6 - Political Access and Capital Accumulation : An Analysis of State Land Allocation Processes and Beneficiaires In Nigeria
Corresponding Author(s) : Peter Koehn
Africa Development,
Vol. 12 No. 1 (1987): Africa Development
Abstract
L'économie politique d'une région quelconque peut se définir à partir d'un indice important, à savoir la manière dont les pouvoirs publics attribuent les droits d'utilisation des terres. Ainsi, aujourd'hui au Nigéria, les droits statutaires de propriété foncière offrent plus de garanties et ont plus de valeur aux yeux des populations que les droits coutumiers. En effet ils offrent un degré de jouissance des terres légal et garanti par l'état que ne peuvent conférer ni les droits coutumiers, ni le squatting ni les acquisitions de terres au marché non officiel. Seul l'état est habilité à attribuer des droits statutaires d'occupation et ce pouvoir prend une importance de plus en plus considérable dans les principales zones urbaines notamment au fur et à mesure que les gouvernements de chaque état déploient leur autorité quasi illimitée pour acquérir des terres par le biais de l'expropriation. En général l'état procède de la manière suivante: il exproprie des terrains en échange d'une compensation inadéquate ou sans dédommagement, en établit les levés topo graphiques puis les subdivise en lots résidentiels, commerciaux et industriels. Ceux-ci sont ensuite re-attribués avec des titres fonciers.
C'est donc le processus d'attribution des titres fonciers et ses retombées que cet article étudie essentiellement. Il met également en exergue le rôle crucial que l'état joue dans l'accumulation du capital et la formation de classes indigènes. De par le contrôle qu'elle exerce sur l'attribution des droits d'utilisation des terres, la bourgeoisie administrative a acquis des instruments particulièrement puissants pour favoriser ses intérêts et/ou jouer un rôle de comprador. Ainsi l'accumulation étrangère, comprador ou locale et autonome de capital peut être facilitée ou entravée selon la manière dont les titres de propriété sont répartis.
L'on peut donc effectuer avantageusement une analyse des classes â partir de la répartition et de l'attribution des droits statutaires d'occupation des terres. Cet article part de deux états au nord du Nigéria, sur lesquels il se penche pour développer les voies et moyens par lesquels les individus et les organisations parviennent à accéder au processus d'attribution des terres et révèle les bénéficiaires de ces titres de propriété octroyés par les gouvernements. L'auteur confirme également les résultats d'études antérieures selon lesquelles les processus d'attribution des terres appartenant à l'état et les conditions d'attribution seraient au service des intérêts des fonctionnaires militaires, des hommes d'affaires nigérians et de la bourgeoisie transnationale. En effet les fonctionnaires de l'état excluent systématiquement la classe ouvrière tant en milieu rural qu'en zone urbaine de toute possibilité d'acquérir des droits statutaires d'occupation des terres.
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- Beckman, Bjorn. (1982) "Public Investment and Agrarian Transformation in Northern Nigeria." Paper presented at the Workshop on State and Agriculture in Nigeria held at the University of California in Berkeley, 7-9 May, revised and expanded version.
- Biersteker, Thomas J. (1980) "Indigenization and the Nigerian Bourgeoisie: Dependent Development in an African Context" (paper presented at a conference held in Dakar, Senegal), forthcoming in Lubeck,. Paul (ed.). The African Bourgeoisie. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Collins, Paul. (1977) "Public Policy and the Development of Indigenous Capitalism: Thé Nigerian Experience." Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics (July), 127-50.
- Cooper, Frederick. (1981) "Africa and the World Economy," African Studies Review', XXIV (June/Sept), 1-86.
- Dar al-handasah consultants. (1978) "Preparation of a Feasibility Study for Bauchi State Sites and Services and Slum Upgrading Project," Interim Report, Vols.I, III. Beirut: Shair and Partners.
- Dudley, Billy. (1982) An Introduction to Nigerian Government and Politics. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.
- Famoriyo, 'Segun. (1979) "Institutional Perspectives for Food Production Policies in Nigeria in the 1980's" Paper presented at the 12th Annual Conference of the Nutrition Society of Nigeria, Benin City, 1 December.
- Forrest, Tom. (1981) "Agricultural Policies in Nigeria 1900- 1978." In Judith Heyer, Pepe Roberts, and Gavin Williams, eds.. Rural Development in Τropical Africa. New York: St Martin's Press, pp.222-58.
- Frishman, Alan I. (1977) "The Spatial Growth and Residential Location Pattern of Kano, Nigeria." Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Northwestern University.
- Frishman, Alan I. (1986) "Urban Transportation Decisions in Kano, " Nigeria." African Urban Quarterly, I (January), 54- 64.
- Frishman, Alan I. (forthcoming) "The Rise of Squatting in Kano, Nigeria" in Obudho, R.A. (ed.); The Squatter Settlement in Africa: Towards a Planning Strategy. New York: Praeger.
- Goonesekere, R.K.W. (1980) Land Tenure Law and Land Use Decree. Zaria: Institute of Administration, Ahmadu Bello University.
- Hamma, S. Y. (1975) "Government Policy and Development Opportunities in Metropolitan Kano." Unpublished M.P.A. thesis. Institute of Administration, Ahmadu Bello University.
- Kaduna State Government. (1981) White Paper on the Report of the Land Investigation Commission. Vol.1: General Findings and Recommendations. Kaduna: Government Printer.
- Koehn, Peter. (1982) "Government Land Allocation in Kano and Bauchi States of Nigeria: An Analysis of Process and Beneficiaries in Pre and Post Land Use Decree Periods." Paper presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association held in Washington, D.C.
- Koehn, Peter. (1983) "State Land Allocation and Class Formation in Nigeria." Journal of Modern African Studies, XXI (No.3), 461-81.
- Koehn, Peter. (1984) "Development' Administration and Land Allocation in Nigeria." Rural Africans XVIII (Winter), 59-75.
- Lubeck, Paul M. (1979) "Labour in Kano Since the Petroleum Boom." Review of African Political Economy, No. 13 (May- August), 37-4
- Mohammed, Salihu (Chairman) (n.d.) "Report of the Committee of Inquiry to Investigate Allegations of Land Racketing Within the (Kano) Metropolitan Area." Kano: unpublished report
- Okpala, Ifebueme. (1979) "The Land Use Decree of 1978: If the Past Should be Prologue...!" Journal of Administration Overseas, XVIII (January), 15-21.
- Ollawa, Patrick E. (1983) "Focus on the Political Economy of Development: A Theoretical Reconsideration of Some Unresolved Issues," African Studies Review, XXVI (March), 125 55.
- Sada; P.O. (n.d.) "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Nigeria." In Urbanization and Nigerian Economic Development; Proceedings of the 1977 Annual Conference of the Nigerian Economic Society. Ibadan: Department of Economics, University of Ibadan. pp. 57-80.
- Salau, Ademola T. (1980) "Nigeria's Housing Policies and Programmes: A Preliminary Assessment" Planning and Administration, VII, No. 1 (Spring), 49-56.
- Sano, Hans-Otto. (1983) The Political Economy of Food in Nigeria 1960-1982. Research Report No.65. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
- Udo, Reuben K. (1977) Report of the Land Use Panel; Minority Report on Nationalization of Land in Nigeria. Lagos: Federal Government Printer.
- Williams, Gavin and Terisa Turner. (1978) "Nigeria." in West African States: Failure and Promise, ed. by John Dunn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 13
References
Beckman, Bjorn. (1982) "Public Investment and Agrarian Transformation in Northern Nigeria." Paper presented at the Workshop on State and Agriculture in Nigeria held at the University of California in Berkeley, 7-9 May, revised and expanded version.
Biersteker, Thomas J. (1980) "Indigenization and the Nigerian Bourgeoisie: Dependent Development in an African Context" (paper presented at a conference held in Dakar, Senegal), forthcoming in Lubeck,. Paul (ed.). The African Bourgeoisie. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Collins, Paul. (1977) "Public Policy and the Development of Indigenous Capitalism: Thé Nigerian Experience." Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics (July), 127-50.
Cooper, Frederick. (1981) "Africa and the World Economy," African Studies Review', XXIV (June/Sept), 1-86.
Dar al-handasah consultants. (1978) "Preparation of a Feasibility Study for Bauchi State Sites and Services and Slum Upgrading Project," Interim Report, Vols.I, III. Beirut: Shair and Partners.
Dudley, Billy. (1982) An Introduction to Nigerian Government and Politics. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.
Famoriyo, 'Segun. (1979) "Institutional Perspectives for Food Production Policies in Nigeria in the 1980's" Paper presented at the 12th Annual Conference of the Nutrition Society of Nigeria, Benin City, 1 December.
Forrest, Tom. (1981) "Agricultural Policies in Nigeria 1900- 1978." In Judith Heyer, Pepe Roberts, and Gavin Williams, eds.. Rural Development in Τropical Africa. New York: St Martin's Press, pp.222-58.
Frishman, Alan I. (1977) "The Spatial Growth and Residential Location Pattern of Kano, Nigeria." Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Northwestern University.
Frishman, Alan I. (1986) "Urban Transportation Decisions in Kano, " Nigeria." African Urban Quarterly, I (January), 54- 64.
Frishman, Alan I. (forthcoming) "The Rise of Squatting in Kano, Nigeria" in Obudho, R.A. (ed.); The Squatter Settlement in Africa: Towards a Planning Strategy. New York: Praeger.
Goonesekere, R.K.W. (1980) Land Tenure Law and Land Use Decree. Zaria: Institute of Administration, Ahmadu Bello University.
Hamma, S. Y. (1975) "Government Policy and Development Opportunities in Metropolitan Kano." Unpublished M.P.A. thesis. Institute of Administration, Ahmadu Bello University.
Kaduna State Government. (1981) White Paper on the Report of the Land Investigation Commission. Vol.1: General Findings and Recommendations. Kaduna: Government Printer.
Koehn, Peter. (1982) "Government Land Allocation in Kano and Bauchi States of Nigeria: An Analysis of Process and Beneficiaries in Pre and Post Land Use Decree Periods." Paper presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association held in Washington, D.C.
Koehn, Peter. (1983) "State Land Allocation and Class Formation in Nigeria." Journal of Modern African Studies, XXI (No.3), 461-81.
Koehn, Peter. (1984) "Development' Administration and Land Allocation in Nigeria." Rural Africans XVIII (Winter), 59-75.
Lubeck, Paul M. (1979) "Labour in Kano Since the Petroleum Boom." Review of African Political Economy, No. 13 (May- August), 37-4
Mohammed, Salihu (Chairman) (n.d.) "Report of the Committee of Inquiry to Investigate Allegations of Land Racketing Within the (Kano) Metropolitan Area." Kano: unpublished report
Okpala, Ifebueme. (1979) "The Land Use Decree of 1978: If the Past Should be Prologue...!" Journal of Administration Overseas, XVIII (January), 15-21.
Ollawa, Patrick E. (1983) "Focus on the Political Economy of Development: A Theoretical Reconsideration of Some Unresolved Issues," African Studies Review, XXVI (March), 125 55.
Sada; P.O. (n.d.) "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Nigeria." In Urbanization and Nigerian Economic Development; Proceedings of the 1977 Annual Conference of the Nigerian Economic Society. Ibadan: Department of Economics, University of Ibadan. pp. 57-80.
Salau, Ademola T. (1980) "Nigeria's Housing Policies and Programmes: A Preliminary Assessment" Planning and Administration, VII, No. 1 (Spring), 49-56.
Sano, Hans-Otto. (1983) The Political Economy of Food in Nigeria 1960-1982. Research Report No.65. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
Udo, Reuben K. (1977) Report of the Land Use Panel; Minority Report on Nationalization of Land in Nigeria. Lagos: Federal Government Printer.
Williams, Gavin and Terisa Turner. (1978) "Nigeria." in West African States: Failure and Promise, ed. by John Dunn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 13