4 - Engendering Mauritian History: The Hidden Controversies over Female Suffrage
Corresponding Author(s) : Ramola Ramtohul
Afrika Zamani,
No 17 (2009): Afrika Zamani: Revue annuelle d’histoire africaine: Numéro spécial sur la relecture de l’histoire et de l’historiographie de la domination et de la résistance en Afrique
Résumé
Cet article examine la controverse sur le droit au vote des femmes à l’Ile Maurice en période coloniale britannique. L’Ile Maurice se trouve être un paradoxe intéressant dans le choix du temps et la manière par laquelle les femmes ont gagné leur droit au vote. Cette question a été marginalisée par les récits historiques qui sont produits essentiellement par des hommes. L’article s’inspire des débats constitutionnels des années 1940 qui ont eu lieu au parlement et qui ont été repris verbatim par la presse pour examiner la manière dont les femmes ont gagné leur droit au vote à l’Ile Maurice. Il défend qu’en dépit d’une culture patriarcale bien enracinée, les divisions sociales (ethnique et classe) dans la population Mauricienne ont profondément influencé le débat sur le droit de vote des femmes. Ce qui fut bénéfique pour une frange des femmes. L’article révèle comment la force et la domination des lobbies basés sur la classe sociale et l’ethnie ont fortement participé à la marginalisation des intérêts des femmes et à leur silence. Il tente de déconstruire une partie du parti-pris des hommes dans l’histoire sociopolitique Mauricienne.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Alladin, I., 1993, Economic Miracle in the Indian Ocean: Can Mauritius show the way?, Rose-Hill, Mauritius: Editions de L’Ocean Indien.
- Ballhatchet, K., 1995, ‘The Structure of British Official Attitudes: Colonial Mauritius, 1883 - 1968’, The Historical Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 989 - 1011.
- Baer, D.L., 1993, ‘Political Parties: The Missing Variable in Women and Politics Research’, Political Research Quarterly 46(3): 547-576.
- Benedict, B., 1965, Mauritius: The Problems of a Plural Society, London: Institute of Race Relations.
- Bissoondoyal, U., 1990, Promises to Keep, Mauritius: Editions de L’Ocean Indien; India: Wiley Eastern Ltd.
- Bowman, L.W., 1991, Mauritius: Democracy and Development in the Indian Ocean, Boulder & San Francisco: Westview Press; London: Dartmouth.
- Breytenbach, W., 2002, ‘Democracy in the SADC Region: A Comparative Overview’, African Security Review, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 87 - 102.
- Bryson, V., 1992, Feminist Political Theory: An Introduction, UK: Macmillan.
- Burn, N., 1996, ‘Mauritius’, in U. Kothari & V. Nababsing, eds., Gender and Industrialisation: Mauritius, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Rose Hill: Editions de l’Ocean Indien.
- Butler, J. and Scott, J., eds., 1992, Feminists Theorise the Political, London: Routledge. Bystydzienski, J.M., ed., 1992, Women Transforming Politics: Worldwide Strategies for Empowerment, Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
- Carter, M., 1994, Lakshmi’s Legacy: The Testimonies of Indian Women in 19th Century Mauritius, Rose-Hill: Editions de L’Ocean Indien.
- Connell, R.W., 1990, ‘The State, Gender, and Sexual Politics: Theory and Appraisal’, Theory and Society, No. 19, pp. 507 - 544.
- Cott, N., 1994, ‘Early Twentieth-Century Feminism in Political Context: A Comparative Look at Germany and the United States’, in C. Daley and M. Nolan, eds., Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives, New York: New York University Press.
- Daley, C. and Nolan, M., eds., 1994, Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives, New York: New York University Press.
- DuBois, E., 1978, Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women’s Movement in America, 1848 - 1869, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Dukhira, C., 2002, History of Mauritius: Experiments in Democracy, Quatre-Bornes, Mauritius: Chit Dukhira.
- Emrith, M., 1994, History of the Muslims in Mauritius, Mauritius: Editions Le Printemps.
- Gouws, A., 2005, ‘Introduction’, in A. Gouws, ed., (Un)thinking Citizenship: Feminist Debates in Contemporary South Africa, South Africa: UCT Press; USA, UK: Ashgate.
- Houbert, J., 1981, ‘Mauritius: Independence and Dependence’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 75 - 105.
- Huston, P., 1979, Third World Women Speak Out, USA: Praeger.
- Jayawardena, K., 1986, Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World, London: Zed Books.
- Juggernauth, S., 1993, Education and Development in Mauritius: An International Perspective, UK: Dr S. Juggernauth.
- Lange, M., 2003, ‘Embedding the Colonial State: A Comparative-Historical Analysis of State Building and Broad-Based Development in Mauritius’, Social Science History, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 397 - 423.
- Lavrin, A., 1994, ‘Suffrage in South America: Arguing a Difficult Cause’, in C. Daley and M. Nolan, eds., Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives, New York: New York University Press.
- Lerner, G., 1993, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Lewis, J., ed., 1987, Before the vote was won: arguments for and against women’s suffrage, New York and London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
- Liddle, J. and Joshi, R., 1986, Daughters of Independence: Gender, Caste and Class in India, London: Zed Books; New Delhi: Kali for Women.
- Mannick, A.R., 1979, Mauritius: The Development of a Plural Society, Nottingham: Spokesman.
- Markoff, J., 2003, ‘Margins, Centers, and Democracy: The Paradigmatic History of Women’s Suffrage’, Signs, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 85 - 116.
- Mathur, H., 1991, Parliament in Mauritius, Rose-Hill, Mauritius: Editions de L’Ocean Indien.
- Matlosa, K., 2003, Electoral System Reform, Democracy and Stability in the SADC Region: A Comparative Analysis, South Africa: Electoral Institute of Southern Africa. http://www.eisa.org.za/PDF/rr1.pdf (accessed on 31.08.05).
- Mauritius Alliance of Women & Southern African Research and Documentation Centre, 1997, Beyond Inequalities: Women in Mauritius, Mauritius & Harare: MAW, SARDC.
- Mauritius Research Council, 2003, Study on the Evolution of Women and Gender Development over Three Generations in Mauritius, Rose-Hill, Mauritius: MRC.
- Moutou, B., 2000, Ile Maurice: Récits de son Histoire Contemporaine, Mauritius: B. Moutou.
- Nursimloo, A., 1979, ‘Le Silence des Femmes’, Virginie - Le Magazine de la Mauricienne, No.16, pp. 44 - 54.
- Orian, M., 1980, ‘L’année 1979 au féminin: Réalisations, problèmes, difficultés, projets’, Virginie - Le Magazine de la Mauricienne, No.15, pp. 37 - 43.
- Pateman, C., 1988, The Sexual Contract, Cambridge: Polity.
- Pateman, C., 1994, ‘Three Questions about Womanhood Suffrage’, in C. Daley and M. Nolan, eds., Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives, New York: New York University Press.
- Phillips, A., 1987, Divided Loyalties: Dilemmas of Sex and Class, London: Virago.
- Pugh, M., 1994, ‘The Impact of Women’s Enfranchisement in Britain’, in C. Daley and M. Nolan, eds., Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives, New York: New York University Press.
- Rai, S., ed., 2000, International Perspectives on Gender and Democratisation, UK: Macmillan.
- Ramirez, F.O., Soysal, Y. and Shanahan, S., 1997, ‘The Changing Logic of Political Citizenship: Cross-National Acquisition of Women’s Suffrage Rights, 1890 to 1990’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 62, No. 5, pp. 735 - 745.
- Ramtohul, R., 2009, ‘Women and Politics in a Plural Society: The Case of Mauritius’, PhD thesis submitted to the University of Cape Town (unpublished).
- Randall, V., 1987, Women and Politics: An International Perspective, 2nd edition, UK: Macmillan.
- Rowbotham, S., 1992, Women in Movement: Feminism and Social Action, London & New York: Routledge.
- Simmons, A.S., 1982, Modern Mauritius: The Politics of Decolonization, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Stokes, W., 2005, Women in Contemporary Politics, Cambridge: Polity.
- Teelock, V., 1998, Bitter Sugar: Sugar and Slavery in 19th Century Mauritius, Moka, Mauritius: MGI.
- Toussaint, A., 1977, History of Mauritius, London: Macmillan.
- UN, 1992, Women in Politics and Decision-Making in the late Twentieth Century: A United Nations Study, Dordrecht, Boston, London: Martinus Nijhoff.
- UNDP, 1995, Human Development Report 1995, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Varma, M.N., 1975, The Struggle of Dr Ramgoolam, Quatre-Bornes, Mauritius: M.N. Varma.
- Varma, M.N., 1976, The Road to Independence, Quatre-Bornes, Mauritius: M.N. Varma.
- Walker, C., 1979, The Women’s Suffrage Movement in South Africa, Cape Town: Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town.
- Walker, C., 1990, ‘The Women’s Suffrage Movement: The Politics of Gender, Race and Class’, in C. Walker, ed., Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945, Cape Town: David Philip; London: James Currey.
- Waylen, G., 1996, Gender Issues in Third World Politics, Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Wikipedia, ‘Arya Samaj in Mauritius’: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Samaj_in_Mauritius (accessed on 10.06.08).
- Zel za, T., 1997, ‘Gender Biases in African Historiography’, in A.M. Imam, A. Mama & F. Sow, eds., Engendering African Social Sciences, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Les références
Alladin, I., 1993, Economic Miracle in the Indian Ocean: Can Mauritius show the way?, Rose-Hill, Mauritius: Editions de L’Ocean Indien.
Ballhatchet, K., 1995, ‘The Structure of British Official Attitudes: Colonial Mauritius, 1883 - 1968’, The Historical Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 989 - 1011.
Baer, D.L., 1993, ‘Political Parties: The Missing Variable in Women and Politics Research’, Political Research Quarterly 46(3): 547-576.
Benedict, B., 1965, Mauritius: The Problems of a Plural Society, London: Institute of Race Relations.
Bissoondoyal, U., 1990, Promises to Keep, Mauritius: Editions de L’Ocean Indien; India: Wiley Eastern Ltd.
Bowman, L.W., 1991, Mauritius: Democracy and Development in the Indian Ocean, Boulder & San Francisco: Westview Press; London: Dartmouth.
Breytenbach, W., 2002, ‘Democracy in the SADC Region: A Comparative Overview’, African Security Review, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 87 - 102.
Bryson, V., 1992, Feminist Political Theory: An Introduction, UK: Macmillan.
Burn, N., 1996, ‘Mauritius’, in U. Kothari & V. Nababsing, eds., Gender and Industrialisation: Mauritius, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Rose Hill: Editions de l’Ocean Indien.
Butler, J. and Scott, J., eds., 1992, Feminists Theorise the Political, London: Routledge. Bystydzienski, J.M., ed., 1992, Women Transforming Politics: Worldwide Strategies for Empowerment, Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Carter, M., 1994, Lakshmi’s Legacy: The Testimonies of Indian Women in 19th Century Mauritius, Rose-Hill: Editions de L’Ocean Indien.
Connell, R.W., 1990, ‘The State, Gender, and Sexual Politics: Theory and Appraisal’, Theory and Society, No. 19, pp. 507 - 544.
Cott, N., 1994, ‘Early Twentieth-Century Feminism in Political Context: A Comparative Look at Germany and the United States’, in C. Daley and M. Nolan, eds., Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives, New York: New York University Press.
Daley, C. and Nolan, M., eds., 1994, Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives, New York: New York University Press.
DuBois, E., 1978, Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women’s Movement in America, 1848 - 1869, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Dukhira, C., 2002, History of Mauritius: Experiments in Democracy, Quatre-Bornes, Mauritius: Chit Dukhira.
Emrith, M., 1994, History of the Muslims in Mauritius, Mauritius: Editions Le Printemps.
Gouws, A., 2005, ‘Introduction’, in A. Gouws, ed., (Un)thinking Citizenship: Feminist Debates in Contemporary South Africa, South Africa: UCT Press; USA, UK: Ashgate.
Houbert, J., 1981, ‘Mauritius: Independence and Dependence’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 75 - 105.
Huston, P., 1979, Third World Women Speak Out, USA: Praeger.
Jayawardena, K., 1986, Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World, London: Zed Books.
Juggernauth, S., 1993, Education and Development in Mauritius: An International Perspective, UK: Dr S. Juggernauth.
Lange, M., 2003, ‘Embedding the Colonial State: A Comparative-Historical Analysis of State Building and Broad-Based Development in Mauritius’, Social Science History, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 397 - 423.
Lavrin, A., 1994, ‘Suffrage in South America: Arguing a Difficult Cause’, in C. Daley and M. Nolan, eds., Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives, New York: New York University Press.
Lerner, G., 1993, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lewis, J., ed., 1987, Before the vote was won: arguments for and against women’s suffrage, New York and London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Liddle, J. and Joshi, R., 1986, Daughters of Independence: Gender, Caste and Class in India, London: Zed Books; New Delhi: Kali for Women.
Mannick, A.R., 1979, Mauritius: The Development of a Plural Society, Nottingham: Spokesman.
Markoff, J., 2003, ‘Margins, Centers, and Democracy: The Paradigmatic History of Women’s Suffrage’, Signs, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 85 - 116.
Mathur, H., 1991, Parliament in Mauritius, Rose-Hill, Mauritius: Editions de L’Ocean Indien.
Matlosa, K., 2003, Electoral System Reform, Democracy and Stability in the SADC Region: A Comparative Analysis, South Africa: Electoral Institute of Southern Africa. http://www.eisa.org.za/PDF/rr1.pdf (accessed on 31.08.05).
Mauritius Alliance of Women & Southern African Research and Documentation Centre, 1997, Beyond Inequalities: Women in Mauritius, Mauritius & Harare: MAW, SARDC.
Mauritius Research Council, 2003, Study on the Evolution of Women and Gender Development over Three Generations in Mauritius, Rose-Hill, Mauritius: MRC.
Moutou, B., 2000, Ile Maurice: Récits de son Histoire Contemporaine, Mauritius: B. Moutou.
Nursimloo, A., 1979, ‘Le Silence des Femmes’, Virginie - Le Magazine de la Mauricienne, No.16, pp. 44 - 54.
Orian, M., 1980, ‘L’année 1979 au féminin: Réalisations, problèmes, difficultés, projets’, Virginie - Le Magazine de la Mauricienne, No.15, pp. 37 - 43.
Pateman, C., 1988, The Sexual Contract, Cambridge: Polity.
Pateman, C., 1994, ‘Three Questions about Womanhood Suffrage’, in C. Daley and M. Nolan, eds., Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives, New York: New York University Press.
Phillips, A., 1987, Divided Loyalties: Dilemmas of Sex and Class, London: Virago.
Pugh, M., 1994, ‘The Impact of Women’s Enfranchisement in Britain’, in C. Daley and M. Nolan, eds., Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives, New York: New York University Press.
Rai, S., ed., 2000, International Perspectives on Gender and Democratisation, UK: Macmillan.
Ramirez, F.O., Soysal, Y. and Shanahan, S., 1997, ‘The Changing Logic of Political Citizenship: Cross-National Acquisition of Women’s Suffrage Rights, 1890 to 1990’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 62, No. 5, pp. 735 - 745.
Ramtohul, R., 2009, ‘Women and Politics in a Plural Society: The Case of Mauritius’, PhD thesis submitted to the University of Cape Town (unpublished).
Randall, V., 1987, Women and Politics: An International Perspective, 2nd edition, UK: Macmillan.
Rowbotham, S., 1992, Women in Movement: Feminism and Social Action, London & New York: Routledge.
Simmons, A.S., 1982, Modern Mauritius: The Politics of Decolonization, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Stokes, W., 2005, Women in Contemporary Politics, Cambridge: Polity.
Teelock, V., 1998, Bitter Sugar: Sugar and Slavery in 19th Century Mauritius, Moka, Mauritius: MGI.
Toussaint, A., 1977, History of Mauritius, London: Macmillan.
UN, 1992, Women in Politics and Decision-Making in the late Twentieth Century: A United Nations Study, Dordrecht, Boston, London: Martinus Nijhoff.
UNDP, 1995, Human Development Report 1995, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Varma, M.N., 1975, The Struggle of Dr Ramgoolam, Quatre-Bornes, Mauritius: M.N. Varma.
Varma, M.N., 1976, The Road to Independence, Quatre-Bornes, Mauritius: M.N. Varma.
Walker, C., 1979, The Women’s Suffrage Movement in South Africa, Cape Town: Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town.
Walker, C., 1990, ‘The Women’s Suffrage Movement: The Politics of Gender, Race and Class’, in C. Walker, ed., Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945, Cape Town: David Philip; London: James Currey.
Waylen, G., 1996, Gender Issues in Third World Politics, Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Wikipedia, ‘Arya Samaj in Mauritius’: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Samaj_in_Mauritius (accessed on 10.06.08).
Zel za, T., 1997, ‘Gender Biases in African Historiography’, in A.M. Imam, A. Mama & F. Sow, eds., Engendering African Social Sciences, Dakar: CODESRIA.