6 - The Public Space in Nigeria: Politics of Power, Gender and Exclusion
Corresponding Author(s) : Ogoh Alubo
Africa Development,
Vol. 36 No. 1 (2011): Africa Development
Abstract
The public space often conveys a notion of res publica, owned by all members of the public, with equal access and participation. In reality, however, there are several publics, as indeed spaces at the local, state, national and international levels. Irrespective of levels, the public space is where decisions binding on all are taken, executed and evaluated. It is an arena where the various publics struggle to have control over and participate in. Access to and participation in the public space in Nigeria is frequently conceived as part of the national question and speak to the nature of integration in one country where all constituent units have a sense of belonging. It is here argued that Nigeria’s public space is a contested terrain, access to which reflects all the known divides in society: gender, class, religion and ethnicity. These divides become the important determinants of access as well as the nature and quality of participation. Some of these contestations have led to explosions of violence, pitting indigenes against settlers, one ethnic group against the other(s), as well as Christians against Muslims. These experiences, including those of women’s participation in the political process and struggles for a common citizenship in one Nigeria, are used as illustra- tions of the contest over public space. It is concluded that participation in and control of the public space must be recognized as part of the broader issues of citizenship rights and gender equality in society.
The Nigerian experience has important lessons for the rest of the African continent which is stuck in several conflicts, most of them over access and control of national-territorial public space.
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- Abah, S., ed., 2003, The Geographies of Citizenship, Zaria: Tamaza
- Abah, S., and Okwori, J., 2002, ‘Agendas in Encountering Citizens in the Nigerian Context’ IDS Bulletin, 33(2), pp.24-30.
- Abah, S., and Okwori, J., 2005, ‘A Nation in Search of Citizens: Problems of Citizenship in the Nigerian Context’, in N. Kabeer, ed., Inclusive Citizenship: Meanings and Expressions, London: Zed Books, pp. 71-84.
- Adamu, Governor A., 2002, ‘Ethnic Conflicts in Nigeria’, paper presented at the Presidential Retreat on Peace and Conflict Resolution, National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies, Kuru.
- Agina-Ude, 2003, ‘Strategies for Expanding Female Participation in 2003 Election and Beyond’, The Nigerian Social Scientist, 6 (1), pp. 3-7.
- Alli, W. and Egwu, S., 2003, ‘Population Displacement in the Tiv-Azara Communal conflict, O. Nnoli, ed., Communal Conflict and Population in Nigeria Enugu: PACREP Books, pp. 113-139.
- Akinyemi, B., 2005, ‘The Nigerian Question the Way forward’, Daily Trust, eds, Discharging a Burden: The Nigerian Question, Abuja: Daily Trust Publications, pp. 28-33.
- Albertyn, C., 2003, ‘Contesting Democracy: HIV/AIDS and the Achievement of Gender Equality in South Africa’, Feminist Studies 29(3), pp. 595-611.
- Alubo, O., 2004, ‘Citizenship and Nation Making in Nigeria: New Challenges and Contestations’, Identity, Culture and Politics 5(1&2), pp. 135-161
- Alubo, O., 2005, ‘When the Majority Loses the Vote: Women and the Political Process in Nigeria’, Nigerian Journal of Policy and Strategy 15(1, 2), pp. 49-66.
- Alubo, O., 2006, Nigeria: Ethnic Conflicts and Citizenship Crises in the Central Region, Ibadan: PEFS.
- Alubo, O., 2008, ‘Understanding the Issues in the Citizenship-Indigenship Crisis in Nigeria’, Golwa, J. and O. Ojiji, eds, Dialogue on Citizenship in Nigeria, Abuja: Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution.
- Banerjee, T., 2001, ‘The Future of Public Space’, APA Journal 67(1), pp. 9-24.
- Best, S., 2007, Conflict and Peace Building in Plateau State, Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum.
- Egwu, S., 1998, Structural Adjustment, Agrarian Change and Rural Ethnicity, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
- Egwu, S., 2003, ‘Ethnic Conflicts and Population Displacement in Zango Kataf’, in O. Onoli ed., Communal Conflicts and Population Displacement in Nigeria, Enugu: PACREP Book Series, No. 1.
- Egwu, S., 2004, ‘Beyond “Native” and “Settler” Identities: Globalization and the Challenges of Multicultural Citizenship in Nigeria’. John Moru, ed., Another Nigeria is Possible, Abuja: Nigeria Social Forum, pp. 100-131.
- Egwu, S., 2008, ‘Identity and the Politics of Space: Communal Conflicts in Contemporary Nigeria’, Ukiwo, U. and J. Peterside eds, Nigerian Society in the 21st Century, Port Harcourt: Centre for Advanced Social Science, p. 268-302.
- Elaigwu, J., 2005, ‘The Nigerian Question: The Way Forward’, Daily Trust,eds, Discharging a Burden: The Nigerian Question, Abuja: Daily Trust Publications, pp.34-49.
- Enwerem, I., 1995, A Dangerous Awakening: The Politicization of Religion in Nigeria, Ibadan: IFRA.
- Erinosho, L., 2008, ‘Social Security and Social Welfare in Nigeria’, Ukiwo, U. and J. Peterside, eds, Nigerian Society in the 21st Century, Port Harcourt: Centre for Advanced Social Science, pp. 382-405.
- Feranandes, L., 1997, ‘Beyond Public Spaces and Private Spheres: Gender, Family and Working Class Politics in India’, Feminist Studies 23, pp. 525-547.
- Gofwen, R. I., 2004, Religious Conflicts in Northern Nigeria and Nation Building, Kaduna: Human Rights Monitor.
- Habermas, J., 1991, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into Category of Bourgeois Society Human Rights Watch, 2006 , ‘They do not own this Place’: Government discrimination Against Non- indigenes in Nigeria,’ New York: Human Rights Watch.
- Ibeanu, O., 2003, ‘(Sp) Oils of Politics: Petroleum, Politics and the Illusion of Development in the Niger Delta, Nigeria’, Association of Concerned African Scholars.
- Ibrahim, J., 2006, ‘Expanding the Human Rights Regime in Africa: Citizens, Indigenes and Exclusion in Nigeria’, Lemart Wohlgemath and Ebrima Sall eds, Human Rights, Regionalism and the Dilemmas of Democracy in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA, pp. 97-111.
- Ibrahim, J. and Salihu, A., 2004, ‘Women Marginalization and Politics in Nigeria’, Abuja: OSIWA/Global Rights.
- Jega, A., 2003, ‘Identity Transformation and the Politics of Identity under Crisis and Adjustment’, A. Jega ed., Identity Transformation and Identity Politics under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, Kano, Centre for Research and Documentation, pp. 11-25.
- Jibo, M., Simbine, A. and Galadima, H., 2001, Ethnic Groups and Conflicts in Nigeria: The North-Central Zone of Nigeria, Ibadan: the Lords Creation.
- Kuna, M., 2005, ‘Variations in Perceptions and Impact of the Shari’ah in Twelve States in Northern Nigeria’, in Alemika, E. and F. Okoye, eds, Human Rights and Shari’ah Penal Code in Northern Nigeria, Kaduna: Human Rights Monitor, pp. 183-194.
- Maier, K., 2000, This House has Fallen; Midnight in Nigeria, Boston: Little Brown.
- Madunagwu, E., 2002, ‘A Survey of Ethnic Nationalism’, The Guardian, January 27.
- Madunagwu, E., 2006, Understanding Nigeria and the New Imperialism, Calabar: Clear Lines Publications.
- Mustapha, R., 2000, ‘Transformation of Minority Identities in Post Colonial Nigeria’, A. Jega, ed., Identity Transformation and Identity Politics under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, Kano, Centre for Research and Documentation, pp. 86-108.
- Neocosmos, M., 2006, From ‘Foreign Natives’ to ‘Native Foreigners’: Explaining Xenophobia in Post-apartheid South Africa, Dakar:CODESRIA.
- Obi, A., 2008, ‘Chasing the Shadow over Big Brother Africa’, Sun, September 1, Ogbuagu, S’, 2002, ‘Gender and the Democratic Process in Nigeria: Issues of Concern’, Lagos: EMPARC.
- Ostien, P., Nasir, J. and Kogelman, F., 2005, Comparative Perspectives on Shariah, Abuja: Spectrum.
- Otite, O., 2002, Managing Nigeria’s Ethnic Pluralism in a Democratic Environment, University of Calabar, Rinaldo, R. 2008, ‘Envisioning the Nation: Women Activist, Religion and the Public Space in Indonesia’, Social Forces 86(4), pp. 1781-1804.
- Sha, P., 2005, ‘Shari’ah and Ethno-Religious Conflcits in Nigeria’, Alemika, E. and F. Okoye, eds, Human Rights and Shari’ah Penal Code in Northern Nigeria, Kaduna: Human Rights Monitor, pp. 195-216.
- Simbine, A., 2002, ‘Women Participation in the Political Parties of the Fourth Republic: The Case of the People’s Democratic Party’, Jibo, M. and A. Simbine, eds., Contemporary Issues in Nigerian Politics, Ibadan: Jodad, pp. 141-157.
- Tiv communities 2002Memorandum Presented on behalf Tiv people of Nasarawa South Senatorial District of Nasarawa State Presidential Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Inter-communal Conflicts in Benue, Nasarawa, Plateau and Taraba States.
- Toure-Kaza, T., 2003, Ethno-Religious Conflicts in Kaduna, Kaduna: Human Rights Monitor.
- Us an, B., 1987, The Manipulation of Religion in Nigeria, Kaduna: Vanguard Publishers.
References
Abah, S., ed., 2003, The Geographies of Citizenship, Zaria: Tamaza
Abah, S., and Okwori, J., 2002, ‘Agendas in Encountering Citizens in the Nigerian Context’ IDS Bulletin, 33(2), pp.24-30.
Abah, S., and Okwori, J., 2005, ‘A Nation in Search of Citizens: Problems of Citizenship in the Nigerian Context’, in N. Kabeer, ed., Inclusive Citizenship: Meanings and Expressions, London: Zed Books, pp. 71-84.
Adamu, Governor A., 2002, ‘Ethnic Conflicts in Nigeria’, paper presented at the Presidential Retreat on Peace and Conflict Resolution, National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies, Kuru.
Agina-Ude, 2003, ‘Strategies for Expanding Female Participation in 2003 Election and Beyond’, The Nigerian Social Scientist, 6 (1), pp. 3-7.
Alli, W. and Egwu, S., 2003, ‘Population Displacement in the Tiv-Azara Communal conflict, O. Nnoli, ed., Communal Conflict and Population in Nigeria Enugu: PACREP Books, pp. 113-139.
Akinyemi, B., 2005, ‘The Nigerian Question the Way forward’, Daily Trust, eds, Discharging a Burden: The Nigerian Question, Abuja: Daily Trust Publications, pp. 28-33.
Albertyn, C., 2003, ‘Contesting Democracy: HIV/AIDS and the Achievement of Gender Equality in South Africa’, Feminist Studies 29(3), pp. 595-611.
Alubo, O., 2004, ‘Citizenship and Nation Making in Nigeria: New Challenges and Contestations’, Identity, Culture and Politics 5(1&2), pp. 135-161
Alubo, O., 2005, ‘When the Majority Loses the Vote: Women and the Political Process in Nigeria’, Nigerian Journal of Policy and Strategy 15(1, 2), pp. 49-66.
Alubo, O., 2006, Nigeria: Ethnic Conflicts and Citizenship Crises in the Central Region, Ibadan: PEFS.
Alubo, O., 2008, ‘Understanding the Issues in the Citizenship-Indigenship Crisis in Nigeria’, Golwa, J. and O. Ojiji, eds, Dialogue on Citizenship in Nigeria, Abuja: Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution.
Banerjee, T., 2001, ‘The Future of Public Space’, APA Journal 67(1), pp. 9-24.
Best, S., 2007, Conflict and Peace Building in Plateau State, Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum.
Egwu, S., 1998, Structural Adjustment, Agrarian Change and Rural Ethnicity, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
Egwu, S., 2003, ‘Ethnic Conflicts and Population Displacement in Zango Kataf’, in O. Onoli ed., Communal Conflicts and Population Displacement in Nigeria, Enugu: PACREP Book Series, No. 1.
Egwu, S., 2004, ‘Beyond “Native” and “Settler” Identities: Globalization and the Challenges of Multicultural Citizenship in Nigeria’. John Moru, ed., Another Nigeria is Possible, Abuja: Nigeria Social Forum, pp. 100-131.
Egwu, S., 2008, ‘Identity and the Politics of Space: Communal Conflicts in Contemporary Nigeria’, Ukiwo, U. and J. Peterside eds, Nigerian Society in the 21st Century, Port Harcourt: Centre for Advanced Social Science, p. 268-302.
Elaigwu, J., 2005, ‘The Nigerian Question: The Way Forward’, Daily Trust,eds, Discharging a Burden: The Nigerian Question, Abuja: Daily Trust Publications, pp.34-49.
Enwerem, I., 1995, A Dangerous Awakening: The Politicization of Religion in Nigeria, Ibadan: IFRA.
Erinosho, L., 2008, ‘Social Security and Social Welfare in Nigeria’, Ukiwo, U. and J. Peterside, eds, Nigerian Society in the 21st Century, Port Harcourt: Centre for Advanced Social Science, pp. 382-405.
Feranandes, L., 1997, ‘Beyond Public Spaces and Private Spheres: Gender, Family and Working Class Politics in India’, Feminist Studies 23, pp. 525-547.
Gofwen, R. I., 2004, Religious Conflicts in Northern Nigeria and Nation Building, Kaduna: Human Rights Monitor.
Habermas, J., 1991, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into Category of Bourgeois Society Human Rights Watch, 2006 , ‘They do not own this Place’: Government discrimination Against Non- indigenes in Nigeria,’ New York: Human Rights Watch.
Ibeanu, O., 2003, ‘(Sp) Oils of Politics: Petroleum, Politics and the Illusion of Development in the Niger Delta, Nigeria’, Association of Concerned African Scholars.
Ibrahim, J., 2006, ‘Expanding the Human Rights Regime in Africa: Citizens, Indigenes and Exclusion in Nigeria’, Lemart Wohlgemath and Ebrima Sall eds, Human Rights, Regionalism and the Dilemmas of Democracy in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA, pp. 97-111.
Ibrahim, J. and Salihu, A., 2004, ‘Women Marginalization and Politics in Nigeria’, Abuja: OSIWA/Global Rights.
Jega, A., 2003, ‘Identity Transformation and the Politics of Identity under Crisis and Adjustment’, A. Jega ed., Identity Transformation and Identity Politics under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, Kano, Centre for Research and Documentation, pp. 11-25.
Jibo, M., Simbine, A. and Galadima, H., 2001, Ethnic Groups and Conflicts in Nigeria: The North-Central Zone of Nigeria, Ibadan: the Lords Creation.
Kuna, M., 2005, ‘Variations in Perceptions and Impact of the Shari’ah in Twelve States in Northern Nigeria’, in Alemika, E. and F. Okoye, eds, Human Rights and Shari’ah Penal Code in Northern Nigeria, Kaduna: Human Rights Monitor, pp. 183-194.
Maier, K., 2000, This House has Fallen; Midnight in Nigeria, Boston: Little Brown.
Madunagwu, E., 2002, ‘A Survey of Ethnic Nationalism’, The Guardian, January 27.
Madunagwu, E., 2006, Understanding Nigeria and the New Imperialism, Calabar: Clear Lines Publications.
Mustapha, R., 2000, ‘Transformation of Minority Identities in Post Colonial Nigeria’, A. Jega, ed., Identity Transformation and Identity Politics under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, Kano, Centre for Research and Documentation, pp. 86-108.
Neocosmos, M., 2006, From ‘Foreign Natives’ to ‘Native Foreigners’: Explaining Xenophobia in Post-apartheid South Africa, Dakar:CODESRIA.
Obi, A., 2008, ‘Chasing the Shadow over Big Brother Africa’, Sun, September 1, Ogbuagu, S’, 2002, ‘Gender and the Democratic Process in Nigeria: Issues of Concern’, Lagos: EMPARC.
Ostien, P., Nasir, J. and Kogelman, F., 2005, Comparative Perspectives on Shariah, Abuja: Spectrum.
Otite, O., 2002, Managing Nigeria’s Ethnic Pluralism in a Democratic Environment, University of Calabar, Rinaldo, R. 2008, ‘Envisioning the Nation: Women Activist, Religion and the Public Space in Indonesia’, Social Forces 86(4), pp. 1781-1804.
Sha, P., 2005, ‘Shari’ah and Ethno-Religious Conflcits in Nigeria’, Alemika, E. and F. Okoye, eds, Human Rights and Shari’ah Penal Code in Northern Nigeria, Kaduna: Human Rights Monitor, pp. 195-216.
Simbine, A., 2002, ‘Women Participation in the Political Parties of the Fourth Republic: The Case of the People’s Democratic Party’, Jibo, M. and A. Simbine, eds., Contemporary Issues in Nigerian Politics, Ibadan: Jodad, pp. 141-157.
Tiv communities 2002Memorandum Presented on behalf Tiv people of Nasarawa South Senatorial District of Nasarawa State Presidential Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Inter-communal Conflicts in Benue, Nasarawa, Plateau and Taraba States.
Toure-Kaza, T., 2003, Ethno-Religious Conflicts in Kaduna, Kaduna: Human Rights Monitor.
Us an, B., 1987, The Manipulation of Religion in Nigeria, Kaduna: Vanguard Publishers.