8 - ‘New Wars: Forgotten Warriors’: Why Have Girl Fighters Been Excluded from Western Representations of Conflict in Sierra Leone?
Corresponding Author(s) : Alice Macdonald
Africa Development,
Vol. 33 No. 3 (2008): Africa Development
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- Abdullah, I, 2005, ‘“I am a Rebel”: Youth Culture and Violence in Sierra Leone’, in Honwana and F De Boeck (eds.), Makers and Breakers: Children and Youth in Postcolonial Africa, Oxford: James Currey, pp.172–187.
- Brocklehurst, H., 2006, Who’s Afraid of Children? Children, Conflict and International Relations, Hampshire: Ashgate.
- Collier, P., 2000, ‘Doing Well out of War: An Economic Perspective’, in Berdal M. and D. Malone (eds.), Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil War, Dakar/Ottawa/ Cairo Lynne Rienner, pp. 91–110.
- Coulter, C., 2005, ‘The Post-War Moment: Female Fighters in Sierra Leone’, Migration Studies Working Paper Series 22, accessed on http://migration.wits.ac.za.
- Debrix, F., 1999, Re-envisioning Peacekeeping: the United Nations and the Mobilisation of Ideology, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Duffield, M., 2001, Global Governance and the New Wars, London/New York: ZED.
- Elshtain, J., 1995, Women and War, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- Escobar, A., 1995, Encountering Development: the Making and Unmaking of the Third World, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Ferme, M. and Hoffman, D., 2005, ‘Hunter Militias and the International Human Rights Discourse in Sierra Leone and Beyond’, Africa Today, 50, Summer, pp. 73–95.
- Fox, M-J., 2004, ‘Girl Soldiers: Human Security and Gendered Insecurity’, Security Dialogue, 35 (4), pp. 465–479.
- Goldstein, J.S., 2001, War and Gender, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."
- Hendrixson, A., 2004, ‘Angry Young Men, Veiled Young Women: Constructing a New Population Threat’, Corner House Briefing 34, accessed on 27 June 2007, http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/summary.shtml?x=85999
- Human Rights Watch, 2005, Youth, Poverty and Blood: the Lethal Legacy of West Africa’s Regional Warriors, Vol. 17 (5), London: HRW.
- Human Rights Watch, 2003, We’ll Kill You if You Cry: Sexual Violence in the Sierra Leone Conflict, 15 (1), London: Human Rights Watch.
- Huntington, S., 1993, ‘The Clash of Civilisations’, Foreign Affairs, 72 (3), pp. 22–49.
- Ignatieff, M, 1998, The Warrior’s Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience, London: Chatto and Windus.
- Kaldor, M., 2001, New and Old Wars, Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Kaplan, R., 1994 ‘The Coming Anarchy: How Scarcity, Crime, Overpopulation and Disease are Rapidly Destroying the Social Fabric of our Planet’, Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 273 (2), pp. 44–76.
- Kemper, Y., 2005, ‘Youth in War to Peace Transitions: Approaches of International Organizations’, Berghof Report 10, accessed on 17 July 2007 at
- http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/lib.nsf/db900SID/OCHA-6REE3X/$FILE/berghof-gen- jan05.pdf?OpenElement
- Mazurana, D. and Carlson, K. (eds.), 2004, ‘From Combat to Community: Women and Girls of Sierra Leone’, accessed on 23/07/07 at
- http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/files/portal/spotlight/disarmament/disarm_pdf/ 2004_Mazurana_Carlson.pdf
- McKay, S. and Mazurana, D., 2004, Where are the Girls? Girls in Fighting Forces in Northern Uganda, Sierra Leone and Mozambique: Their Lives During and After War, Montreal International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development.
- McIntyre, A., 2005, Invisible Stakeholders: Children and War in Africa, Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
- Nagel, J., 1998, ‘Masculinity and Nationalism: Gender and Sexuality in the making of nations’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (2), pp. 242–269.
- Nordstrom, C., 1997, Girls and War Zones, Troubling Questions, Uppsala: Life and Peace Institute.
- Nordstorm, C., 1999, ‘Visible Wars and Invisible Girls: Shadow Industries and the Politics of Not-Knowing’, International Journal of Feminist Politics, Vol. 1, pp. 14–33.
- Park, A.S.J., 2006, ‘“Other Inhumane Acts”: Forced Marriage, Girl Soldiers and the Special Court for Sierra Leone’, Social and Legal Studies, 15 (3), pp. 315–337.
- Peters, K. and Richards, P., 1998, ‘Why We Fight: Voices of Young Combatants in Sierra Leone’, Africa, (68), pp. 183–211.
- PLAN international, 2007, Because I am a Girl: The State of the World’s Girls, London: Plan.
- Richards, P., (ed.), 2005, No Peace, No War, Oxford: James Currey.
- Richards, P., 1996, Fighting For the Rainforest: War, Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone, London: James Currey.
- Rosen, D., 2005, Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
- Snow, D. M., 1996, Uncivil Wars: International Security and the New Internal Conflicts, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
- Shepler, S., 2002, ‘Les filles-soldats: Trajectoires d’après guerre en Sierra Leone’, Politique Africaine 88, pp. 49– 63.
- True, J., 1996, ‘Feminism’ in S. Burchill and A. Linklater (eds.), Theories of International Relations, New York: St Martin’s, pp. 231–276.
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), 2007 ‘Women and the Armed Conflict in Sierra Leone’.
- UNIFEM, accessed on 30 July at, www.unifem.org
- Utas, M., 2004, ‘Fluid Research Fields: Studying Excombatant Youth in the Aftermath of the Liberian Civil War’, in Boyden J. and J. de Berry, Children and Youth on the Front Line, New York: Bernhahn, pp. 209–237.
- Yuval-Davis, N., 1997, Gender and Nation, London: Sage.
- Zalewski, M., 1995, ‘Well, What is the Feminist Perspective on Bosnia?’, International Affairs, 71(2), pp. 339–356.
References
Abdullah, I, 2005, ‘“I am a Rebel”: Youth Culture and Violence in Sierra Leone’, in Honwana and F De Boeck (eds.), Makers and Breakers: Children and Youth in Postcolonial Africa, Oxford: James Currey, pp.172–187.
Brocklehurst, H., 2006, Who’s Afraid of Children? Children, Conflict and International Relations, Hampshire: Ashgate.
Collier, P., 2000, ‘Doing Well out of War: An Economic Perspective’, in Berdal M. and D. Malone (eds.), Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil War, Dakar/Ottawa/ Cairo Lynne Rienner, pp. 91–110.
Coulter, C., 2005, ‘The Post-War Moment: Female Fighters in Sierra Leone’, Migration Studies Working Paper Series 22, accessed on http://migration.wits.ac.za.
Debrix, F., 1999, Re-envisioning Peacekeeping: the United Nations and the Mobilisation of Ideology, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Duffield, M., 2001, Global Governance and the New Wars, London/New York: ZED.
Elshtain, J., 1995, Women and War, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Escobar, A., 1995, Encountering Development: the Making and Unmaking of the Third World, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ferme, M. and Hoffman, D., 2005, ‘Hunter Militias and the International Human Rights Discourse in Sierra Leone and Beyond’, Africa Today, 50, Summer, pp. 73–95.
Fox, M-J., 2004, ‘Girl Soldiers: Human Security and Gendered Insecurity’, Security Dialogue, 35 (4), pp. 465–479.
Goldstein, J.S., 2001, War and Gender, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."
Hendrixson, A., 2004, ‘Angry Young Men, Veiled Young Women: Constructing a New Population Threat’, Corner House Briefing 34, accessed on 27 June 2007, http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/summary.shtml?x=85999
Human Rights Watch, 2005, Youth, Poverty and Blood: the Lethal Legacy of West Africa’s Regional Warriors, Vol. 17 (5), London: HRW.
Human Rights Watch, 2003, We’ll Kill You if You Cry: Sexual Violence in the Sierra Leone Conflict, 15 (1), London: Human Rights Watch.
Huntington, S., 1993, ‘The Clash of Civilisations’, Foreign Affairs, 72 (3), pp. 22–49.
Ignatieff, M, 1998, The Warrior’s Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience, London: Chatto and Windus.
Kaldor, M., 2001, New and Old Wars, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Kaplan, R., 1994 ‘The Coming Anarchy: How Scarcity, Crime, Overpopulation and Disease are Rapidly Destroying the Social Fabric of our Planet’, Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 273 (2), pp. 44–76.
Kemper, Y., 2005, ‘Youth in War to Peace Transitions: Approaches of International Organizations’, Berghof Report 10, accessed on 17 July 2007 at
http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/lib.nsf/db900SID/OCHA-6REE3X/$FILE/berghof-gen- jan05.pdf?OpenElement
Mazurana, D. and Carlson, K. (eds.), 2004, ‘From Combat to Community: Women and Girls of Sierra Leone’, accessed on 23/07/07 at
http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/files/portal/spotlight/disarmament/disarm_pdf/ 2004_Mazurana_Carlson.pdf
McKay, S. and Mazurana, D., 2004, Where are the Girls? Girls in Fighting Forces in Northern Uganda, Sierra Leone and Mozambique: Their Lives During and After War, Montreal International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development.
McIntyre, A., 2005, Invisible Stakeholders: Children and War in Africa, Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
Nagel, J., 1998, ‘Masculinity and Nationalism: Gender and Sexuality in the making of nations’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (2), pp. 242–269.
Nordstrom, C., 1997, Girls and War Zones, Troubling Questions, Uppsala: Life and Peace Institute.
Nordstorm, C., 1999, ‘Visible Wars and Invisible Girls: Shadow Industries and the Politics of Not-Knowing’, International Journal of Feminist Politics, Vol. 1, pp. 14–33.
Park, A.S.J., 2006, ‘“Other Inhumane Acts”: Forced Marriage, Girl Soldiers and the Special Court for Sierra Leone’, Social and Legal Studies, 15 (3), pp. 315–337.
Peters, K. and Richards, P., 1998, ‘Why We Fight: Voices of Young Combatants in Sierra Leone’, Africa, (68), pp. 183–211.
PLAN international, 2007, Because I am a Girl: The State of the World’s Girls, London: Plan.
Richards, P., (ed.), 2005, No Peace, No War, Oxford: James Currey.
Richards, P., 1996, Fighting For the Rainforest: War, Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone, London: James Currey.
Rosen, D., 2005, Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Snow, D. M., 1996, Uncivil Wars: International Security and the New Internal Conflicts, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Shepler, S., 2002, ‘Les filles-soldats: Trajectoires d’après guerre en Sierra Leone’, Politique Africaine 88, pp. 49– 63.
True, J., 1996, ‘Feminism’ in S. Burchill and A. Linklater (eds.), Theories of International Relations, New York: St Martin’s, pp. 231–276.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), 2007 ‘Women and the Armed Conflict in Sierra Leone’.
UNIFEM, accessed on 30 July at, www.unifem.org
Utas, M., 2004, ‘Fluid Research Fields: Studying Excombatant Youth in the Aftermath of the Liberian Civil War’, in Boyden J. and J. de Berry, Children and Youth on the Front Line, New York: Bernhahn, pp. 209–237.
Yuval-Davis, N., 1997, Gender and Nation, London: Sage.
Zalewski, M., 1995, ‘Well, What is the Feminist Perspective on Bosnia?’, International Affairs, 71(2), pp. 339–356.