2 - Essential Medicines in Nigeria: Foregrounding Access to Affordable Essential Medicines
African Sociological Review,
Vol. 18 No. 2 (2014): African Sociological Review
Abstract
Within every functional healthcare system, access to quality and affordable essential medicine stands out as one of the building blocks. However, its significance has been underrated due to poor advocacy and research. The implication is that access to quality and affordable essential medicines remains a challenge to many people in low / middle income countries and could create difficulty in the attempt to reform healthcare systems and save lives if not given ample attention. This paper presents a critical discussion of the Nigerian health system with special focus on access to essential medicines as a component of the Nigerian healthcare system by drawing upon primary data, using qualitative research method.
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- Atun R. (2012). Health systems, systems thinking and innovation. Health Policy and Planning 2012; 27:iv4-8.
- Adam T, Hsu J, de Savigny D, (2012). Evaluating health systems strengthening interventions in low-income and middle-income countries: are we asking the right questions? Health Policy and Planning 2012; 27:iv9-19.
- Bodeker G, Kronenberg F (2002) “A public health agenda for traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine,” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 92, no. 10, pp. 1582–1591, 2002.
- Butler C (2007). “Human Rights and the World Trade Organization: The Right to Essential Medicines and the TRIPS Agreement”. Journal of International Law & Policy 5: 1–27.
- Cameron A, Ewen M, Ross-Degnan D (2009). Medicine prices, availability, and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis. Lancet 373: 240–9.
- Collins D, Oakey S, Ramakrishnan V.(2011) Perioperative use of herbal, complementary and over the counter medicines in plastic surgery patients. Eplasty 2011, 11:e27 Ezeome E, Anarado A (2012). Use of complementary and alternative medicine by cancer patients at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
- Federal Ministry of Health (2002) Baseline assessment of the Nigerian pharmaceutical Sector, a publication of the Federal Ministry of Health in collaboration with the World Health Organization
- Federal Ministry of health (2003) Situation of Antiretroviral Drug Use in Nigeria.
- Federal Ministry of Health in collaboration with WHO, November 2003 Federal Ministry of Health. (2004) Medicines Price Survey - the prices people pay for their
- medicines in Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Health in Nigeria and sponsored by the World Health Organization -WHO and Health Action International –HAI.
- Federal ministry of health (2006a) Baseline Assessment of the price people pay for Medicines in Nigeria. A publication of the Federal Ministry of Health in collaboration with the World Health Organization, DFID and HAI.
- Federal ministry of health (2006b) Baseline Assessment of the Nigerian Pharmaceutical Sector. A publication of the Federal Ministry of Health in collaboration with the World Health Organization, DFID and HAI.
- Fakeye T, Adisa R, Musa E (2009). Attitude and use of herbal medicines among pregnant women in Nigeria. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2009;9:53. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-9-53
- Francis K, (2013) “Unlike India, China not helping Nigeria stop fake drugs’,” New York Daily News, May 15, 2013
- Gharoro E, Igbafe A (2000). Pattern of drug use amongst antenatal patients in Benin City, Nigeria. Med Sci Monit. 2000 Jan-Feb;6(1):84-7
- Goddard M, Smith P Soc Sci Med. 2001. Equity of access to health care services: theory and evidence from the UK. Centre for Health Economics, University of York, Heslington, UK Nov;53(9):1149-62
- Helwig D (2010). Traditional African Medicine. Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine.
- http://findarticles.com/ p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0007/ai_2603000708/.
- Holloway K, Van D (2011). Rational Use of Medicines. The World Medicines Situation 2011. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization
- Jacobs B, Ir P, Bigdeli M, Annear P, Van D (2012). Addressing access barriers to health services for the poor: an analytical framework for selecting appropriate interventions in low income countries. Health Policy and Planning 27: 288–300. Kotwani A. (2009). Availability, price and affordability of asthma medicines in five Indian states. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 13: 574–9.
- Ransome O,(1992) “National Drug Policy in Nigeria”. Journal of Public Health Policy > Vol. 13, No. 3 (autumn, 1992), pp. 367-373
- Nwako S, Fakeye T. (2010). Evaluation of use of herbal medicines among ambulatory hypertensive patients attending a secondary health care facility in Nigeria
- Obi E, Akunyili D, Ekpo B, Orisakwe O (2006) Heavy metal hazards of Nigerian herbal remedies. Sci Total Environ 2006, 369:35-41
- Oshikoya K, Senbanjo O, Njokanma F, Soipe A (2008). Use of complementary and alternative medicines for children with chronic health conditions in Lagos Nigeria. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19113999
- Ogunleye A, Adeyeye O, Onadeko O, Bamisile T, Olubusi A (2011). The use of complementary and alternative medicine by asthma patients receiving care in an urban tertiary centre in Nigeria. : http://www.biomedscidirthe_use_of_complementary_and_alternative_medicine_by_asthma_patients_receiving_ care_in_an_urban_tertiary_centre_in_nigeria&ei=Penchansky R, Williams T (1981). The concept of access: definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Medical Care 19: 127–40.
- Quick J, Hogerzeil H (2002). Perspectives: twenty-five years of essential medicines. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 80: 913–4.
- Rais A (1991) “Health Care Patterns and Planning in Developing Countries” Greenwood Press, 1991. pp 264
- Ronald J. (1993) Financing Health Care in Sub-Saharan Africa Greenwood Press, 1993. Pp 9 - 18
- Stanley B (2004). Recognition and Respect for African Traditional Medicine, Canada’s International Development Research Centre., http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=713
- Shankar PR. (2009). Medicines Use in Primary Care in Developing and Transitional Countries: Fact
- Book Summarizing Results from Studies Reported between 1990 and 2006. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization
- Tamuno A, Fadare J (2010) Use of Herbal Medicine Among Pregnant Women Attending A Tertiary Hospital
- In Northern Nigeria. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2010 Vol. 15 No. 2
- Tonia C, Humphrey A, Ogochukwu M, Emeka A, Elias C, Samson U, Timothy E (2012). Herbal medicine: a survey of use in Nigerian presurgical patients booked for ambulatory anaesthesia. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 12:130 doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-130 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/12/130
- Tinde V, Luísa C,(2013) “Why Urban Citizens in Developing Countries Use Traditional Medicines: The Case of Suriname,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2013, Article ID 687197, 13 pages, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/687197
- World Health Organization (2000a) world medicines strategy: framework for action in essential drugs and medicines policy 2000–2003. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2000.
- The World Health Report. (2000b). Health systems: improving performance. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2000.
- World Health Organization. (2000c). Promoting the Role of Traditional Medicine in Health Systems: a Strategy for the African Region 2001–2010. Harare: World Health Organization; 2000. Document reference AFR/RC50/Doc.9/R.
- World Health Organization. (2000d) Traditional and Modern Medicine: Harmonising the two approaches- Western Pacific Region. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2000.
- World Health Organization,(2000e). General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2000.
- World Health Organization.(2004). “The world medicines situation” .pp61-74. Geneva, WHO
- World Health Organization. (2005). “National policy on Traditional Medicine and Regulation of Herbal Medicines”: Report of a WHO global survey, Geneva. pp 68, may 2005
- World Health Organization. (2006). Quality of care: a process for making strategic choices in health systems. World Health Organization, France
- World Health Organization (2008). Traditional Medicine Fact sheet
- World Health Organization (2010). Key components of a well-functioning health system. World Health Organization. Geneva.
- World Health Organization (2013). Global Health Observatory Data Repository. WHO, Geneva.
References
Atun R. (2012). Health systems, systems thinking and innovation. Health Policy and Planning 2012; 27:iv4-8.
Adam T, Hsu J, de Savigny D, (2012). Evaluating health systems strengthening interventions in low-income and middle-income countries: are we asking the right questions? Health Policy and Planning 2012; 27:iv9-19.
Bodeker G, Kronenberg F (2002) “A public health agenda for traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine,” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 92, no. 10, pp. 1582–1591, 2002.
Butler C (2007). “Human Rights and the World Trade Organization: The Right to Essential Medicines and the TRIPS Agreement”. Journal of International Law & Policy 5: 1–27.
Cameron A, Ewen M, Ross-Degnan D (2009). Medicine prices, availability, and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis. Lancet 373: 240–9.
Collins D, Oakey S, Ramakrishnan V.(2011) Perioperative use of herbal, complementary and over the counter medicines in plastic surgery patients. Eplasty 2011, 11:e27 Ezeome E, Anarado A (2012). Use of complementary and alternative medicine by cancer patients at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
Federal Ministry of Health (2002) Baseline assessment of the Nigerian pharmaceutical Sector, a publication of the Federal Ministry of Health in collaboration with the World Health Organization
Federal Ministry of health (2003) Situation of Antiretroviral Drug Use in Nigeria.
Federal Ministry of Health in collaboration with WHO, November 2003 Federal Ministry of Health. (2004) Medicines Price Survey - the prices people pay for their
medicines in Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Health in Nigeria and sponsored by the World Health Organization -WHO and Health Action International –HAI.
Federal ministry of health (2006a) Baseline Assessment of the price people pay for Medicines in Nigeria. A publication of the Federal Ministry of Health in collaboration with the World Health Organization, DFID and HAI.
Federal ministry of health (2006b) Baseline Assessment of the Nigerian Pharmaceutical Sector. A publication of the Federal Ministry of Health in collaboration with the World Health Organization, DFID and HAI.
Fakeye T, Adisa R, Musa E (2009). Attitude and use of herbal medicines among pregnant women in Nigeria. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2009;9:53. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-9-53
Francis K, (2013) “Unlike India, China not helping Nigeria stop fake drugs’,” New York Daily News, May 15, 2013
Gharoro E, Igbafe A (2000). Pattern of drug use amongst antenatal patients in Benin City, Nigeria. Med Sci Monit. 2000 Jan-Feb;6(1):84-7
Goddard M, Smith P Soc Sci Med. 2001. Equity of access to health care services: theory and evidence from the UK. Centre for Health Economics, University of York, Heslington, UK Nov;53(9):1149-62
Helwig D (2010). Traditional African Medicine. Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine.
http://findarticles.com/ p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0007/ai_2603000708/.
Holloway K, Van D (2011). Rational Use of Medicines. The World Medicines Situation 2011. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization
Jacobs B, Ir P, Bigdeli M, Annear P, Van D (2012). Addressing access barriers to health services for the poor: an analytical framework for selecting appropriate interventions in low income countries. Health Policy and Planning 27: 288–300. Kotwani A. (2009). Availability, price and affordability of asthma medicines in five Indian states. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 13: 574–9.
Ransome O,(1992) “National Drug Policy in Nigeria”. Journal of Public Health Policy > Vol. 13, No. 3 (autumn, 1992), pp. 367-373
Nwako S, Fakeye T. (2010). Evaluation of use of herbal medicines among ambulatory hypertensive patients attending a secondary health care facility in Nigeria
Obi E, Akunyili D, Ekpo B, Orisakwe O (2006) Heavy metal hazards of Nigerian herbal remedies. Sci Total Environ 2006, 369:35-41
Oshikoya K, Senbanjo O, Njokanma F, Soipe A (2008). Use of complementary and alternative medicines for children with chronic health conditions in Lagos Nigeria. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19113999
Ogunleye A, Adeyeye O, Onadeko O, Bamisile T, Olubusi A (2011). The use of complementary and alternative medicine by asthma patients receiving care in an urban tertiary centre in Nigeria. : http://www.biomedscidirthe_use_of_complementary_and_alternative_medicine_by_asthma_patients_receiving_ care_in_an_urban_tertiary_centre_in_nigeria&ei=Penchansky R, Williams T (1981). The concept of access: definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Medical Care 19: 127–40.
Quick J, Hogerzeil H (2002). Perspectives: twenty-five years of essential medicines. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 80: 913–4.
Rais A (1991) “Health Care Patterns and Planning in Developing Countries” Greenwood Press, 1991. pp 264
Ronald J. (1993) Financing Health Care in Sub-Saharan Africa Greenwood Press, 1993. Pp 9 - 18
Stanley B (2004). Recognition and Respect for African Traditional Medicine, Canada’s International Development Research Centre., http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=713
Shankar PR. (2009). Medicines Use in Primary Care in Developing and Transitional Countries: Fact
Book Summarizing Results from Studies Reported between 1990 and 2006. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization
Tamuno A, Fadare J (2010) Use of Herbal Medicine Among Pregnant Women Attending A Tertiary Hospital
In Northern Nigeria. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2010 Vol. 15 No. 2
Tonia C, Humphrey A, Ogochukwu M, Emeka A, Elias C, Samson U, Timothy E (2012). Herbal medicine: a survey of use in Nigerian presurgical patients booked for ambulatory anaesthesia. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 12:130 doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-130 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/12/130
Tinde V, Luísa C,(2013) “Why Urban Citizens in Developing Countries Use Traditional Medicines: The Case of Suriname,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2013, Article ID 687197, 13 pages, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/687197
World Health Organization (2000a) world medicines strategy: framework for action in essential drugs and medicines policy 2000–2003. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2000.
The World Health Report. (2000b). Health systems: improving performance. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2000.
World Health Organization. (2000c). Promoting the Role of Traditional Medicine in Health Systems: a Strategy for the African Region 2001–2010. Harare: World Health Organization; 2000. Document reference AFR/RC50/Doc.9/R.
World Health Organization. (2000d) Traditional and Modern Medicine: Harmonising the two approaches- Western Pacific Region. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2000.
World Health Organization,(2000e). General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2000.
World Health Organization.(2004). “The world medicines situation” .pp61-74. Geneva, WHO
World Health Organization. (2005). “National policy on Traditional Medicine and Regulation of Herbal Medicines”: Report of a WHO global survey, Geneva. pp 68, may 2005
World Health Organization. (2006). Quality of care: a process for making strategic choices in health systems. World Health Organization, France
World Health Organization (2008). Traditional Medicine Fact sheet
World Health Organization (2010). Key components of a well-functioning health system. World Health Organization. Geneva.
World Health Organization (2013). Global Health Observatory Data Repository. WHO, Geneva.