1 - Introduction: The Contradictions and Ironies of Elections in Africa
Corresponding Author(s) : Kwame A. Ninsin
Africa Development,
Vol. 31 No. 3 (2006): Africa Development: Special Issue on Electoral Politic
Abstract
This introduction interrogates the popular meaning attached to elections in a liberal democracy, where they are generally regarded as expressing the political and civil rights of the citizens. It argues that contrary to this popular view, elections in Africa have become arenas where the elite contest for the consent of the people to exercise state power. The people on their part perceive elections as the entry for securing development projects to improve their material conditions. To this end, the elite employ various mechanisms such as intimidation, election fraud, and primordial identities like tribe and religion to bend election outcomes in their favour. Added to these is poverty, which is employed by the elite to reduce the people to dependency within the framework of clientelism. The result is that elections in Africa tend to confer popular consent on the exercise of state power, but only in the formal sense; in reality elections produce ‘choiceless democracies’.
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- Bratton, Michael, 1999, ‘Second Elections in Africa’, in L. Diamond and M.F. Plattner, eds.,
- Democratisation in Africa, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Hermet, Guy, Rose, R. and Rouquie, A., eds., 1978, Elections Without Choice, London: Macmillan.
- Hermet, Guy, 1978, ‘State-controlled Elections: A Framework’, in Hermet, Rose and Rouquie, eds.,
- Elections Without Choice, London: Macmillan.
- Huntington, S.P. and C.R. Moore, eds., 1970, Authoritarian Politics, New York: Basic Books.
- Mamdani, M., 1995, ‘Democratic Theory and Democratic Struggles’, in Eshetu Chole and Jibrin
- Ibrahim, eds., Democratization Processes in Africa: Problems and Prospects, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Mazrui, Ali, 1970, ‘Socialism as a Mode of International Protest: The Case of Tanzania’, in Robert
- I. Rotberg and Ali Mazrui, eds., Power and Protest in Black Africa, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Mkandawire, Thandika, 1999, ‘Crisis Management and the Making of “Choiceless Democracies”’, in
- Richard Joseph, ed., The State, Conflict and Democracy in Africa, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
- Rose, Richard, 1978, ‘Is Choice Enough? Elections and Political Authority’, in Hermet, G., Rose, R.
- and Rouquie, A., eds., Elections Without Choice, pp 196-212.
References
Bratton, Michael, 1999, ‘Second Elections in Africa’, in L. Diamond and M.F. Plattner, eds.,
Democratisation in Africa, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hermet, Guy, Rose, R. and Rouquie, A., eds., 1978, Elections Without Choice, London: Macmillan.
Hermet, Guy, 1978, ‘State-controlled Elections: A Framework’, in Hermet, Rose and Rouquie, eds.,
Elections Without Choice, London: Macmillan.
Huntington, S.P. and C.R. Moore, eds., 1970, Authoritarian Politics, New York: Basic Books.
Mamdani, M., 1995, ‘Democratic Theory and Democratic Struggles’, in Eshetu Chole and Jibrin
Ibrahim, eds., Democratization Processes in Africa: Problems and Prospects, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Mazrui, Ali, 1970, ‘Socialism as a Mode of International Protest: The Case of Tanzania’, in Robert
I. Rotberg and Ali Mazrui, eds., Power and Protest in Black Africa, New York: Oxford University Press.
Mkandawire, Thandika, 1999, ‘Crisis Management and the Making of “Choiceless Democracies”’, in
Richard Joseph, ed., The State, Conflict and Democracy in Africa, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Rose, Richard, 1978, ‘Is Choice Enough? Elections and Political Authority’, in Hermet, G., Rose, R.
and Rouquie, A., eds., Elections Without Choice, pp 196-212.