6 - We Are the Sons of Mau Mau! Re-Assessing the Historiography of Resistance in Kenya, 1924-2008
Corresponding Author(s) : Mwangi J. Macharia
Afrika Zamani,
No 17 (2009): Afrika Zamani: Revue annuelle d’histoire africaine: Numéro spécial sur la relecture de l’histoire et de l’historiographie de la domination et de la résistance en Afrique
Résumé
Le Mungiki est un groupe politico-religieux et une organisation criminelle clan- destine. Cette organisation secrète qui a vu le jour à la fin des années 1980 ressemble dans une certaine mesure à une religion mystérieuse. Les détails de son origine et ses doctrines sont vagues. Ce qui est évident, c’est que Mungiki appelle au retour aux traditions indigènes africaines et rejette l’occidentalisation et tout autre piège du colonialisme. Ceci inclut la rejection du Christianisme et la pratique forcée de l’excision. L’idéologie du groupe est marquée par la rhétorique révolutionnaire, les traditions kikuyu et le mépris envers la modernisation du Kenya qu’il considère comme une corruption immorale. Sa participation aux guerres ethniques récentes au Kenya a été à la base de préoccupations académiques sérieuses sur le groupe. Une chose intéressante est que les 500 000 jeunes membres du soit-disant secte Mungiki se considèrent comme ‘les vrais fils des Mau Mau’. A travers une approche interdisciplinaire, cet article compte montrer les voies complexes pour la reconstruction de leur propre identité et comment ces jeunes puisent leur pouvoir et inspirations du passé (Mau Mau). Pour reconfigurer le pouvoir dans la société, les problèmes de perception du Mungiki et de sa génération sont évoqués, de même q e les conflits entre les jeunes (Mungiki) et les vieilles générations (Mau Mau).
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
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- Aguilar, M.I and Aguilar, L.B., 2000, Women’s Organising Abilities: Two Case Studies of Kenya and Malawi.
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- McElrath, Karen, ed., 2002, HIV and AIDS: A Global View, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
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- Colo.: Westview Press.
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- Olukoshi, A., 1997, ‘The Elusive Prince of Denmark: Structural Adjustment and the Crisis of Governance in Africa’, Mimeo: Uppsala.
- Olukoshi, A., ed., 1998, The Politics of Opposition in Contemporary Africa, Stockholm: Elanders Gotab.
- Philips, J., 1999, Personal Testimony: Malawi.
- Rafael, B. R. A., 1985, Short History of Malawi, Limbe: Montfort Press.
- Rosberg, G. and Nortingham, J.C.,1966, The Myth of ‘Mau Mau’ Nationalism in Kenya, Nairobi, EAPH.
- Sobania, N. W. Culture and Customs of Kenya. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 2003.
- Thomas-Slayter, Barbara P., 1995, Gender, Environment, and Development in Kenya: A Grassroots Perspective, Boulder, Colo.: L. Rienner.
- Thomas-Slayter, Barbara P., 1998, Multi-Party Politics in Kenya,Athens: Ohio University Press.
- Watson, Mary Ann, ed., 2000, Modern Kenya: Social Issues and Perspectives, Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.
- Widner, Jennifer A., 1992, The Rise of a Party-state in Kenya: From ‘Harambee’ to ‘Nyayo’, Berkeley: University of California, 1992.
Les références
Abbink, J., ed., Election Observation and Democratisation in Africa.
Aguilar, M.I and Aguilar, L.B., 2000, Women’s Organising Abilities: Two Case Studies of Kenya and Malawi.
Ahluwalia, D.P.S., 1996, Post-Colonialism and the Politics of Kenya, New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Amoo, G.S., 1997, ‘The Need for a New Paradigm: Emergence Response Division’, UNDP, New York.
Anderson, D., 2005, Histories of the Hanged: Britain’s Dirty War in Kenya and the End of the Empire, Northon, London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson.
Arendt, H., 1970, On Violence. New York: Allan Lane.
Assensoh, A.B., 1998, African Political Leadership: Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, and Julius K. Nyerere, Malabar, Fla.: Krieger Pub.
Ayakub, C., 1996, ‘A Time for a New Beginning’, Speech delivered at the Annual General Meeting of the Freedom of Expression Institute, Johannesburg.
Bratton, M., 1995, ‘Are Competitive Elections Enough?’, Africa Demos, III, 4.
Carver, R., 1997, ‘Deadly Marionettes: State-sponsored Violence in Africa’.
Chenevix, T.C., 1993, Men Who Ruled Kenya: The Kenya Administration, 1892-1963, New York: Radcliffe Press.
Clough, M.S., 1990, Fighting Two Sides: Kenyan Chiefs and Politicians, 1918-1940. Niwot, Colo.: University Press of Colorado.
Decalo, Samuel, 1998, The Stable Minority: Civilian Rule in Africa, 1960-1990, Gainesville, Fla.: FAP Books.
Frey, R.G. and Morris, C.W., 1991, Violence, Terrorism and Justice, Cambridge University Press.
Guy, S., 1978, Labour Force Participation in, Low Income Countries, Geneva: ILO.
Hameso, S., 1997, Ethnicity and Nationalism in Africa, New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Haugerud, A., 1995, The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Himbara, D., 1994, Kenyan Capitalists, the State, and Development, Boulder, Colo.: L. Rienner.
Ihonvbere, J. O., 1996, ‘Where is the Third Wave? A Critical Evaluation of Africa’s Non-Translation to Democracy’, Africa Today No. 43.
Ihon”vbere, J. O., 1994, ‘The Irrelevant State, Ethnicity and the Quest for Nationhood in Africa’. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 17(1).
Kanyinga, K.,1994, ‘Ethnicity, Patronage and Class in the Local Arena: High and Low Politics in Kiambu 1982-92’, in Kanyinga et al., The New Local Level Politics in East Africa, Uppsala: Nordiska, Research Report No. 95.
Kanyinga, K., 1998, ‘Contestation over Political Space: The State and the Demobilization of Opposition Politics in Kenya’, in Olukoshi, ed., Economic Crisis, Multipartyism, and Opposition Politics in Contemporary Africa, Stockholm: Elanders Gotab.
Kanyinga, K. and Sussie I., 1993, ‘Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) in Kenya: Implications on Lines of Women’s Workshop Report’, Nairobi: NCCK.
Legum, C., 1990, ‘The Coming of Africa’s Second Independence’, The Washington Quarterly, Winter Issue.
Maina, L., 2000, ‘Ethnicity in the Communities of Nakuru District’, Paper presented for the FORD Foundation Research Project on Ethnicity, Sommunity Relations and Civil Society in a Democratising Kenya: Perspectives from a New Generation.
Maxon, Robert M., and Thomas P. Ofcansky, 2000, Historical Dictionary of Kenya, Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.
McElrath, Karen, ed., 2002, HIV and AIDS: A Global View, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
Miller, Norman N. and Roger Yeager, 1994, Kenya: The Quest for Prosperity, Boulder,
Colo.: Westview Press.
Murunga, G. R., 1999, ‘Urban Violence in Kenya’s Transition to Pluralist Politics 1982- 1992’, Africa Development, Vol. XXIV, Nos. 1&2.
Mwakikagile, Godfrey, 2001, Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, Huntington, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers.
Ogachi O., 1999, ‘Economic Reform, Political Liberalization and Economic Ethnic Conflict in Kenya’, Africa Development, Vol. XXIV, Nos. 1&2.
Ogot, B.A., 1967, A Place to Feel at Home, London: Oxford University Press.
Ogot, B.A., 1995, Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940-93, London: Currey.
Olukoshi, A., 1997, ‘The Elusive Prince of Denmark: Structural Adjustment and the Crisis of Governance in Africa’, Mimeo: Uppsala.
Olukoshi, A., ed., 1998, The Politics of Opposition in Contemporary Africa, Stockholm: Elanders Gotab.
Philips, J., 1999, Personal Testimony: Malawi.
Rafael, B. R. A., 1985, Short History of Malawi, Limbe: Montfort Press.
Rosberg, G. and Nortingham, J.C.,1966, The Myth of ‘Mau Mau’ Nationalism in Kenya, Nairobi, EAPH.
Sobania, N. W. Culture and Customs of Kenya. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 2003.
Thomas-Slayter, Barbara P., 1995, Gender, Environment, and Development in Kenya: A Grassroots Perspective, Boulder, Colo.: L. Rienner.
Thomas-Slayter, Barbara P., 1998, Multi-Party Politics in Kenya,Athens: Ohio University Press.
Watson, Mary Ann, ed., 2000, Modern Kenya: Social Issues and Perspectives, Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.
Widner, Jennifer A., 1992, The Rise of a Party-state in Kenya: From ‘Harambee’ to ‘Nyayo’, Berkeley: University of California, 1992.