1 - Higher Education Finance and Accessibility: Tuition Fees and Student Loans in Sub-Saharan Africa*
Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique,
Vol. 2 No 2 (2004): Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique
Résumé
* An earlier version of this paper was presented to a conference, “Improving Tertiary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Things that Work!” sponsored by the Association of African Universities and the World Bank, in Accra, Ghana, September 23–25, 2003.
Dans le domaine de l’enseignement supérieur, le concept d’« augmentation de revenu » consiste à ne plus dépendre principalement (parfois exclusivement) du gouvernement ou du contribuable pour ce qui est des dépenses d’éducation, et à faire supporter ces coûts vers les parents, les étudiants, les philanthropes, les entreprises et autres. La « participation aux coûts » renvoie plus spécifiquement au fait que les parents et étudiants s’acquittent de l’intégralité ou d’une grande partie des droits d’inscription, des frais de logement ; la « participation aux coûts » renvoie également à la diminution du montant des bourses ou à la hausse du taux d’intérêt appliqué sur les prêts étudiants. Cet article identifie certaines résistances à la pratique du partage des coûts, ainsi que les arguments sur lesquels repose ce système (dont le plus incontestable demeure l’énorme besoin de sources de revenus, ainsi que la non-probabilité que les gouvernements africains génèrent suffisamment de revenus à travers l’imposition, et qu’ils parviennent à combler les besoins sociaux actuellement sous-financés, et que ces gouvernements parviennent en même temps à accorder davantage de financements pour subventionner les besoins croissants de l’enseignement supérieur). Cet article identifie les limites des politiques de droits d’inscription « à double système» appliquées en Afrique de l’Est, et avance quelques raisons à l’échec de certains pays africains dans la mise en place des programmes de prêts étudiants. Il met en garde contre cette fascination pour les prêts basés sur les revenus, et fait des recommandations tirées à la fois de la théorie et d’un certain nombre d’exemples empiriques de « modèles réussis ».
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Chapman, B. (1999, June). Reform of Ethiopian higher education financing: Conceptual and policy issues world bank. Paper written for the Economics of Education Thematic Group.
- Chapman, B. (2002, July). A submission on financing issues to the Department of Education, Science, and Training. Inquiry into Higher Education Reform.
- Chapman, B., & Ryan, C. (2002). Income contingent financing of student charges for higher education: Assessing the Australian innovation. In M. Woodhall (Ed.), Paying for learning: The debate on student fees, grants and loans in international perspective (pp. 64-81). Special international issue of The Welsh Journal of Education, 11(1).
- Court, D. (1999). Financing higher education in Africa. Makerere: The quiet revolution. Washington DC: The World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/afr/findings/english/find 143.htm.
- Department of Education and Skills [U.K.]. (2003). The future of higher education. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office.
- Ghana. Social Security National Investment Trust Webpage. http://www.ssnit.com/ Ishengoma, J. (2002). Financing higher education in the Federal Republic of Nigeria: Developments and Trends. University at Buffalo Center for Comparative and Global Studies in Education. Available on the Website of the International Comparative Higher Education Finance and Accessibility Project Website, http://www.gse.buffalo.edu/org/IntHigherEdFinance/.
- Jackson, R. (2002). The national student financial aid scheme of South Africa (NAFAS): How and why it works. In M. Woodhall (Ed.), Paying for learning: The debate on student fees, grants and loans in international perspective (pp. 82-94). Special international issue of The Welsh Journal of Education, 11(1).
- Johnstone, D. B. (1986). Sharing the costs of higher education: Student financial assistance in the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Sweden, and the United States. New York: College Entrance Examination Board.
- Johnstone, D. B. (2000). Student loans in international comparative perspective: Promises and failures, myths and partial truths. Buffalo, NY: University at Buffalo Center for Comparative and Global Studies in Education. Available on the Website of the International Comparative Higher Education Finance and Accessibility Project Website, http://www.gse.buffalo.edu/org/ In tHigherEdFinance/.
- Johnstone, D. B. (2002). Challenges of financial austerity: Imperatives and limitations of revenue diversification. In M. Woodhall (Ed.), Paying for learning: The debate on student fees, grants and loans in international perspective (pp. 18-36). Special international issue of The Welsh Journal of Education, 11(1).
- Johnstone, D. B. (2003a, June). Cost-sharing in higher education: Tuition, financial assistance, and accessibility. Czech Sociological Review, 39(3), 351-374.
- Johnstone, D. B. (2003b, November). Income-contingent loans and graduate taxes: Can they work in developing and transitional countries? Paper delivered at the annual meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Portland Maine, November 2003. Available on the Website of the International Comparative Higher Education Finance and Accessibility Project Website, http://www.gse.buffalo.edu/org/IntHigherEdFinance/. Kenya. (2003, July 1). Higher Education Loans Board Webpage. http:// www.helb.co.ke/Helb/index.jsp.
Les références
Chapman, B. (1999, June). Reform of Ethiopian higher education financing: Conceptual and policy issues world bank. Paper written for the Economics of Education Thematic Group.
Chapman, B. (2002, July). A submission on financing issues to the Department of Education, Science, and Training. Inquiry into Higher Education Reform.
Chapman, B., & Ryan, C. (2002). Income contingent financing of student charges for higher education: Assessing the Australian innovation. In M. Woodhall (Ed.), Paying for learning: The debate on student fees, grants and loans in international perspective (pp. 64-81). Special international issue of The Welsh Journal of Education, 11(1).
Court, D. (1999). Financing higher education in Africa. Makerere: The quiet revolution. Washington DC: The World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/afr/findings/english/find 143.htm.
Department of Education and Skills [U.K.]. (2003). The future of higher education. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office.
Ghana. Social Security National Investment Trust Webpage. http://www.ssnit.com/ Ishengoma, J. (2002). Financing higher education in the Federal Republic of Nigeria: Developments and Trends. University at Buffalo Center for Comparative and Global Studies in Education. Available on the Website of the International Comparative Higher Education Finance and Accessibility Project Website, http://www.gse.buffalo.edu/org/IntHigherEdFinance/.
Jackson, R. (2002). The national student financial aid scheme of South Africa (NAFAS): How and why it works. In M. Woodhall (Ed.), Paying for learning: The debate on student fees, grants and loans in international perspective (pp. 82-94). Special international issue of The Welsh Journal of Education, 11(1).
Johnstone, D. B. (1986). Sharing the costs of higher education: Student financial assistance in the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Sweden, and the United States. New York: College Entrance Examination Board.
Johnstone, D. B. (2000). Student loans in international comparative perspective: Promises and failures, myths and partial truths. Buffalo, NY: University at Buffalo Center for Comparative and Global Studies in Education. Available on the Website of the International Comparative Higher Education Finance and Accessibility Project Website, http://www.gse.buffalo.edu/org/ In tHigherEdFinance/.
Johnstone, D. B. (2002). Challenges of financial austerity: Imperatives and limitations of revenue diversification. In M. Woodhall (Ed.), Paying for learning: The debate on student fees, grants and loans in international perspective (pp. 18-36). Special international issue of The Welsh Journal of Education, 11(1).
Johnstone, D. B. (2003a, June). Cost-sharing in higher education: Tuition, financial assistance, and accessibility. Czech Sociological Review, 39(3), 351-374.
Johnstone, D. B. (2003b, November). Income-contingent loans and graduate taxes: Can they work in developing and transitional countries? Paper delivered at the annual meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Portland Maine, November 2003. Available on the Website of the International Comparative Higher Education Finance and Accessibility Project Website, http://www.gse.buffalo.edu/org/IntHigherEdFinance/. Kenya. (2003, July 1). Higher Education Loans Board Webpage. http:// www.helb.co.ke/Helb/index.jsp.