8 - ‘Justice Be Our Shield and Defender’: An Intellectual Property Rights Regime for Africa*
Corresponding Author(s) : Mshai S. Mwangola
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 32 No 3 (2007): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Protéger les droits de propriété intellectuelle est devenu essentiel si l’on veut encourager l’érudition de pointe qui repousse les frontières des connaissances. Pendant longtemps, la majorité des intelligentsias africaines a travaillé dans des environnements locaux et internationaux qui ont exploité le capital intellectuel du continent. Même dans des contextes où les droits de propriété intellectuelle sont respectés, certaines spécialités courent toujours le risque d’être exploitées. Dans cet article, trois études de cas me permettant d’inciter à des échanges de vues sérieux sur cette question, visent les intellectuels travaillant dans différents contextes et poursuivant des buts divers. La première de ces études de cas met en exergue l’inégalité des dynamiques de pouvoir entre personnes travaillant dans différents types d’institutions, dans ce cas particulier, et qui sont compliqués par la division Nord/Sud de la planète. La deuxième étude de cas explore les dynamiques de pouvoir dans les rapports entre intellectuels, tandis que la troisième traite des défis découlant du développement et de l’utilisation des épistémologies endogènes dans la conversation et la confrontation avec les modes d’érudition traditionnellement privilégiés dans le monde universitaire occidental. Comment allons-nous passer à un régime général des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui n’inhibe pas la liberté intellectuelle d’exploration tout en protégeant aussi les plus vulnérables de l’exploitation ? Comment allons-nous produire un environnement intellectuel dynamique qui soit particulièrement enrichissant pour les communautés traditionnellement marginalisées dans le monde universitaire?
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Arvelo-Jiménez, Nelly, 2004, ‘Kuyujani Orignario: The Yekuana Road to the Overall Protection of their Rights as a People’, in J. Michael Finger and Phillip Schuler, eds., Poor People’s Knowledge: Promoting Intellectual Knowledge in Developing Countries, Washington DC: The World Bank and Oxford UP, pp. 37-51.
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- Barnett, Anthony, 2004, ‘Oxford Scientists Accused of Stealing AIDS Orphans’ Blood for Illicit Research’, The Observer, 30 May, Accessed 30 September 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/aids/story/0,7369,1227897,00.html
- Boustani, Maroun, 2005, ‘Défis que les pays en développement doivent relever dans les domains de l’enseignment et de la recherché en matière de propriété intellectuelle’, Presenté au Colloque Internationale de l’OMPI sur l’Enseignement et la Recherché en Matière Propriété Intellectuelle’, Juin, Juillet 2005, Accessed 28 September 2005, http://www.wipo.int/academy/en/meetings/iped_sym_05/program_detailed.html.
- ‘Considering Kenya’s Intellectual Property after TRIPS’, 2001, The Point: Bulletin of the Institute of Economic Affairs 48.
- Finger, J. Michael and Phillip Schuler, eds., 2004, Poor People’s Knowledge: Promoting Intellectual Knowledge in Developing Countries, Washington DC: The World Bank and Oxford UP.
- Fowler, Betsy, J., 2004, ‘Providing Counterfeit Craft Designs’, in J. Michael Finger and Phillip Schuler, eds., Poor People’s Knowledge: Promoting Intellectual Knowledge in Developing Countries, Washington DC: The World Bank and Oxford UP, pp. 113-131.
- Goburdhun, Kaushik, 2005, ‘Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights: A Blessing or a Curse? Perspectives from Mauritius’, Paper presented at the CODESRIA 11th General Assembly, Maputo, 6-10 December, 2005.
- Gopalakrishnan, N.S., 2005, ‘Challenges faced by Academic institutions in the Teaching of IP and Carrying Out IP Research’, Paper presented at the International Symposium on Intellectual Property Education and Research, Geneva, 2005. http://www.wipo.int/academy/en/meetings/iped_sym_05/program_detailed.html. Accessed 28 September 2005.
- Hesse, Carla, 2003, ‘Literary and Intellectual Property’, Encyclopaedia of the Enlightenment, edited by Alan Charles Kors, Oxford University Press, Northwestern University, http://www.oxfordreference.com, Accessed 29 September 2005.
- Hundt, Reed, 2006, ‘Patently Obvious’, Forbes, Vol, 177, No. 2, p. 36.
- ‘Intellectual property’, 2004, A Dictionary of Computing, Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online, Oxford University Press, Northwestern University, http://www.oxfordreference.com, Accessed 20 September 2005.
- ‘Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore’, http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/studies/publications/genetic_resources.htm, Accessed 25 September 2005.
- ‘Intellectual property’, World Intellectual Property Organisation, http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/ Accessed 20 September 2005.
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- Likimani, Muthoni, 1985, Passbook Number F.47927: Women and the Mau Mau in Kenya, Nairobi: Noni’s Publicity.
- Likimani, Muthoni, 1985, Passbook Number F.47927: Women and the Mau Mau in Kenya, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
- Lorde, Audre, 1984, ‘The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action’, Sister Outsider: Essays by Audre Lorde, Freedom: The Crossing Press, pp. 40-44.
- Mkandawire, Thandika, 1997, ‘The Social Sciences in Africa: Breaking Local Barriers and Negotiating International Presence’, African Studies Review, Vol. 40, Issue 2, pp. 15-36.
- Mould-Idrissu, Betty, 2005, ‘A Developing Country’s Perspective’, http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/intelprp/perspect.htm, Accessed 29 December 2005.
- Ngetich, Kibet, A., 2005, ‘Indigenous Knowledge, Alternative Medicine and Intellectual Property Rights Concerns in Africa’, Paper presented at the CODESRIA 11th General Assembly, Maputo, 6-10 December 2005.
- Nikiema, Kouliga Daniel, 2005, ‘Défies que les établissement d’enseignement doivent relever dans les domnaines de l’enseignement et de recherche en matière de propriété intellectuelle’, Presenté au Colloque Internationale de l’OMPI sur l’Enseignement et la Recherché en Matiere de Propriete Intellectuelle, Juin, Juillet 2005, http://www.wipo.int/academy/en/meetings/iped_sym_05/program_detailed.html, Accessed 28 September 2005.
- Njubi, Nesbitt, 2003, ‘African Intellectuals in the Belly of the Beast: Migration, Identity, and the Politics of Exile’, African Issues 1, pp. 70-75.
- Ogada, Tom P. M., 2005, ‘Challenges Faced by Developing Countries in Teaching and Conducting Research on Intellectual Property’, Paper presented at the International Symposium on Intellectual Property Education and Research, Geneva, http://www.wipo.int/academy/en/meetings/iped_sym_05/program_detailed.html, Accessed 28 September 2005.
- Okwembah, David, Victor Bwiire and Patrick Nzioka, 2004, ‘Shame on Children used in Experiments on AIDS’, Daily Nation, 23 May, http://www.nationmedia.com/ Accessed 30 September 2005.
- ‘Out of Print African Novels/African Novels Reply’, 2005, H-net Africa Discussion log, August 2005–September 2005, http://www.h-net.org/~africa/.
- Penna, Frank J., Monique Thormann and J. Michael Finger, 2004, ‘The Africa Music Project’, in J. Michael Finger and Phillip Schuler, eds., Poor People’s Knowledge: Promoting Intellectual Knowledge in Developing Countries, Washington DC: The World Bank and Oxford University Press, pp. 95-112.
- Reichman, J.H., 2005, ‘University-Industry collaboration: The United States experience’, Paper presented at the International Symposium on Intellectual Property Education and Research, Geneva, http://www.wipo.int/academy/en/meetings/iped_sym_05/program_detailed.html, Accessed 28 September 2005.
- Sihanya, Ben, 2002, ‘The Constitution and Intellectual Property’, Katiba Notes.1.2., Ed. Institute of Economic Affairs (Kenya).
- Slater, David, 1995, ‘Challenging Western Visions of the Global’, European Journal of Development Research, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 366-388.
- Soetendorp, Ruth, 2005, ‘Collaboration in Intellectual Property Education and Research’, Paper presented at the International Symposium on Intellectual Property Education and Research, Geneva, http://www.wipo.int/academy/en/meetings/iped_sym_05/program_detailed.html, Accessed 28 September 2005.
- wa Thiong’o, Ngugi, 1998, Penpoints, Gunpoint and Dreams: Towards a Critical Theory of the Arts and the State in Africa, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe, 1997, Manufacturing African Studies and Crises, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Les références
Arvelo-Jiménez, Nelly, 2004, ‘Kuyujani Orignario: The Yekuana Road to the Overall Protection of their Rights as a People’, in J. Michael Finger and Phillip Schuler, eds., Poor People’s Knowledge: Promoting Intellectual Knowledge in Developing Countries, Washington DC: The World Bank and Oxford UP, pp. 37-51.
Andanda, Pamela, 2004, ‘A Golden Chance for Medical Ethics in Kenya’, SciDev.Net: Science and Development Network, 15 June, http://www.scidev.net/, Accessed 25 Sept 2005.
Barnett, Anthony, 2004, ‘Oxford Scientists Accused of Stealing AIDS Orphans’ Blood for Illicit Research’, The Observer, 30 May, Accessed 30 September 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/aids/story/0,7369,1227897,00.html
Boustani, Maroun, 2005, ‘Défis que les pays en développement doivent relever dans les domains de l’enseignment et de la recherché en matière de propriété intellectuelle’, Presenté au Colloque Internationale de l’OMPI sur l’Enseignement et la Recherché en Matière Propriété Intellectuelle’, Juin, Juillet 2005, Accessed 28 September 2005, http://www.wipo.int/academy/en/meetings/iped_sym_05/program_detailed.html.
‘Considering Kenya’s Intellectual Property after TRIPS’, 2001, The Point: Bulletin of the Institute of Economic Affairs 48.
Finger, J. Michael and Phillip Schuler, eds., 2004, Poor People’s Knowledge: Promoting Intellectual Knowledge in Developing Countries, Washington DC: The World Bank and Oxford UP.
Fowler, Betsy, J., 2004, ‘Providing Counterfeit Craft Designs’, in J. Michael Finger and Phillip Schuler, eds., Poor People’s Knowledge: Promoting Intellectual Knowledge in Developing Countries, Washington DC: The World Bank and Oxford UP, pp. 113-131.
Goburdhun, Kaushik, 2005, ‘Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights: A Blessing or a Curse? Perspectives from Mauritius’, Paper presented at the CODESRIA 11th General Assembly, Maputo, 6-10 December, 2005.
Gopalakrishnan, N.S., 2005, ‘Challenges faced by Academic institutions in the Teaching of IP and Carrying Out IP Research’, Paper presented at the International Symposium on Intellectual Property Education and Research, Geneva, 2005. http://www.wipo.int/academy/en/meetings/iped_sym_05/program_detailed.html. Accessed 28 September 2005.
Hesse, Carla, 2003, ‘Literary and Intellectual Property’, Encyclopaedia of the Enlightenment, edited by Alan Charles Kors, Oxford University Press, Northwestern University, http://www.oxfordreference.com, Accessed 29 September 2005.
Hundt, Reed, 2006, ‘Patently Obvious’, Forbes, Vol, 177, No. 2, p. 36.
‘Intellectual property’, 2004, A Dictionary of Computing, Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online, Oxford University Press, Northwestern University, http://www.oxfordreference.com, Accessed 20 September 2005.
‘Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore’, http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/studies/publications/genetic_resources.htm, Accessed 25 September 2005.
‘Intellectual property’, World Intellectual Property Organisation, http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/ Accessed 20 September 2005.
Likimani, Muthoni, 2005, Muthoni Likimani: Fighting without Ceasing, Nairobi: Noni’s Publicity.
Likimani, Muthoni, 1985, Passbook Number F.47927: Women and the Mau Mau in Kenya, Nairobi: Noni’s Publicity.
Likimani, Muthoni, 1985, Passbook Number F.47927: Women and the Mau Mau in Kenya, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
Lorde, Audre, 1984, ‘The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action’, Sister Outsider: Essays by Audre Lorde, Freedom: The Crossing Press, pp. 40-44.
Mkandawire, Thandika, 1997, ‘The Social Sciences in Africa: Breaking Local Barriers and Negotiating International Presence’, African Studies Review, Vol. 40, Issue 2, pp. 15-36.
Mould-Idrissu, Betty, 2005, ‘A Developing Country’s Perspective’, http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/intelprp/perspect.htm, Accessed 29 December 2005.
Ngetich, Kibet, A., 2005, ‘Indigenous Knowledge, Alternative Medicine and Intellectual Property Rights Concerns in Africa’, Paper presented at the CODESRIA 11th General Assembly, Maputo, 6-10 December 2005.
Nikiema, Kouliga Daniel, 2005, ‘Défies que les établissement d’enseignement doivent relever dans les domnaines de l’enseignement et de recherche en matière de propriété intellectuelle’, Presenté au Colloque Internationale de l’OMPI sur l’Enseignement et la Recherché en Matiere de Propriete Intellectuelle, Juin, Juillet 2005, http://www.wipo.int/academy/en/meetings/iped_sym_05/program_detailed.html, Accessed 28 September 2005.
Njubi, Nesbitt, 2003, ‘African Intellectuals in the Belly of the Beast: Migration, Identity, and the Politics of Exile’, African Issues 1, pp. 70-75.
Ogada, Tom P. M., 2005, ‘Challenges Faced by Developing Countries in Teaching and Conducting Research on Intellectual Property’, Paper presented at the International Symposium on Intellectual Property Education and Research, Geneva, http://www.wipo.int/academy/en/meetings/iped_sym_05/program_detailed.html, Accessed 28 September 2005.
Okwembah, David, Victor Bwiire and Patrick Nzioka, 2004, ‘Shame on Children used in Experiments on AIDS’, Daily Nation, 23 May, http://www.nationmedia.com/ Accessed 30 September 2005.
‘Out of Print African Novels/African Novels Reply’, 2005, H-net Africa Discussion log, August 2005–September 2005, http://www.h-net.org/~africa/.
Penna, Frank J., Monique Thormann and J. Michael Finger, 2004, ‘The Africa Music Project’, in J. Michael Finger and Phillip Schuler, eds., Poor People’s Knowledge: Promoting Intellectual Knowledge in Developing Countries, Washington DC: The World Bank and Oxford University Press, pp. 95-112.
Reichman, J.H., 2005, ‘University-Industry collaboration: The United States experience’, Paper presented at the International Symposium on Intellectual Property Education and Research, Geneva, http://www.wipo.int/academy/en/meetings/iped_sym_05/program_detailed.html, Accessed 28 September 2005.
Sihanya, Ben, 2002, ‘The Constitution and Intellectual Property’, Katiba Notes.1.2., Ed. Institute of Economic Affairs (Kenya).
Slater, David, 1995, ‘Challenging Western Visions of the Global’, European Journal of Development Research, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 366-388.
Soetendorp, Ruth, 2005, ‘Collaboration in Intellectual Property Education and Research’, Paper presented at the International Symposium on Intellectual Property Education and Research, Geneva, http://www.wipo.int/academy/en/meetings/iped_sym_05/program_detailed.html, Accessed 28 September 2005.
wa Thiong’o, Ngugi, 1998, Penpoints, Gunpoint and Dreams: Towards a Critical Theory of the Arts and the State in Africa, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe, 1997, Manufacturing African Studies and Crises, Dakar: CODESRIA.