7 - Somali Language and Oral Tradition in Post-conflict Life in the US: What Does the Future Hold?
Corresponding Author(s) : Eddah Mutua-Kombo
Revue africaine des médias,
Vol. 17 No 1-2 (2009): Revue africaine des médias, Volume 17, n° 1 & 2, 2009
Résumé
Pendant que les conflits dans le monde poussent de plus en plus les populations hors de leur terroirs, il devient important d’être conscient des facteurs qui affectent la vie des réfugiés dans les terres étrangères. Différents problèmes sont associés à la migration forcée, en particulier les défis liés à l’adaptation culturelle avec les problèmes de langue, l’assimilation culturelle, l’identité, la perte de réseaux sociaux des parents, des amis et voisins, les climats insupportables, le racisme, etc. Cet article discute des préoccupations exprimées par les réfugiés somaliens vivant aux USA dans le Mid-West. Ceux là craignent que la langue somalienne et les traditions orales soient perdues s’il n’y a pas d’efforts de préservation. Les auteurs examinent particulièrement les efforts et les défis quant à cette préservation dans un contexte d’après guerre. L’article conclu par la question relative au futur de la troisième génération des Somaliens-Américains qui se sont adaptés à la langue Anglaise et qui ne voient aucun bénéfice économique et social pour eux dans la langue somalienne.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Briton Putman, D. and Cabdi Noor, M., 1993, Somalis — Their History and Cul- ture. [Brochure].
- Baltimore: Published by Center for Applied Linguistics. Re- trieved December 6, 2006, from http://www.cal.org/CO/somali/index.html.
- Combs, C., 1998, An Ethnographic Case Study of a 7-Year-old Boy With Autism: The Meaning that Emerged from Bud’s Mannerisms, Department of Curricu- lum and Instruction, Wichita State University.
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- Hubbard, R. S. and Power, B. M., 1993, ‘Finding and Framing a Research Question’, in L. Patterson, C. M. Santa, K. G. Short and K. Smith, eds., Teachers are Researchers: Reflection and Action (pp. 19-25). Newark, DE: International Reading Association.
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- Lincoln, Y., 1990, ‘The Making of a Constructivist’, in E. Guba, ed., The Paradigm Dialogue: Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, pp.67-87.
- Lustig, M. and Koester, J., 2006, Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Com- munication Across Cultures. San Franscisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.
- Martin, J. and Nakayama, T., 2008, Intercultural Communication in Context. New York: McGrawHill.
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- Meredith, M., 2005, The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of freedom to the Heart of Despair, New York: Public Affairs.
- The Minneapolis Foundation, 2004, Immigration in Minnesota: Discovering Common Ground,[Brochure], Minneapolis, MN.
- Nogueira, C., 2003, ‘Oral Tradition: A Definition’, Oral Tradition, 18(2), 164. Okpewho, I., 1985,
- The Heritage of African Poetry: An Anthology of Oral and Written Poetry. Essex, England: Longman Group Limited.
- Okpewho, I., 1992, African Oral Literature: Backgrounds, Character and Conti- nuity, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
- Paulston, C. B., 2000, ‘Ethnicity, Ethnic Movements and Language Maintenance’, in G. Kindell and M.
- Paul Lewis, eds., Assessing Ethnolinguistic Vitality: Theory and Practice. Dallas, TX: SIL International.
- Prunier, G., 1995, Somalia: Civil War, Intervention and Withdrawal 1990-1995. Retrieved December 21, 2007, from http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ country_conditions/Prunier.pdf
- Richardson, L., 1994, ‘Writing: A Method of Inquiry’, in N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln, eds., Handbook of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Schmidt, S., Morland, L. and Rose, J., 2006, Growing up in a New Country: A Positive Youth Development Toolkit for Working with Refugees and Immi- grants, Cleveland, OH: Catholic Charities Health & Human Services/Migra- tion and Refugee Services.
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Les références
Adam, A., 2005, Somalia and the Somalis: A Handbook for Teachers, St. Paul, MN: St. Paul Public Schools ELL Programs.
Briton Putman, D. and Cabdi Noor, M., 1993, Somalis — Their History and Cul- ture. [Brochure].
Baltimore: Published by Center for Applied Linguistics. Re- trieved December 6, 2006, from http://www.cal.org/CO/somali/index.html.
Combs, C., 1998, An Ethnographic Case Study of a 7-Year-old Boy With Autism: The Meaning that Emerged from Bud’s Mannerisms, Department of Curricu- lum and Instruction, Wichita State University.
Davis, W., 1999, ‘Vanishing Cultures’, National Geographical, 196, pp.62-89. Fishman, J., 2000, ‘Reversing Language Shift: RLS Theory and Practice Revisited’, in G. Kindell and M. Paul Lewis, eds., Assessing Ethnolinguistic Vitality: Theory and Practice, Dallas, TX: SIL International.
Greenwood, D. J. and Levin, M., 1998, Introduction to Action Research: Social Research for Social Change. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Hubbard, R. S. and Power, B. M., 1993, ‘Finding and Framing a Research Question’, in L. Patterson, C. M. Santa, K. G. Short and K. Smith, eds., Teachers are Researchers: Reflection and Action (pp. 19-25). Newark, DE: International Reading Association.
Jones, A., ed., 2004, Genocide, War Crimes and the West: History and Complicity. London: Zed Books.
Lincoln, Y., 1990, ‘The Making of a Constructivist’, in E. Guba, ed., The Paradigm Dialogue: Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, pp.67-87.
Lustig, M. and Koester, J., 2006, Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Com- munication Across Cultures. San Franscisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.
Martin, J. and Nakayama, T., 2008, Intercultural Communication in Context. New York: McGrawHill.
Maykut, P. and Morehouse, R., 1994, Beginning Qualitative Research: A Philo- sophic and Practical Guide, London: Falmer.
Meredith, M., 2005, The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of freedom to the Heart of Despair, New York: Public Affairs.
The Minneapolis Foundation, 2004, Immigration in Minnesota: Discovering Common Ground,[Brochure], Minneapolis, MN.
Nogueira, C., 2003, ‘Oral Tradition: A Definition’, Oral Tradition, 18(2), 164. Okpewho, I., 1985,
The Heritage of African Poetry: An Anthology of Oral and Written Poetry. Essex, England: Longman Group Limited.
Okpewho, I., 1992, African Oral Literature: Backgrounds, Character and Conti- nuity, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Paulston, C. B., 2000, ‘Ethnicity, Ethnic Movements and Language Maintenance’, in G. Kindell and M.
Paul Lewis, eds., Assessing Ethnolinguistic Vitality: Theory and Practice. Dallas, TX: SIL International.
Prunier, G., 1995, Somalia: Civil War, Intervention and Withdrawal 1990-1995. Retrieved December 21, 2007, from http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ country_conditions/Prunier.pdf
Richardson, L., 1994, ‘Writing: A Method of Inquiry’, in N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln, eds., Handbook of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Schmidt, S., Morland, L. and Rose, J., 2006, Growing up in a New Country: A Positive Youth Development Toolkit for Working with Refugees and Immi- grants, Cleveland, OH: Catholic Charities Health & Human Services/Migra- tion and Refugee Services.
Smith, L. T., 2005, Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peo- ples. London, UK: Zed Books.
The Economist, 2005, 17 December, ‘A State of Utter Failure’, The Economist, 377: 8457, p. 46.
Tse, L., 2001, “Why Don’t They Learn English?” Separating Fact from Fallacy in the U.S. Language Debate, New York: Teacher College Press.