4 - The Use of Social Science Research by Environmental NGOs in Africa: Evidence from Morocco
Corresponding Author(s) : Brahim El Morchid
Africa Development,
Vol. 46 No. 3 (2021): Africa Development
Abstract
The literature on the use of research is both rich and varied. Yet, little is
known about the use of available social research by environmental NGOs in
the African context. This paper aims at contributing to the debate on this
issue from the perspective of Moroccan civil society. In order to achieve this
objective, we have analysed the results of a survey conducted among a sample
of Moroccan NGOs working in environmental protection. Overall, it seems
that a relatively large proportion of surveyed environmental NGOs receive
and understand social research findings, but the process remains incomplete,
as the use of these findings tends to diminish during the adoption stage and
especially during the decision-influencing stage. Moreover, this conclusion
must be regarded cautiously, given the confusion that arises from the lack of
distinction between research and consulting activities. Finally, PLS regression
reveals that the use of social science research by Moroccan environmental
NGOs is influenced by three main factors: research adaptation effort,
relational proximity between researchers and users, and the NGO director’s
employment status.
Keywords
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Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Abano, R., 2012, La Recherche-Action, TAO Digital Library, Bologna (https://bit. ly/36ptUGF). Accessed 10 September, 2020.
- Addis, M., 2002, Methods for Disseminating Research Products and Increasing Evidence-Based Practice: Promises, Obstacles, and Future Directions, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 367–378.
- Albarello, L., 2004, Devenir Praticien-Chercheur, Brussels: De Boeck.
- Alcaras, J-R., 2012, Jean-Louis Le Moigne, un Singulier Modèle de ‘Chercheur Engagé’, dans Agir et Penser en Complexité Avec Jean-Louis Le Moigne—Témoi- gnages de Mises En Actes, Genelot, D.et Avenier, M-J., (dir.), Paris: L’Harmattan, Chapitre 3, pp. 27–40.
- Amara, N., Ouimet, M. and Landry, R. 2004, New Evidence on Instrumental, Conceptual, and Symbolic Utilisation of University Research in Government Agencies, Science Communication, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 75–106.
- Barnard, Y., Veldhuis, G. and Van Rooij, J., 2001, Evaluation in Practice: Identify- ing Factors for Improving Transfer of Training in Technical Domains, Studies in Educational Evaluation, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 269–290.
- Bedell, H., Flom, M. and Barbeito, R., 1985, Spatial Aberrations and Acuity in Strabismus and Amblyopia, Investigate Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Vol. 26, pp. 909–916.
- Belkhodja, O., Amara N., Landry, R. and Ouimet M., 2007, The Extent and Organizational Determinants of Research Utilization in Canadian Health Services Organizations, Science Communication, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 377–417.
- Bickel, W. and Cooley, W., 1985, Decision-Oriented Educational Research in School District: The Role of Dissemination Processes, Studies in Educational Evaluation, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 183–203.
- Blackburn, J. and Demers, A., 1996, Le Transfert Des Connaissances: Quelques Pistes De Réflexion A Partir de l’état Des Connaissances, Document for the advisory committee on the research and evaluation of drug addiction, GRASP, Université de Montréal, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Québec (https:// bit.ly/2VLj23D). Accessed 23 January 2019.
- Bourdieu, P., 2001, Pour un Savoir Engagé, Contre-feux 2, Paris: Liber, Raisons d’agir, pp. 33–40.
- Chagnon, F. and Malo, C., 2006, L’application des connaissances scientifiques à l’intervention auprès des jeunes et des familles : conjuguer savoirs empirique, clinique et expérientiel, Défi jeunesse, Revue du Conseil multidisciplinaire du CJM-IU, No. 12, pp. 29–35.
- El Morchid & Hourmat Allah: The Use of Social Science Research 93
- Chong, I-G and Jun, C-H., 2005, Performance of Some Variable Selection Meth- ods When Multicollinearity Is Present, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, Vol.78, No. 28, pp.103–112.
- Cramer, R. D., 1993, Partial Least Squares (PLS): Its Strengths and Limitations, Perspective in Drug Discovery and Design, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 269–278.
- Croteau, D., 2005, ‘Which side are you on?’: The Tension Between Movement Scholarship and Activism, in Croteau, D., Hoynes, W. and Ryan, C., eds, Rhym- ing Hope And History: Activists, Academics, And Social Movement Scholarship, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press,pp. 20–40.
- Durkheim, É., [1893] 1991, De la Division du Travail Social, Preface of the first edition, Paris:.Presses universitaires de France (PUF).
- Elissalde, J., Gaudet, J. and Renaud, L., 2010, Circulation des Connaissances: Modèle et Stratégies, Revue internationale de communication sociale et publique, Nos. 3 and 4, pp. 135–149.
- Evola, R. 1999., Manuel d’enquête par questionnaire en Sciences sociales expérimentale, Paris: Editions Publibook.
- Faraco, B., 2006, Les Organisations Non Gouvernementales et le Réchauffement Climatique, Ecologie et Politique, Vol. 2, No. 33, pp.71–85.
- Favre, P., 2005, Comprendre le monde pour le changer. Epistémologie du politique, Paris, Presses de SciencePo, p. 391.
- Faye, C., Lortie, M. and Desmarais, L., 2007, Guide sur le transfert des connaissances à l’intention des chercheurs en santé et sécurité du travail, Quebec: Réseau de recherche en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec.
- Fernandez, M. E., 1986, Participatory-Action-Research and the Farming Systems Ap- proach with highland Peasants, SR-CRSP technical report No. 75, Columbia, MS: University of Missouri, Department of Sociology.
- Garrett, J. L. and Islam, Y., 1998, Policy Research and the Policy Process: Do the Twain ever Meet? Gatekeeper Series, No. 74, International Institute for Environ- ment and Development.
- Gergen, K. I. and Gergen, M. M., 1995, From Theory to Reflexivity in Research Practice, in Steier, F., ed., Research and Reflexivity, London, UK: Sage, pp. 76–95. Glover, D., 1994, Policy Researchers and Policy Makers: Never the Twain Shall Meet?, Philippine Journal of Development, Vol. 21, No. 1–2,pp. 63–89.
- Goyette, G. and Lessard-Hébert, M., 1985, La recherche-action : ses fonctions, ses fondements et son instrumentation, Rapport au Conseil québécois de la recherche sociale, Québec, Canada.
- Graham, I., Logan, J., Harrison, M., Straus, S., Tetroe, J., Caswell, W. and Robin- son, N., 2006, Lost in Knowledge Translation: Time for a Map?, The Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 13–24.
- Gramsci, A., 1959, Carnets de Prison, Vol. 3, Œuvres Choisies, Paris: Éditions Sociales. Groulx, L-H., 1994, Liens Recherche Et Pratique: Les Thèses En Présence’, Nouvelles Pratiques Sociales, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 35–50.
- Hardt, H., 1995, The Withering of Civil Society, Social Text, No. 45, pp. 27–44.
- Africa Development, Volume XLVI, No. 3, 2021
- Hemsley-Brown, J., 2004, Facilitating Research Utilisation: A Cross Sector Review of Research Evidence, The International Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 534–552.
- Huberman, M., 1987, Steps Toward an Integrated Model of Research Utilisation, Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilisation, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 586–611.
- Huberman, M., 2002, Moving Towards the Inevitable: The Sharing of Research in Education, Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 257–268.
- Huberman, M. and Gather Thurler, M., 1991, De la recherche à la pratique: Éléments de base et mode d’emploi, Berne: Lang, Collection Exploration, p. 335.
- Hugon, M. A. and Seibel, C., 1988, Recherches impliquées—Recherche-action: le cas de l’éducation, Brussels: De Boeck-Wesmail.
- Intal, Jr. and Pociano, S., 1999, Recherche et Politique Intégrée en Asie de l’Est, in Schnurr, J. et Holtz, S., dir., Le Défi de l’Intégration: Pour des Politiques Conver- gentes, CRDI, pp. 271–298.
- Knott, J. and Wildavsky, A., 1980, If Dissemination Is the Solution, What Is The Problem?, Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilisation, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 537–78. Kohn, R. C., 2001, Les Positions Enchevêtrées du Praticien-Qui-Devient Chercheur, dans Mackiewicz, M.-P., éd., Praticien et chercheur. Parcours dans le champ social, Paris: L’Harmattan, pp. 15–38.
- Landry, R., Amara, N. and Lamari, L., 2001, Utilisation of Social Science Research Knowledge in Canada, Research Policy, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 333–349.
- Landry, R., Lamari, M. and Amara, N., 2000, Évaluation de l’utilisation de la recherche Sociale Subventionnée par le CQRS, Chaire FCRSS/CHSRF sur la dissémination de la recherche, Université de Laval, Québec, Canada, p. 320.
- Landry, R., Lamari M. and Amara N., 2003, The Extent and Determinants of the Utilisation of University Research in Government Agencies, Public Administra- tion Review, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 192–205.
- Larsen, J. K., 1980, Review Essay. Knowledge Utilisation: What Is It?, Science Com- munication, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 421–442.
- Lemire, N., Souffez, K. and Laurendeau, M-C, 2009, Animer un Processus De Transfert Des Connaissances, Quebec: Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, p. 69. Lomas, J., 1997, Research and Evidence-Based Decision Making, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, No. 21, pp. 439–441.
- Love, J-M., 1985, Knowledge Transfer and Utilisation in Education, Review of Research in Education, No. 12, pp. 337–386.
- McClintock, D., Ison R. and Armson, R., 2003, Metaphors for Reflecting On Research Practice: Researching With People, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 715–731.
- Mitton, C., Adair, C. E., McKenzie, E., Patton, S. B. and Waye Perry, B., 2007, Knowledge Transfer and Exchange: Review and Synthesis Of The Literature, The Milbank Quarterly, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 729–768.
- Mondada, L., 2003, Le langage en action, dans Missote P. et Mesnier, P. M., dir.,La recherche-action, une autre manière de chercher, se former, transformer, Paris: L’Harmattan, pp. 69–90.
- El Morchid & Hourmat Allah: The Use of Social Science Research National Advisory Council on Innovation (NACI), 2003, Utilisation of Research Findings: Extent, Dynamics and Strategies, A Synthesis Report, South Africa (https://bit.ly/3haeSKX). Accessed 11 September 2019.
- Neilson, S., 2001, Knowledge Utilisation and Public Policy Processes: A Literature Review, Ottawa: Evaluation Unit, International Development Research Council. Neville, J. and Warren, B., 1986. The
- Dissemination and Use of Innovative Knowl- edge, The Journal of Product InnovationManagement, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 127–135.
- Orlandi, M., 1996., Health Promotion Technology Transfer: Organisational Perspec- tives, Canadian Journal of Public Health, Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 28–33.
- Perrault Soliveres, A., 2001, Praticien-Chercheur: Défricher La Nuit, dans Mac- kiewicz, M.-P., éd., Praticien Et Chercheur. Parcours Dans Le Champ Social, Paris: L’Harmattan, pp. 41–53.
- Rashid, I., 1997, Subaltern Reactions: Lumpens, Students and the Left, Africa Development, Vol. 12, Nos. 3 and 4, pp. 19–43.
- Said, E. W., 1994, Representations of the Intellectual: The 1993 Reith Lectures, New York: Vintage Books.
- Scullion, P., 2002, Effective Dissemination Strategies, Nurse Researcher, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 65–11.
- Sosik, J., Kahai, S. and Piovoso, M., 2009, Silver Bullet or Voodoo Statistics? A Primer for Using the Partial Least Squares Data Analytic Technique in Group and Organ- isation Research, Group and Organisation Management, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 5–36. Stone, D., Maxwell, S. and Keating, M., 2001, Bridging Research and Policy, Back- ground paper presented for an international workshop funded by the UK Depart- ment for International Development, Radcliffe House, Warwick University, July 16-17 (https://bit.ly/3AyqDT8). Accessed 25 September 2019.
- Sunesson, S., Nilsson, K., Ericson, B. and Johansson, B-M., 1989, Intervening Factors in the Utilisation of Social Research, Knowledge in Society: The International Journal of Knowledge Transfer, No. 2, pp. 42–56.
- Weiss, C-H., 1979, The Many Meanings of Research Utilisation, Public Administration Review, No. 29, pp. 426–431.
References
Abano, R., 2012, La Recherche-Action, TAO Digital Library, Bologna (https://bit. ly/36ptUGF). Accessed 10 September, 2020.
Addis, M., 2002, Methods for Disseminating Research Products and Increasing Evidence-Based Practice: Promises, Obstacles, and Future Directions, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 367–378.
Albarello, L., 2004, Devenir Praticien-Chercheur, Brussels: De Boeck.
Alcaras, J-R., 2012, Jean-Louis Le Moigne, un Singulier Modèle de ‘Chercheur Engagé’, dans Agir et Penser en Complexité Avec Jean-Louis Le Moigne—Témoi- gnages de Mises En Actes, Genelot, D.et Avenier, M-J., (dir.), Paris: L’Harmattan, Chapitre 3, pp. 27–40.
Amara, N., Ouimet, M. and Landry, R. 2004, New Evidence on Instrumental, Conceptual, and Symbolic Utilisation of University Research in Government Agencies, Science Communication, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 75–106.
Barnard, Y., Veldhuis, G. and Van Rooij, J., 2001, Evaluation in Practice: Identify- ing Factors for Improving Transfer of Training in Technical Domains, Studies in Educational Evaluation, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 269–290.
Bedell, H., Flom, M. and Barbeito, R., 1985, Spatial Aberrations and Acuity in Strabismus and Amblyopia, Investigate Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Vol. 26, pp. 909–916.
Belkhodja, O., Amara N., Landry, R. and Ouimet M., 2007, The Extent and Organizational Determinants of Research Utilization in Canadian Health Services Organizations, Science Communication, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 377–417.
Bickel, W. and Cooley, W., 1985, Decision-Oriented Educational Research in School District: The Role of Dissemination Processes, Studies in Educational Evaluation, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 183–203.
Blackburn, J. and Demers, A., 1996, Le Transfert Des Connaissances: Quelques Pistes De Réflexion A Partir de l’état Des Connaissances, Document for the advisory committee on the research and evaluation of drug addiction, GRASP, Université de Montréal, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Québec (https:// bit.ly/2VLj23D). Accessed 23 January 2019.
Bourdieu, P., 2001, Pour un Savoir Engagé, Contre-feux 2, Paris: Liber, Raisons d’agir, pp. 33–40.
Chagnon, F. and Malo, C., 2006, L’application des connaissances scientifiques à l’intervention auprès des jeunes et des familles : conjuguer savoirs empirique, clinique et expérientiel, Défi jeunesse, Revue du Conseil multidisciplinaire du CJM-IU, No. 12, pp. 29–35.
El Morchid & Hourmat Allah: The Use of Social Science Research 93
Chong, I-G and Jun, C-H., 2005, Performance of Some Variable Selection Meth- ods When Multicollinearity Is Present, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, Vol.78, No. 28, pp.103–112.
Cramer, R. D., 1993, Partial Least Squares (PLS): Its Strengths and Limitations, Perspective in Drug Discovery and Design, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 269–278.
Croteau, D., 2005, ‘Which side are you on?’: The Tension Between Movement Scholarship and Activism, in Croteau, D., Hoynes, W. and Ryan, C., eds, Rhym- ing Hope And History: Activists, Academics, And Social Movement Scholarship, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press,pp. 20–40.
Durkheim, É., [1893] 1991, De la Division du Travail Social, Preface of the first edition, Paris:.Presses universitaires de France (PUF).
Elissalde, J., Gaudet, J. and Renaud, L., 2010, Circulation des Connaissances: Modèle et Stratégies, Revue internationale de communication sociale et publique, Nos. 3 and 4, pp. 135–149.
Evola, R. 1999., Manuel d’enquête par questionnaire en Sciences sociales expérimentale, Paris: Editions Publibook.
Faraco, B., 2006, Les Organisations Non Gouvernementales et le Réchauffement Climatique, Ecologie et Politique, Vol. 2, No. 33, pp.71–85.
Favre, P., 2005, Comprendre le monde pour le changer. Epistémologie du politique, Paris, Presses de SciencePo, p. 391.
Faye, C., Lortie, M. and Desmarais, L., 2007, Guide sur le transfert des connaissances à l’intention des chercheurs en santé et sécurité du travail, Quebec: Réseau de recherche en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec.
Fernandez, M. E., 1986, Participatory-Action-Research and the Farming Systems Ap- proach with highland Peasants, SR-CRSP technical report No. 75, Columbia, MS: University of Missouri, Department of Sociology.
Garrett, J. L. and Islam, Y., 1998, Policy Research and the Policy Process: Do the Twain ever Meet? Gatekeeper Series, No. 74, International Institute for Environ- ment and Development.
Gergen, K. I. and Gergen, M. M., 1995, From Theory to Reflexivity in Research Practice, in Steier, F., ed., Research and Reflexivity, London, UK: Sage, pp. 76–95. Glover, D., 1994, Policy Researchers and Policy Makers: Never the Twain Shall Meet?, Philippine Journal of Development, Vol. 21, No. 1–2,pp. 63–89.
Goyette, G. and Lessard-Hébert, M., 1985, La recherche-action : ses fonctions, ses fondements et son instrumentation, Rapport au Conseil québécois de la recherche sociale, Québec, Canada.
Graham, I., Logan, J., Harrison, M., Straus, S., Tetroe, J., Caswell, W. and Robin- son, N., 2006, Lost in Knowledge Translation: Time for a Map?, The Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 13–24.
Gramsci, A., 1959, Carnets de Prison, Vol. 3, Œuvres Choisies, Paris: Éditions Sociales. Groulx, L-H., 1994, Liens Recherche Et Pratique: Les Thèses En Présence’, Nouvelles Pratiques Sociales, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 35–50.
Hardt, H., 1995, The Withering of Civil Society, Social Text, No. 45, pp. 27–44.
Africa Development, Volume XLVI, No. 3, 2021
Hemsley-Brown, J., 2004, Facilitating Research Utilisation: A Cross Sector Review of Research Evidence, The International Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 534–552.
Huberman, M., 1987, Steps Toward an Integrated Model of Research Utilisation, Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilisation, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 586–611.
Huberman, M., 2002, Moving Towards the Inevitable: The Sharing of Research in Education, Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 257–268.
Huberman, M. and Gather Thurler, M., 1991, De la recherche à la pratique: Éléments de base et mode d’emploi, Berne: Lang, Collection Exploration, p. 335.
Hugon, M. A. and Seibel, C., 1988, Recherches impliquées—Recherche-action: le cas de l’éducation, Brussels: De Boeck-Wesmail.
Intal, Jr. and Pociano, S., 1999, Recherche et Politique Intégrée en Asie de l’Est, in Schnurr, J. et Holtz, S., dir., Le Défi de l’Intégration: Pour des Politiques Conver- gentes, CRDI, pp. 271–298.
Knott, J. and Wildavsky, A., 1980, If Dissemination Is the Solution, What Is The Problem?, Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilisation, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 537–78. Kohn, R. C., 2001, Les Positions Enchevêtrées du Praticien-Qui-Devient Chercheur, dans Mackiewicz, M.-P., éd., Praticien et chercheur. Parcours dans le champ social, Paris: L’Harmattan, pp. 15–38.
Landry, R., Amara, N. and Lamari, L., 2001, Utilisation of Social Science Research Knowledge in Canada, Research Policy, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 333–349.
Landry, R., Lamari, M. and Amara, N., 2000, Évaluation de l’utilisation de la recherche Sociale Subventionnée par le CQRS, Chaire FCRSS/CHSRF sur la dissémination de la recherche, Université de Laval, Québec, Canada, p. 320.
Landry, R., Lamari M. and Amara N., 2003, The Extent and Determinants of the Utilisation of University Research in Government Agencies, Public Administra- tion Review, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 192–205.
Larsen, J. K., 1980, Review Essay. Knowledge Utilisation: What Is It?, Science Com- munication, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 421–442.
Lemire, N., Souffez, K. and Laurendeau, M-C, 2009, Animer un Processus De Transfert Des Connaissances, Quebec: Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, p. 69. Lomas, J., 1997, Research and Evidence-Based Decision Making, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, No. 21, pp. 439–441.
Love, J-M., 1985, Knowledge Transfer and Utilisation in Education, Review of Research in Education, No. 12, pp. 337–386.
McClintock, D., Ison R. and Armson, R., 2003, Metaphors for Reflecting On Research Practice: Researching With People, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 715–731.
Mitton, C., Adair, C. E., McKenzie, E., Patton, S. B. and Waye Perry, B., 2007, Knowledge Transfer and Exchange: Review and Synthesis Of The Literature, The Milbank Quarterly, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 729–768.
Mondada, L., 2003, Le langage en action, dans Missote P. et Mesnier, P. M., dir.,La recherche-action, une autre manière de chercher, se former, transformer, Paris: L’Harmattan, pp. 69–90.
El Morchid & Hourmat Allah: The Use of Social Science Research National Advisory Council on Innovation (NACI), 2003, Utilisation of Research Findings: Extent, Dynamics and Strategies, A Synthesis Report, South Africa (https://bit.ly/3haeSKX). Accessed 11 September 2019.
Neilson, S., 2001, Knowledge Utilisation and Public Policy Processes: A Literature Review, Ottawa: Evaluation Unit, International Development Research Council. Neville, J. and Warren, B., 1986. The
Dissemination and Use of Innovative Knowl- edge, The Journal of Product InnovationManagement, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 127–135.
Orlandi, M., 1996., Health Promotion Technology Transfer: Organisational Perspec- tives, Canadian Journal of Public Health, Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 28–33.
Perrault Soliveres, A., 2001, Praticien-Chercheur: Défricher La Nuit, dans Mac- kiewicz, M.-P., éd., Praticien Et Chercheur. Parcours Dans Le Champ Social, Paris: L’Harmattan, pp. 41–53.
Rashid, I., 1997, Subaltern Reactions: Lumpens, Students and the Left, Africa Development, Vol. 12, Nos. 3 and 4, pp. 19–43.
Said, E. W., 1994, Representations of the Intellectual: The 1993 Reith Lectures, New York: Vintage Books.
Scullion, P., 2002, Effective Dissemination Strategies, Nurse Researcher, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 65–11.
Sosik, J., Kahai, S. and Piovoso, M., 2009, Silver Bullet or Voodoo Statistics? A Primer for Using the Partial Least Squares Data Analytic Technique in Group and Organ- isation Research, Group and Organisation Management, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 5–36. Stone, D., Maxwell, S. and Keating, M., 2001, Bridging Research and Policy, Back- ground paper presented for an international workshop funded by the UK Depart- ment for International Development, Radcliffe House, Warwick University, July 16-17 (https://bit.ly/3AyqDT8). Accessed 25 September 2019.
Sunesson, S., Nilsson, K., Ericson, B. and Johansson, B-M., 1989, Intervening Factors in the Utilisation of Social Research, Knowledge in Society: The International Journal of Knowledge Transfer, No. 2, pp. 42–56.
Weiss, C-H., 1979, The Many Meanings of Research Utilisation, Public Administration Review, No. 29, pp. 426–431.