6 - Operation Vijiji and its Aftermath: Land Nationalisation, Villagisation and Disputes in Mbulu District, North-Western Tanzania, 1961–2006
Corresponding Author(s) : Juma Marmo Paresso
Afrika Zamani,
No 26 (2018): Afrika Zamani: Revue annuelle d’histoire africaine
Résumé
La politique de transformation rurale en Tanzanie, qui s'est traduite par la nationalisation des principaux moyens de production, l'Opération Vijiji, et par des réformes juridiques, a été l'une des plus grandes expériences socio- économiques en Afrique. La nationalisation et la villagisation, censées apporter le développement à la majorité des ruraux tanzaniens, ont généré de nombreux conflits fonciers en Tanzanie au cours des quatre dernières décennies. Les études sur la question foncière en Tanzanie ont principalement porté sur l’absence de participation de la population à la prise de décisions et sur les changements écologiques, en tant que facteurs déterminants des conflits fonciers. Le lien entre nationalisation, Opération Vijiji, réformes juridiques et conflits fonciers n'a pas fait l'objet de beaucoup d'attention. Cet article affirme que le nombre élevé de conflits fonciers dans le district de Mbulu, dans le nord de la Tanzanie, pourrait être attribué à la mise en œuvre médiocre et trop rapide de la nationalisation des terres et à l'Opération Vijiji.
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- Amanor, P., 2007, Conflict over Land and Water in Africa, Oxford: Michigan University Press.
- Baker, J. and Wallevik, H., 1988, ‘Poverty and Wealth at the Rural-urban Interface: An Actor-Centred Perspective from North Tanzania’, Bureau of Statistics, The 1988 Population Census: Preliminary Report, Ministry of Finance, Economic Affairs and Planning, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
- Boone, C. ’Land Regime and Political Structure of Ethnicity: Some Evidence from Manyara Region, Tanzania.’ a Paper Presented for the Texas Southern/Rice University, Tanzania and the World Conference, Rice University, October 2011.
- Coldham, S. 1995, ‘Land Tenure Reform in Tanzania: Legal Problems and Perspectives,’ Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol.33, No. 2,1995
- Elias, R., 2012, ‘Land Conflicts in Moshi-Rural from 1930-2000,’ Dar es Salaam, University of Dar es Salaam, MA Dissertation.
- Hyden, G. 1980, Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and Uncaptured Peasantry, London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd.
- Juma Marmo, 2014, “The Historical Roots of Land Conflicts in Mbulu District; 1945- 2010, MA Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam
- Kaijage, F. and Tibaijuka, A., 1996, Poverty and Social Exclusion in Tanzania, Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies.
- Kauzeni, A.S. et al., 1993, ‘Environmental Planning Issues’, IIED No. 3, IRA Research Paper No. 35, December.
- Lawi, Y.Q., 2000, ‘Local Knowledge and Political Ecology of Natural Resource Uses in Iraqw in Tanzania, 1900–1985’, PhD dissertation, Boston University.
- Maina, C.P., 1974, in G. Ruhumbika, ed., Toward Ujamaa, Twenty Years of TANU Leadership, A Contribution of University of Dar es Salaam to the 20th Anniversary of TANU, Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.
- McHenry J, D.E, 1979, Tanzania’s Ujamaa Villages, the Implementation of Rural Development Strategy, Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley.
- Moyo, S. 2003, ‘The Land Question in Africa’ Research Perspectives and Questions, Draft Paper Presented at CODESRIA Conference on Land Reform, the Agrarian Question and Nationalism in Gaborone, Botswana.
- Mpangala, G. P., 2000, Major Issues in Tanzanian Economy, State Policies and the Question of Transformation of Peasant Agriculture Through a Hundred Years, 1891-1990, Institute of Kiswahili Research, Dar es Salaam.
- Mtwale, B.A., 2000, ‘Conflicts between Pastoralist and Farmers over Land Use: A Case Study of Kilosa District’, MA dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.
- Raikes, P., 1970, ‘Wheat Production and Development of Capitalism in North Iraqw’ in L. Cliffe, (ed) Rural Cooperation in Tanzania”, Tanzania Publishing House, Dar es Salaam.
- Rwegasira,A., 2012, Land as a Human Rights, a History of Land Law and Practice in Tanzania,Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd, Dar es Salaam, 2012
- Shivji, I., 1994, ‘A legal quagmire: Tanzanian’s Regulation of Land Tenure (Established of Villages) Act, 1992’, in Contended Land in Southern and Eastern Africa: An Oxfam Working Paper, pp. 241–2, London: IIED.
- Shivji, I., 2001, ‘Contradictory Perspectives on Rights and Justice in the Context of Land Tenure Reform in Tanzania’, Tanzania Zamani 4 (1 & 2), Dar es Salaam: KAPSEL Educational Publications.
- Tenga, W.R. and Mramba, S.J., 2008, ‘The Manual on Land Law and Conveyance in Tanzania’, University of Dar es Salaam.
- United Republic of Tanzania: 1992, ‘Presidential Commission of Inquiry on Land Matters, Evidence’ Vol. Arusha Region, District, Karatu and Monduli.
- United Republic of Tanzania: 1992, ‘Report for the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into Land Matters, Land Policy and Land Tenure Structure’, Vol. 1.
- Veit, P., 2011, ‘Focus of Land in Africa, Placing Land Right at the Heart of Development, History of Land Conflicts in Kenya,’ Paper Presented in the World Resources Institutes.
- Yanda, P.Z. et al., 2003, Natural Resources Use Patterns and Poverty Alleviation Strategies and in the Highland and Lowland of Karatu and Monduli Districts: A Study on Linkages and Environmental Implications, Research Reports No. 33, Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na
- Nyota Publishers.
Les références
Amanor, P., 2007, Conflict over Land and Water in Africa, Oxford: Michigan University Press.
Baker, J. and Wallevik, H., 1988, ‘Poverty and Wealth at the Rural-urban Interface: An Actor-Centred Perspective from North Tanzania’, Bureau of Statistics, The 1988 Population Census: Preliminary Report, Ministry of Finance, Economic Affairs and Planning, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Boone, C. ’Land Regime and Political Structure of Ethnicity: Some Evidence from Manyara Region, Tanzania.’ a Paper Presented for the Texas Southern/Rice University, Tanzania and the World Conference, Rice University, October 2011.
Coldham, S. 1995, ‘Land Tenure Reform in Tanzania: Legal Problems and Perspectives,’ Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol.33, No. 2,1995
Elias, R., 2012, ‘Land Conflicts in Moshi-Rural from 1930-2000,’ Dar es Salaam, University of Dar es Salaam, MA Dissertation.
Hyden, G. 1980, Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and Uncaptured Peasantry, London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd.
Juma Marmo, 2014, “The Historical Roots of Land Conflicts in Mbulu District; 1945- 2010, MA Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam
Kaijage, F. and Tibaijuka, A., 1996, Poverty and Social Exclusion in Tanzania, Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies.
Kauzeni, A.S. et al., 1993, ‘Environmental Planning Issues’, IIED No. 3, IRA Research Paper No. 35, December.
Lawi, Y.Q., 2000, ‘Local Knowledge and Political Ecology of Natural Resource Uses in Iraqw in Tanzania, 1900–1985’, PhD dissertation, Boston University.
Maina, C.P., 1974, in G. Ruhumbika, ed., Toward Ujamaa, Twenty Years of TANU Leadership, A Contribution of University of Dar es Salaam to the 20th Anniversary of TANU, Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.
McHenry J, D.E, 1979, Tanzania’s Ujamaa Villages, the Implementation of Rural Development Strategy, Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley.
Moyo, S. 2003, ‘The Land Question in Africa’ Research Perspectives and Questions, Draft Paper Presented at CODESRIA Conference on Land Reform, the Agrarian Question and Nationalism in Gaborone, Botswana.
Mpangala, G. P., 2000, Major Issues in Tanzanian Economy, State Policies and the Question of Transformation of Peasant Agriculture Through a Hundred Years, 1891-1990, Institute of Kiswahili Research, Dar es Salaam.
Mtwale, B.A., 2000, ‘Conflicts between Pastoralist and Farmers over Land Use: A Case Study of Kilosa District’, MA dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.
Raikes, P., 1970, ‘Wheat Production and Development of Capitalism in North Iraqw’ in L. Cliffe, (ed) Rural Cooperation in Tanzania”, Tanzania Publishing House, Dar es Salaam.
Rwegasira,A., 2012, Land as a Human Rights, a History of Land Law and Practice in Tanzania,Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd, Dar es Salaam, 2012
Shivji, I., 1994, ‘A legal quagmire: Tanzanian’s Regulation of Land Tenure (Established of Villages) Act, 1992’, in Contended Land in Southern and Eastern Africa: An Oxfam Working Paper, pp. 241–2, London: IIED.
Shivji, I., 2001, ‘Contradictory Perspectives on Rights and Justice in the Context of Land Tenure Reform in Tanzania’, Tanzania Zamani 4 (1 & 2), Dar es Salaam: KAPSEL Educational Publications.
Tenga, W.R. and Mramba, S.J., 2008, ‘The Manual on Land Law and Conveyance in Tanzania’, University of Dar es Salaam.
United Republic of Tanzania: 1992, ‘Presidential Commission of Inquiry on Land Matters, Evidence’ Vol. Arusha Region, District, Karatu and Monduli.
United Republic of Tanzania: 1992, ‘Report for the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into Land Matters, Land Policy and Land Tenure Structure’, Vol. 1.
Veit, P., 2011, ‘Focus of Land in Africa, Placing Land Right at the Heart of Development, History of Land Conflicts in Kenya,’ Paper Presented in the World Resources Institutes.
Yanda, P.Z. et al., 2003, Natural Resources Use Patterns and Poverty Alleviation Strategies and in the Highland and Lowland of Karatu and Monduli Districts: A Study on Linkages and Environmental Implications, Research Reports No. 33, Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na
Nyota Publishers.