5 - Humanitarian Aid and the Biafra War: Lessons not Learned
Corresponding Author(s) : Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos
Africa Development,
Vol. 34 No. 1 (2009): Africa Development: Special Issue on Legacies of Biafra: Violence, Identity and Citizenship in Nigeria
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- Auvinen, J. and Kivimäki, T., 2000, ‘Somalia: The Struggle for Resources’, in W. Nafziger, F. Stewart and R.Väyrynen, eds, War, Hunger, and Displacement, Vol. 2: Case Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Bendell, J. and Cox, P., 2006, ‘The Donor Accountability Agenda’, in L. Jordan and P. van Tuijl, eds, NGO Accountability: Politics, Principles and Innovations, London: Earthscan.
- Buchanan, C. and Muggah, R., 2005, Aucun répit sur les humanitaires : Etude de l’incidence de la violence armée sur le personnel chargé de l’aide humanitaire et du développement, Genève: Centre pour le dialogue humanitaire.
- Cronje, S., 1972, The World and Nigeria: The Diplomatic History of the Biafran War, 1967–1970, London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
- DeMars, W., 2002, ‘Transnational NGOs: the Edge of Innocence’, in W. Nafziger and R.Väyrynen, eds, The Prevention of Humanitarian Emergencies, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
- de Waal, A., 1994, ‘Dangerous Precedents ? Famine Relief in Somalia, 1991–1993’, in J. Macrae and A. Zwi, eds, War and Hunger: Rethinking International Responses to Complex Emergencies, London: Zed Books, pp. 139–59.
- de Waal, A., 1997, Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa, Oxford: James Currey.
- Ewins, P. et al., 2006, Mapping the Risks of Corruption in Humanitarian Action, London: Overseas Development Institute.
- Glaser, A. and Smith, S., 2005, Comment la France a perdu l’Afrique, Paris: Calmann-Lévy.
- Harneit-Sievers, A. and Emezue, S., 2000, ‘Towards a Social History of Warfare and Reconstruction: The Nigerian/Biafran Case’, in I. Amadiume and A. An- Na’im, eds, The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing and Social Justice, London: Zed Books, pp. 110-26.
- Hoffman, D., 2004, ‘The Civilian Target in Sierra Leone and Liberia: Political Power, Military Strategy, and Humanitarian Intervention’, African Affairs 103:211–26.
- Jacobs, D., 1987, The Brutality of Nations, New York: Alfred A. Knopf,.
- Juma, M. K., 2002, ‘The Political Economy of Building Local Capacity’, in M.K. Juma and A. Suhrke, eds, Eroding Local Capacity: International Humanitarian Action in Africa, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, pp. 159–82.
- Kennedy, D., 2004, The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Laitin, D., 1999, ‘Somalia: Civil War and International Intervention’, in B. Walter and J. Snyder, eds, Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 146–80.
- Lindsay, K., 1969, ‘How Biafra Pays for the War’, Venture: Journal of the Fabian Colonial Bureau (London) 21(3): 26–7.
- Lischer, S. K., 2005, Dangerous Sanctuaries: Refugee Camps, Civil War and the Dilemmas of Humanitarian Aid, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Lloyd, H. et al., 1972, The Nordchurchaid Airlift to Biafra, 1968–70: An Operations Report, Copenhagen: Folkekirkens Nodjaelp.
- Madiebo, A., 1980, The Nigerian Revolution and the Biafran War, Enugu: Fourth Dimension.
- Marriage, Z., 2006, Not Breaking the Rules, Not Playing the Game: International Assistance to Countries at War, London: Hurst.
- McHugh, G. and Bessler, M., 2006, Humanitarian Negotiations with Armed Groups: A Manual for Practitioners, New York: United Nations, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
- Nordstrom, C., 2004, Shadows of War, Violence, Power, and International Profiteering in the Twenty-first Century, Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Okpoko, J., 1986, The Biafran Nightmare: The Controversial Role of International Relief Agencies in a War of Genocide, Enugu: Delta.
- Pérouse de Montclos, M.-A., 2001, L’aide humanitaire, aide à la guerre ?, Bruxelles : Complexe.
- Pérouse de Montclos, M.-A., 2007, « La face cachée des ONG », Politique internationale 116:347–68.
- Reed, S., Weiss, H and Mubagwa, M., 2004, Evaluation of USAID’s Humanitarian Response in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2000–2004, Washington, DC: U.S. Agency for International Development.
- Rolandsen, O., 2005, Guerrilla Government: Political Changes in the Southern Sudan during the 1990s, Uppsala: Nordika Afrikainstitutet.
- Smillie, I., 1985, The Land of Lost Content: A History of CUSO (Canadian University Service Overseas), Toronto: Deneau.
- Sogge, D., ed., 1996, Compassion and Calculation: The Business of Private Foreign Aid, London: Pluto Press.
- Spar, D. and Dail, J., 2002, ‘Of Measurement and Mission: Accounting for Performance in Non-Governmental Organizations’, Chicago Journal of International Law 3(1).
- Sphere Project, 2000, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response, Oxford: Oxfam, online at: http://www.sphereproject.org.
- Stedman, S.J. and Tanner, F., eds., 2003, Refugee Manipulation: War, Politics, and the Abuse of Human Suffering, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Stremlau, J., 1977, The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Thompson, A., 2002, ‘Publicity, Philanthropy and Commemoration: British Society and the War’, in D. Omissi and A. Thompson, eds, The Impact of the South African War, New York: Palgrave, pp. 511–27.
- Uche, C., 2002, ‘Money Matters in a War Economy: The Biafran Experience’, Nationalism & Ethnic Politics 8(1):29–54.
- Vergès, F., 2001, Abolir l’esclavage: une utopie coloniale: les ambiguïtés d’une politique humanitaire, Paris: Albin Michel.
- Wiseberg, L., 1974, ‘Humanitarian Intervention: Lessons from the Nigerian Civil War’, Human Rights Journal 7(1): 61–98
- Yarrow, M., 1978, Quaker Experiences in International Conciliation, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
References
Auvinen, J. and Kivimäki, T., 2000, ‘Somalia: The Struggle for Resources’, in W. Nafziger, F. Stewart and R.Väyrynen, eds, War, Hunger, and Displacement, Vol. 2: Case Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bendell, J. and Cox, P., 2006, ‘The Donor Accountability Agenda’, in L. Jordan and P. van Tuijl, eds, NGO Accountability: Politics, Principles and Innovations, London: Earthscan.
Buchanan, C. and Muggah, R., 2005, Aucun répit sur les humanitaires : Etude de l’incidence de la violence armée sur le personnel chargé de l’aide humanitaire et du développement, Genève: Centre pour le dialogue humanitaire.
Cronje, S., 1972, The World and Nigeria: The Diplomatic History of the Biafran War, 1967–1970, London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
DeMars, W., 2002, ‘Transnational NGOs: the Edge of Innocence’, in W. Nafziger and R.Väyrynen, eds, The Prevention of Humanitarian Emergencies, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
de Waal, A., 1994, ‘Dangerous Precedents ? Famine Relief in Somalia, 1991–1993’, in J. Macrae and A. Zwi, eds, War and Hunger: Rethinking International Responses to Complex Emergencies, London: Zed Books, pp. 139–59.
de Waal, A., 1997, Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa, Oxford: James Currey.
Ewins, P. et al., 2006, Mapping the Risks of Corruption in Humanitarian Action, London: Overseas Development Institute.
Glaser, A. and Smith, S., 2005, Comment la France a perdu l’Afrique, Paris: Calmann-Lévy.
Harneit-Sievers, A. and Emezue, S., 2000, ‘Towards a Social History of Warfare and Reconstruction: The Nigerian/Biafran Case’, in I. Amadiume and A. An- Na’im, eds, The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing and Social Justice, London: Zed Books, pp. 110-26.
Hoffman, D., 2004, ‘The Civilian Target in Sierra Leone and Liberia: Political Power, Military Strategy, and Humanitarian Intervention’, African Affairs 103:211–26.
Jacobs, D., 1987, The Brutality of Nations, New York: Alfred A. Knopf,.
Juma, M. K., 2002, ‘The Political Economy of Building Local Capacity’, in M.K. Juma and A. Suhrke, eds, Eroding Local Capacity: International Humanitarian Action in Africa, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, pp. 159–82.
Kennedy, D., 2004, The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Laitin, D., 1999, ‘Somalia: Civil War and International Intervention’, in B. Walter and J. Snyder, eds, Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 146–80.
Lindsay, K., 1969, ‘How Biafra Pays for the War’, Venture: Journal of the Fabian Colonial Bureau (London) 21(3): 26–7.
Lischer, S. K., 2005, Dangerous Sanctuaries: Refugee Camps, Civil War and the Dilemmas of Humanitarian Aid, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Lloyd, H. et al., 1972, The Nordchurchaid Airlift to Biafra, 1968–70: An Operations Report, Copenhagen: Folkekirkens Nodjaelp.
Madiebo, A., 1980, The Nigerian Revolution and the Biafran War, Enugu: Fourth Dimension.
Marriage, Z., 2006, Not Breaking the Rules, Not Playing the Game: International Assistance to Countries at War, London: Hurst.
McHugh, G. and Bessler, M., 2006, Humanitarian Negotiations with Armed Groups: A Manual for Practitioners, New York: United Nations, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
Nordstrom, C., 2004, Shadows of War, Violence, Power, and International Profiteering in the Twenty-first Century, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Okpoko, J., 1986, The Biafran Nightmare: The Controversial Role of International Relief Agencies in a War of Genocide, Enugu: Delta.
Pérouse de Montclos, M.-A., 2001, L’aide humanitaire, aide à la guerre ?, Bruxelles : Complexe.
Pérouse de Montclos, M.-A., 2007, « La face cachée des ONG », Politique internationale 116:347–68.
Reed, S., Weiss, H and Mubagwa, M., 2004, Evaluation of USAID’s Humanitarian Response in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2000–2004, Washington, DC: U.S. Agency for International Development.
Rolandsen, O., 2005, Guerrilla Government: Political Changes in the Southern Sudan during the 1990s, Uppsala: Nordika Afrikainstitutet.
Smillie, I., 1985, The Land of Lost Content: A History of CUSO (Canadian University Service Overseas), Toronto: Deneau.
Sogge, D., ed., 1996, Compassion and Calculation: The Business of Private Foreign Aid, London: Pluto Press.
Spar, D. and Dail, J., 2002, ‘Of Measurement and Mission: Accounting for Performance in Non-Governmental Organizations’, Chicago Journal of International Law 3(1).
Sphere Project, 2000, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response, Oxford: Oxfam, online at: http://www.sphereproject.org.
Stedman, S.J. and Tanner, F., eds., 2003, Refugee Manipulation: War, Politics, and the Abuse of Human Suffering, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Stremlau, J., 1977, The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Thompson, A., 2002, ‘Publicity, Philanthropy and Commemoration: British Society and the War’, in D. Omissi and A. Thompson, eds, The Impact of the South African War, New York: Palgrave, pp. 511–27.
Uche, C., 2002, ‘Money Matters in a War Economy: The Biafran Experience’, Nationalism & Ethnic Politics 8(1):29–54.
Vergès, F., 2001, Abolir l’esclavage: une utopie coloniale: les ambiguïtés d’une politique humanitaire, Paris: Albin Michel.
Wiseberg, L., 1974, ‘Humanitarian Intervention: Lessons from the Nigerian Civil War’, Human Rights Journal 7(1): 61–98
Yarrow, M., 1978, Quaker Experiences in International Conciliation, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.