ngwane, T and Vilakazi, N n.d. The Anti-Privatisation Forum and Campaign against Xenophobia, Centre for Sociological Research, University of Johannesburg Noseweek, 2013 “2013 – Here comes the poison”, No 162, April, 10-13
Noseweek, 2015 “A plague on frogs – an the people of Polokwane – Nature buffs unearth dark secrets of dodgy property deals”, No 187, May, 20-23
Parnell, S 1987 Council Housing Provision for Whites in Johannesburg: 1920 – 1955, A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the Degree of Master of Arts
Posel, D 1984 Providing for the Legitimate Labour Requirements of Employers, paper presented to the African Studies Seminar, African Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Posel, D 1985 Interests, Conflict and Power: The Relationship between the State and business in South Africa during the 1950s, paper presented to the Association for Sociology in Southern Africa (ASSA) conference, University of Cape Town, July Poulantzas N 2000 State, Power, Socialism, Verso Classic, London
RSA 16/2013, Republic of South Africa, Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act, no 16 of 2013 Rubin J 2009 Why your world is about to get a whole lot smaller – oil and the end of globalisation,Random House, New York
SANBI (South African National Biodiversity Institute), 2014. Biodiversity Mainstreaming Toolbox for land-use planning and development in Gauteng. Compiled by ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability
SAIRR, 1977 South African Institute of Race Relations – A Survey of Race Relations AIRR, Johannesburg
SAIRR, 1983 South African Institute of Race Relations – Survey of Race Relations 1983, SAIRR, Johannesburg
SAIRR, 1984 South African Institute of Race Relations – Survey of Race Relations 1984, SAIRR, Johannesburg
Santayana, G 1998 Reason in Common Sense, Volume 1 of The Life of Reason, New York Segar S 2013 “Wonderwoman – Gauteng’s Last Hope”, in Noseweek 162, April, 14-16 Silverman, M and Zack, T 2008
Housing Delivery, the Urban Crisis and Xenophobia, in Hassim, S Tawana, K and Worby, E (ed) Go Home or Die Here, Wits University Press, Johannesburg
South Africa Union 1955 The Report of the Committee appointed to Investigate the Question of Residential Areas for Natives in the East Rand Area (the Mentz Report), Part Four, (in Afrikaans), Johannesburg Municipal Library
South Durban Community Environmental Alliance, 2011 Feeling the Heat in Durban, in Bond, P (ed) Durban’s Climate Gamble – Trading Carbon Betting the Earth, 117-140, Unisa Press, University of South Africa
Sowman, M Fuggle, R and Preston, G 1995 A Review of the Evolution of Environmental Evaluation Procedures in South Africa, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa, Elsevier Science Inc.
Swilling M.(n.d.) Greening Public Value: This Sustainability Challenge, in Bennington J and Moore M In Search of Public Value: Beyond Private Choice, London: Palgrave Swilling M. (ed) 2010 Sustaining Cape Town – Imagining a Livable City, Sun Press-Sustainability Institute, Stellenbosch
Terreblanche S. 2005 A History of Inequality in South Africa 1652 – 2002, University of Natal Press and KMM Review Publishing, Pietermaritzburg
Terreblanche, S 2012 Lost in Transformation – South Africa’s Search for a New Future since 1986, KMM Review Publishing Company, Johannesburg
Todes A 2013 Spatial Targeting: Lessons from South African Experience, Background Report for the Cities Support Programme (CSP) Workshop on Spatial Targeting, 3 to 4 October
Turner, R 1978 The Eye of the Needle, accessed from http://www.siyathanda.org.za/attachments/article/106/55744023-The-Eye-of-the-Needle-by-Richard- Turner.pdf
Urban Foundation, 1987 Seminar Series on legal Changes in Black Housing, Seminar Notes US Green Building Council. 2008, Building Impacts. Accessed from http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1720, quoted in CSIR 2008 Design Guidelines for Energy Efficient Buildings in Johannesburg, City of Johannesburg, Gauge
Vally, N 2009. National trends around protest action: mapping protest action in South Africa, Study undertaken on behalf of the Centre for Sociological Research (CSR) and the Freedom of Expression Institute, presented to CSR and ment Studies Seminar
Van Aswegen, HJ 1970 The Urbanisation of Non-Whites in the Orange Free State, 1854 – 1902, SA Historical Journal, Vol 2, Issue 1 (Nov) 19-37. (published online 14 January 2009)
Wilkinson P. 1981 A Place to Live: the Resolution of the African Housing Crisis in Johanesburg 1944 to 1954, paper presented at African Studies Seminar, African Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, July Wilkinson, P 1998 Housing Policy in South Africa, in Habitat International, 22, 3, 215- 229,
available on line at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397598000010