6 - Irregular Migration and Vulnerability to HIV&AIDS: Some Observations from Zimbabwe
Corresponding Author(s) : France Maphosa
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 37 No 2 (2012): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Les populations mobiles sont exposées à un très haut risque de l’infection au VIH. Dans le même temps, elles peuvent être des catalyseurs de son expansion. La migration de la région du Matabeleland vers l’Afrique du Sud revêt plusieurs caractéristiques qui accentuent cette duelle disposition des personnes concernées. Ces caractéristiques comprennent la nature largement clandestine de l’immigration, sa trajectoire circulatoire, sa féminisation grandissante, ainsi que les conditions de travail et d’existence des migrants dans le pays d’accueil. La migration clandestine expose les migrants à diverses formes d’abus par les coupeurs de route, ceux qui prétendent les assister en cours de route et les agents d’application de la loi. Dans le pays d’accueil, les migrants sans papiers sont souvent embauchés dans des formes d’emplois précaires qui les exposent à des abus de la part des employeurs et d’autres travailleurs. Les femmes migrantes clandestines sont particulièrement à risque, à la fois en transit et à destination. Même s’ils passent souvent de longues périodes loin de leur pays, les migrants retournent occasionnellement à la maison auprès de leurs conjoint(e)s ou partenaires. Ceci augmente les risques d’infections pour ces derniers qui ne sont souvent pas en position de négocier pour des relations sexuelles protégées. Partant d’observations d’études réalisées au Ward Seven de la Province du Matabeleland au Zimbabwe, cet article discute certains des facteurs qui exposent les migrants clandestins à l’infection à VIH, tout en les rendant catalyseurs de son expansion.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Adepoju, A., 2004, ‘Changing Configurations of Migration in Africa’, Washington, D.C.: Migration Policy Institute.
- Amanor-Wilks, D. and Moyo, S., 1996, ‘Labour Migration to South Africa during the 1990s’, Harare: ILO/SAMAT.
- Ateka, G.K., 2001, ‘Factors in HIV/AIDS Transmission in sub-Saharan Africa’, Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 79(12).
- Beck-Gernsheim, E., 2007, ‘Transnational Lives, Transnational Marriages: A Review of the Evidence from Migrant Countries in Europe’ Global Networks 7(3), pp. 271-288.
- Bronfman, M.N., Leyva, R, Negroni, M. J. and Rueda, C.M., 2002, ‘Mobile Populations and HIV/AIDS in Central America and Mexico: Research for action’, AIDS 16 (3), pp. 42-49.
- Brummer, D., 2002, Labour Migration and HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa, Pretoria: International Organisation for Migration (IOM).
- Chammartin, G.M.F., 2008, ‘Female Migrants Workers’ Situation in the Labour Market’, paper presented at the Thematic Review Seminar of the European Employment Strategy, 29 April.
- Crush, J., 2000, ‘Migration Past: An Historical Overview of Cross Border Movement in Southern Africa’, in McDonald, D.A., ed., On Borders: Perspectives on International Migration in Southern Africa. Ontario: SAMP.
- Diaz, R.M. and Ayala, G., 1999, ‘Love, Passion and Rebellion: Ideologies of HIV Risk among Latino Gay Men in the USA’ Culture, Health and Sexuality 1(3), pp. 277-293.
- Dobson, B., 2000, ‘Women on the Move: Gender and Cross-Border Migration to South Africa from Lesotho, Mozambique and Zimbabwe’, in McDonald, D. A., ed., On Borders: Perspectives on International Migration in Southern Africa. Ontario: Southern African Migration Project.
- Doctors without Borders, 2009, ‘No Refugees, Access Denied: Medical and Humanitarian Needs of Zimbabweans in South Africa’ Cape Town/ Johannesburg: Doctors without Borders
- Hess, R.F. and McKinney, D., 2007, ‘Fatalism and HIV/AIDS Beliefs in Rural Mali, West Africa’, Journal of Nursing Scholarship 39 (2),pp. 113-118. (http://www.zimbabwetoday.co.uk/)
- Hussein, S., 1996, ‘Strategic Perspectives on Illegal Immigration into South Africa 1’ Africa Security Review 5(4).
- International Labour Organisation (ILO), 2002, ‘Every Child Counts: New Global Estimates on Child Labour’, Geneva: ILO.
- International Labour Organisation (ILO), 1999, ‘Migrants Workers International Conference, 87th Session, Report III (Part B), Geneva: ILO.
- ILO/SAMAT, 1998, ‘Labour migration to South Africa in 1990s’. Harare: ILO/SAMAT Policy Paper.
- International Organisation for Migration (IOM), 2003, ‘Seduction, Sale, Slavery: Trafficking in Women and Children for Sexual Exploitation in Southern Africa’ Pretoria: IOM.
- International Organisation for Migration (IOM), 2010, ‘Migration and Health in South Africa: A Review of the Current Situation and Recommendations for Achieving the World Health Assembly Resolution on the Health of Migrants’, Pretoria: IOM.
- Jolly, S. and Reeves, H., 2005, ‘Gender and Migration: An Overview’, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
- Jahic, G. and Finckenauer, 2005, ‘Representation and Misrepresentation of Human Trafficking’, Trends in Organised Crime 8 (3).
- Kanyenze, G., 2004, ‘African Migrant Labour Situation in Southern Africa’ Paper presented at the ICFTU-Afro Conference on Migrant Labour, Nairobi, 15-17 March.
- Kullgren, J.T., 2003, ‘Restrictions on Undocumented Immigrants’Access to Health Services: The Public Health Implications of Welfare Reform’, American Journal of Public Health, 93 (10): 1630-1633.
- Lubkemann, S.C., 2002, ‘The Transformation of Transnationality among Mozambican Migrants in South Africa’, in Crush, J. and McDonald, D. A., eds, Transnationalism and New African Immigration to South Africa. Cape Town:/Toronto: Southern African Migration Project (SAMP) and Canadian Association of African Studies (CAAS).
- Maphosa, F., 2004, ‘The Impact of Remittances from Zimbabweans Working in South Africa on Rural Livelihoods in the Southern Districts of Zimbabwe’, Research report submitted to the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA)
- Mwanje, J.I., 2001, Issues in Social Science Research, Addis Ababa: OSSREA.
- Ndiaye, N., 2004, ‘Women and HIV/AIDS’, Statement on the International Women’s Day: New York.
- Paton, B., 1995, Labour Export Policy in the Development of Southern Africa, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications.
- Ryklief, S., 2003, ‘Migrant Workers in South Africa: A Brief Overview’, Paper presented at the SASK Solidarity Seminar on Migrant Workers, 5-6
- Stalker, P, 1994, The Work of Strangers, Geneva: ILO
- Thiam, M., Perry, R. and Piche, V., 2004, ‘Migration and HIV in Northern Senegal’, Washington: Population Reference Bureau
- Tyldum, G and Brunovskis, A., 2005, ‘Describing the Unobserved: Methodological Challenges in Empirical Studies in Human Trafficking’ International Migration 43(1/2), pp. 17-34.
- UNAIDS, 2002, ‘AIDS and the Mobile Populations’ Report on the Global HVI/AIDS Epidemic, 2002.
- Vearey, J., Ritcher, M., Nunez, L. and Moyo, K., 2011, ‘South African HIV/AIDS programming Overlooks Migration, Urban Livelihoods and Informal Workplaces’, African Journal of AIDS 10, pp. 381-391.
- van Onselen, C., 1976, Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia, 1900-133. London: Pluto Press.
- Zinyama, L., 2000, ‘Who, What, When and Why: Cross-Border Movement from Zimbabwe to South Africa’, iin McDonald, D. A., ed., On Borders: Perspectives on International Migration in Southern Africa. Ontario: Southern African Migration Project. Available at: glish/dialogue/atrav/publ/129/8.pdf.
Les références
Adepoju, A., 2004, ‘Changing Configurations of Migration in Africa’, Washington, D.C.: Migration Policy Institute.
Amanor-Wilks, D. and Moyo, S., 1996, ‘Labour Migration to South Africa during the 1990s’, Harare: ILO/SAMAT.
Ateka, G.K., 2001, ‘Factors in HIV/AIDS Transmission in sub-Saharan Africa’, Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 79(12).
Beck-Gernsheim, E., 2007, ‘Transnational Lives, Transnational Marriages: A Review of the Evidence from Migrant Countries in Europe’ Global Networks 7(3), pp. 271-288.
Bronfman, M.N., Leyva, R, Negroni, M. J. and Rueda, C.M., 2002, ‘Mobile Populations and HIV/AIDS in Central America and Mexico: Research for action’, AIDS 16 (3), pp. 42-49.
Brummer, D., 2002, Labour Migration and HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa, Pretoria: International Organisation for Migration (IOM).
Chammartin, G.M.F., 2008, ‘Female Migrants Workers’ Situation in the Labour Market’, paper presented at the Thematic Review Seminar of the European Employment Strategy, 29 April.
Crush, J., 2000, ‘Migration Past: An Historical Overview of Cross Border Movement in Southern Africa’, in McDonald, D.A., ed., On Borders: Perspectives on International Migration in Southern Africa. Ontario: SAMP.
Diaz, R.M. and Ayala, G., 1999, ‘Love, Passion and Rebellion: Ideologies of HIV Risk among Latino Gay Men in the USA’ Culture, Health and Sexuality 1(3), pp. 277-293.
Dobson, B., 2000, ‘Women on the Move: Gender and Cross-Border Migration to South Africa from Lesotho, Mozambique and Zimbabwe’, in McDonald, D. A., ed., On Borders: Perspectives on International Migration in Southern Africa. Ontario: Southern African Migration Project.
Doctors without Borders, 2009, ‘No Refugees, Access Denied: Medical and Humanitarian Needs of Zimbabweans in South Africa’ Cape Town/ Johannesburg: Doctors without Borders
Hess, R.F. and McKinney, D., 2007, ‘Fatalism and HIV/AIDS Beliefs in Rural Mali, West Africa’, Journal of Nursing Scholarship 39 (2),pp. 113-118. (http://www.zimbabwetoday.co.uk/)
Hussein, S., 1996, ‘Strategic Perspectives on Illegal Immigration into South Africa 1’ Africa Security Review 5(4).
International Labour Organisation (ILO), 2002, ‘Every Child Counts: New Global Estimates on Child Labour’, Geneva: ILO.
International Labour Organisation (ILO), 1999, ‘Migrants Workers International Conference, 87th Session, Report III (Part B), Geneva: ILO.
ILO/SAMAT, 1998, ‘Labour migration to South Africa in 1990s’. Harare: ILO/SAMAT Policy Paper.
International Organisation for Migration (IOM), 2003, ‘Seduction, Sale, Slavery: Trafficking in Women and Children for Sexual Exploitation in Southern Africa’ Pretoria: IOM.
International Organisation for Migration (IOM), 2010, ‘Migration and Health in South Africa: A Review of the Current Situation and Recommendations for Achieving the World Health Assembly Resolution on the Health of Migrants’, Pretoria: IOM.
Jolly, S. and Reeves, H., 2005, ‘Gender and Migration: An Overview’, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
Jahic, G. and Finckenauer, 2005, ‘Representation and Misrepresentation of Human Trafficking’, Trends in Organised Crime 8 (3).
Kanyenze, G., 2004, ‘African Migrant Labour Situation in Southern Africa’ Paper presented at the ICFTU-Afro Conference on Migrant Labour, Nairobi, 15-17 March.
Kullgren, J.T., 2003, ‘Restrictions on Undocumented Immigrants’Access to Health Services: The Public Health Implications of Welfare Reform’, American Journal of Public Health, 93 (10): 1630-1633.
Lubkemann, S.C., 2002, ‘The Transformation of Transnationality among Mozambican Migrants in South Africa’, in Crush, J. and McDonald, D. A., eds, Transnationalism and New African Immigration to South Africa. Cape Town:/Toronto: Southern African Migration Project (SAMP) and Canadian Association of African Studies (CAAS).
Maphosa, F., 2004, ‘The Impact of Remittances from Zimbabweans Working in South Africa on Rural Livelihoods in the Southern Districts of Zimbabwe’, Research report submitted to the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA)
Mwanje, J.I., 2001, Issues in Social Science Research, Addis Ababa: OSSREA.
Ndiaye, N., 2004, ‘Women and HIV/AIDS’, Statement on the International Women’s Day: New York.
Paton, B., 1995, Labour Export Policy in the Development of Southern Africa, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications.
Ryklief, S., 2003, ‘Migrant Workers in South Africa: A Brief Overview’, Paper presented at the SASK Solidarity Seminar on Migrant Workers, 5-6
Stalker, P, 1994, The Work of Strangers, Geneva: ILO
Thiam, M., Perry, R. and Piche, V., 2004, ‘Migration and HIV in Northern Senegal’, Washington: Population Reference Bureau
Tyldum, G and Brunovskis, A., 2005, ‘Describing the Unobserved: Methodological Challenges in Empirical Studies in Human Trafficking’ International Migration 43(1/2), pp. 17-34.
UNAIDS, 2002, ‘AIDS and the Mobile Populations’ Report on the Global HVI/AIDS Epidemic, 2002.
Vearey, J., Ritcher, M., Nunez, L. and Moyo, K., 2011, ‘South African HIV/AIDS programming Overlooks Migration, Urban Livelihoods and Informal Workplaces’, African Journal of AIDS 10, pp. 381-391.
van Onselen, C., 1976, Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia, 1900-133. London: Pluto Press.
Zinyama, L., 2000, ‘Who, What, When and Why: Cross-Border Movement from Zimbabwe to South Africa’, iin McDonald, D. A., ed., On Borders: Perspectives on International Migration in Southern Africa. Ontario: Southern African Migration Project. Available at: glish/dialogue/atrav/publ/129/8.pdf.