5 - GATS and Higher Education in Nigeria: A Preliminary Investigation of the Indicative Patterns of Consumption Abroad by Nigerians
Corresponding Author(s) : Olanrewaju Olaniyan
Journal of Higher Education in Africa,
Vol. 8 No. 1 (2010): Journal of Higher Education in Africa
Abstract
This article presents some preliminary evidence on the existence and magnitude of consumption abroad and the type of trade in higher education, using a combination of advertisement survey data by Nigerians during 2001-2006 and secondary data on Nigerians enrolled in universities outside the coun- try. We found that higher education consumption abroad is increasing with- out explicit regulation by Nigeria’s regulatory bodies. The findings also point to the development of a market for local recruiting agencies and the need for regulation not only for quality control but also to avoid collusion between local students recruiting agencies, foreign higher education providers and foreign embassies. The study therefore proposes the setting up of a techni- cal committee to advise on issues concerning negotiations on higher educa- tion during the WTO rounds and also provide a clear framework on the process and dynamics of the trade for the benefit of the citizens and the country.
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- Altbach, P.G., 2001, ‘Higher Education and the WTO: Globalization Run Amok’, International Higher Education, Spring.
- Bankole, A., 2002, ‘The General Agreement on Trade in services GATS and Nigeria’s Service Sector’, DPC Research Report No. 50, Development Policy Centre, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Benavides, D., 2005, ‘Trade in Higher Education and Professional Service: Development Implication and Issues of Concern for Developing Countries’, Paper presented at UNESCO Regional Seminar on the Implication of WTO/ GATS on Higher Education in Asia and the Pacific.
- Bourke A., 2000, ‘A Model of the Determinants of International Trade in Higher Education’, Ser. Indus. Jl. 20 (1):110-138.
- Davidson, M.C. and Wang, Y., 2008, ‘Critical Issues in the Australian Chinese Student Market’, International Tourism Conference, Alanya 2008, Turkey.
- Eder, J., Smith, W.W. and Pitts, R.E., 2010, ‘Exploring Factors Influencing Student Study Abroad and Destination Choice’, Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 10 (3), 232-250. doi:10.1080/15313220.2010.503534.
- Falase, A., ed., 2004, ‘Nigeria in ACU: The Implications of WTO/GATS for Higher Education in Africa’, Proceedings of Accra Workshop on GATS, 27th- 29th April 2004, Accra, Ghana pp 235-240.
- Ginsburg, M., Espinoza, O., Popa, S. and Terano, M., 2003, ‘Privatisation, Domestic Marketisation and International Commercialisation of Higher Education: Vulnerabilities and Opportunities for Chile and Romania within the Framework of WTO/GATS Globalisation’, Societies and Education, Vol. 1, No. 3, 413- 445 (33).
- Knight, J., 2003, ‘GATS Trade and Higher Education: Perspective 2003 – Where are We?’, Policy paper published by the Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, London, UK.
- Knight, J., 2004, ‘Cross-border Education in a Trade Environment: Complexities and Policy Implications’, Paper presented at a Workshop on the Implications of WTO/GATS for Higher Education, Accra.
- Krzaklewska, E. and Krupnik, S., 2005, ‘The Experience of Studying Abroad for Exchange Students in
- Europe’, Research Report: Erasmus Student Network Survey 2005. Erasmus Student Network in partnership with Petrus Communications.
- Larsen, K., 2003, ‘International Trade in Educational Services: Good or Bad?’, in Rose, P., 2003, Education and the General Agreement on Trade in Services: What Does the Future Hold?, Report of the Fifteenth CCEM Preliminary Meeting; The Commonwealth Secretariat, London.
- Larsen, K., Martin, J.P. and Morris, R., 2002, ‘Trade in Educational Services: Trends and Emerging Issues’, The World Economy, Vol. 25, Issue 6.
- Larsen, K. and S. Vincent Lancrin, 2002, ‘International Trade in Education Services: Good or Bad?’, Higher Education Management and Policy, Vol.14, No. 3:27.
- Li, M. and Bray, M., 2007, ‘Cross-Border Flows of Students for Higher Education: Push-Pull Factors and Motivations of Mainland Chinese Students in Hong Kong and Macau’, Higher Education, 53:791-818.
- Maringe, F. and Carter, S., 2007, ‘International Students’ Motivations for Studying in UK HE: Insights Into the Choice and Decision Making of African Students’, International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 21 (6), pp.459 - 475.
- Mazzarol, T. and Soutar, G., 2002, ‘Push-pull Factors Influencing International Students Destination Choice’, The International Journal of Educational Management, 16 (2), 82-90.
- McMahon, M., 1992, ‘Higher Education in a World Market: A Historical Look at the Global Context of International Study’, Higher Education, 24 (2), 465-82.
- Mihyo, P.B., 2004, ‘GATS and Higher Education in Africa: Conceptual Issues and Development Perspectives’, Paper presented at the Workshop on the Implications of WTO/GATS for Higher Education, Accra.
- Mpinganjira, M., 2009, ‘Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing the Decision to Study Abroad’, African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 3 (8), pp. 358- 365, August.
- Nyborg, 2002, ‘GATS in the Light of Increasing Internationalization of Higher Education’, OEDC/US Forum on Trade in Educational Services.
- Olaniyan, O., 2001, ‘Public Finance and Higher Education in Nigeria’, in SSAN, ed., Paths to the Sustainability of Higher Education in Nigeria: Proceedings of the 12th General Assembly of the Social Science Academy of Nigeria, Abuja: SSAN pp. 101-111.
- Sauve, P., 2002, ‘Trade, Education and the GATS: What’s In, What’s Out, What’s All the Fuss About?’, Paper prepared for the OECD/US Forum on Trade in Educational Service, 23-24 May 2002: OECD Trade Directorate, Paris.
- Sawyerr, A., 2002, ‘Challenges Facing African Universities: Selected Issues’, Association of African Universities, Ghana.
- Sehoole, C.T., 2004, ‘Trade in Educational Services: Reflections on the African and South African Higher Education System’, Journal of Studies in International Education, Vol. 8, No. 3:297-316.
- Verbik, L. and Lasanowski, V., 2007, ‘International Student Mobility: Patterns and Trends’, Research Report, The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education accessed at http://nefia.net/dokumente/ on 28 December 2010.
- Vo, M., Muntasira, R. and Jiang, M., 2009, ‘Push-pull Factors Influencing Exchange Students’ Destination Choice for Study Abroad: A Case Study of the Students at JIBS’, University Essay, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School accessed at http://hj.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf? pid=diva2:225442 on 30 December 2010.
References
Altbach, P.G., 2001, ‘Higher Education and the WTO: Globalization Run Amok’, International Higher Education, Spring.
Bankole, A., 2002, ‘The General Agreement on Trade in services GATS and Nigeria’s Service Sector’, DPC Research Report No. 50, Development Policy Centre, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Benavides, D., 2005, ‘Trade in Higher Education and Professional Service: Development Implication and Issues of Concern for Developing Countries’, Paper presented at UNESCO Regional Seminar on the Implication of WTO/ GATS on Higher Education in Asia and the Pacific.
Bourke A., 2000, ‘A Model of the Determinants of International Trade in Higher Education’, Ser. Indus. Jl. 20 (1):110-138.
Davidson, M.C. and Wang, Y., 2008, ‘Critical Issues in the Australian Chinese Student Market’, International Tourism Conference, Alanya 2008, Turkey.
Eder, J., Smith, W.W. and Pitts, R.E., 2010, ‘Exploring Factors Influencing Student Study Abroad and Destination Choice’, Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 10 (3), 232-250. doi:10.1080/15313220.2010.503534.
Falase, A., ed., 2004, ‘Nigeria in ACU: The Implications of WTO/GATS for Higher Education in Africa’, Proceedings of Accra Workshop on GATS, 27th- 29th April 2004, Accra, Ghana pp 235-240.
Ginsburg, M., Espinoza, O., Popa, S. and Terano, M., 2003, ‘Privatisation, Domestic Marketisation and International Commercialisation of Higher Education: Vulnerabilities and Opportunities for Chile and Romania within the Framework of WTO/GATS Globalisation’, Societies and Education, Vol. 1, No. 3, 413- 445 (33).
Knight, J., 2003, ‘GATS Trade and Higher Education: Perspective 2003 – Where are We?’, Policy paper published by the Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, London, UK.
Knight, J., 2004, ‘Cross-border Education in a Trade Environment: Complexities and Policy Implications’, Paper presented at a Workshop on the Implications of WTO/GATS for Higher Education, Accra.
Krzaklewska, E. and Krupnik, S., 2005, ‘The Experience of Studying Abroad for Exchange Students in
Europe’, Research Report: Erasmus Student Network Survey 2005. Erasmus Student Network in partnership with Petrus Communications.
Larsen, K., 2003, ‘International Trade in Educational Services: Good or Bad?’, in Rose, P., 2003, Education and the General Agreement on Trade in Services: What Does the Future Hold?, Report of the Fifteenth CCEM Preliminary Meeting; The Commonwealth Secretariat, London.
Larsen, K., Martin, J.P. and Morris, R., 2002, ‘Trade in Educational Services: Trends and Emerging Issues’, The World Economy, Vol. 25, Issue 6.
Larsen, K. and S. Vincent Lancrin, 2002, ‘International Trade in Education Services: Good or Bad?’, Higher Education Management and Policy, Vol.14, No. 3:27.
Li, M. and Bray, M., 2007, ‘Cross-Border Flows of Students for Higher Education: Push-Pull Factors and Motivations of Mainland Chinese Students in Hong Kong and Macau’, Higher Education, 53:791-818.
Maringe, F. and Carter, S., 2007, ‘International Students’ Motivations for Studying in UK HE: Insights Into the Choice and Decision Making of African Students’, International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 21 (6), pp.459 - 475.
Mazzarol, T. and Soutar, G., 2002, ‘Push-pull Factors Influencing International Students Destination Choice’, The International Journal of Educational Management, 16 (2), 82-90.
McMahon, M., 1992, ‘Higher Education in a World Market: A Historical Look at the Global Context of International Study’, Higher Education, 24 (2), 465-82.
Mihyo, P.B., 2004, ‘GATS and Higher Education in Africa: Conceptual Issues and Development Perspectives’, Paper presented at the Workshop on the Implications of WTO/GATS for Higher Education, Accra.
Mpinganjira, M., 2009, ‘Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing the Decision to Study Abroad’, African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 3 (8), pp. 358- 365, August.
Nyborg, 2002, ‘GATS in the Light of Increasing Internationalization of Higher Education’, OEDC/US Forum on Trade in Educational Services.
Olaniyan, O., 2001, ‘Public Finance and Higher Education in Nigeria’, in SSAN, ed., Paths to the Sustainability of Higher Education in Nigeria: Proceedings of the 12th General Assembly of the Social Science Academy of Nigeria, Abuja: SSAN pp. 101-111.
Sauve, P., 2002, ‘Trade, Education and the GATS: What’s In, What’s Out, What’s All the Fuss About?’, Paper prepared for the OECD/US Forum on Trade in Educational Service, 23-24 May 2002: OECD Trade Directorate, Paris.
Sawyerr, A., 2002, ‘Challenges Facing African Universities: Selected Issues’, Association of African Universities, Ghana.
Sehoole, C.T., 2004, ‘Trade in Educational Services: Reflections on the African and South African Higher Education System’, Journal of Studies in International Education, Vol. 8, No. 3:297-316.
Verbik, L. and Lasanowski, V., 2007, ‘International Student Mobility: Patterns and Trends’, Research Report, The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education accessed at http://nefia.net/dokumente/ on 28 December 2010.
Vo, M., Muntasira, R. and Jiang, M., 2009, ‘Push-pull Factors Influencing Exchange Students’ Destination Choice for Study Abroad: A Case Study of the Students at JIBS’, University Essay, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School accessed at http://hj.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf? pid=diva2:225442 on 30 December 2010.