2 - Emergence: The Indelible Face of Artistic Creativity in the Struggle for Self-Determination in Africa
Corresponding Author(s) : Penina Mlama
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 42 No 4 (2017): Afrique et développement: Numéro spécial sur : « Émergence » à l’écran et sur scène
Résumé
L’émergence a caractérisé la créativité artistique à travers l’histoire en raison de l’efficacité éprouvée de l’art en tant que moyen d’expression et d’autodétermination. Cet article examine de façon critique l’émergence dans la créativité artistique en Afrique. Le discours commence par l’émergence et la créativité artistique dans les systèmes féodaux lorsque, malgré la tentative de domination de l’art par les rois avec l’engagement d’artistes de cour, les citoyens ordinaires exprimaient leur colère ou leur mécontentement face aux injustices sociales infligés par les systèmes féodaux. Vient ensuite une discussion critique sur l’utilisation de l’émergence dans la créativité artistique en réponse à l’esclavage et au colonialisme, de même que ces systèmes brutaux qui ont ébranlé les fondements socio-économiques des sociétés africaines. L’émergence dans la créativité artistique a prévalu au-delà du colonialisme, les Africains devenant victimes d’exploitation de la part des dirigeants nationalists qui ont pris le pouvoir dans l’Afrique post-indépendante. Une question clé soulevée est de savoir si l’asservissement de l’Afrique au capitalisme marque la fin de l’émergence dans la créativité artistique, longtemps la marque indélébile de l’autodétermination.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Askew, K. M., 2002, Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Boal, A., 2000, The Theater of the Oppressed, London: Pluto Press.
- Boon, R., & Plastow, J. Eds. 2004, Theatre and Empowerment: Community Drama on the World Stage, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Banham Ed., 1994, A History of Theatre in Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (pp. 247-264).
- Cabral, A., 1980, Unity and Struggle. London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. Eyoh, H. N., (Ed.), 2000, The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre, Africa, London & New York: Routledge, (pp. 17-29).
- Epskamp, K., 2006, Theatre for Development: An Introduction to Context, Applications and Training, London & New York: Zed Books.
- Etherton, M., 1982, The Development of African Drama, Essex: The Anchor Press Ltd. Eyoh, H. N., 1984, Hammocks to Bridges: An Experience in Theatre for Development. Yaounde: Yaounde University Research Publication.
- Ibbot, R., 2014, Ujamaa, The Hidden Story of Tanzania’s Socialist Villages, London: Crossroads Books.
- Kerr, D., 1995, African Popular Theatre: From Pre-Colonial Times to the Present Day, London: James Currey Ltd.
- Lange, S., 2002, “Managing Modernity, Gender, State and Nation in the Popular Drama of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania”, Ph.D. diss., University of Bergen.
- Lihamba, A., 1985, Politics and Theatre After the Arusha Declaration, 1967-1984. PhD Thesis: University of Leeds.
- Lihamba, A., 2004, “Tanzania”, In M. Banham (Ed.), A History of Theatre in Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (pp. 233-246).
- Materego, G. R., 2008, Sanaa kwa Maendeleo: Stadi, Mbinu na Mazoezi, Moshi: Viva Productions.
- Maxine Haven, 2010, Privatizing Creativity: The Ruse of Creative Capitalism, http://artthreat.net, retrieved: 10 October 2010.
- Mlama, P. O., 1985, Tanzania’s Cultural Policy and Its Implications for the Contribution of the Arts to Socialist Development, Utafiti Vol. 7 (1), 9-19.
- Mlama, P., 1991, Culture and Development: The Popular Theatre Approach to Africa, Uppsala: Scandnavian Institute of African Studies.
- Morton, E., 2014, “The controversial Senegalese Monument built by North Korean Propaganda Artists”, Atlas Obscura, New York: Atlas Obscura.
- Mulokozi, M., 2002, The African Epic Controversy: Historical, Philosophical and Aesthetic Perspectives on Epic Poetry and Performance, Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.
- Korean Propaganda Artists, http//www.Slate.com/blogs/atlas_obscura Ranger, T., 1975, Dance and Society in Eastern Africa 1890-1970, Nairobi: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd.
- Ricard, A., 2000, Ebrahim Hussein: Swahili Theatre and Individualism, Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota Publication.
- Riccio, T., 2001, “Tanzanian Theatre: From Marx to Marketplace”, The Drama Review 45,1 (T169) , 128-152.
- Rodney, W., 1972, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.
- Semzaba, E., 1983, Trends in Modern Theatre Movement, MA Thesis: University of Dar es Salaam.
- Sherrif, A., et al., 2016, Transition from Slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Shule,V., 2010, “Beyond Socialism: Tanzanian Theatre, Neoliberalism and Foreign Aid Complexity”, Phd Thesis: Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz.
- Nyerere Resource Center, 2015, “Kunakucha Kulichele na Kulala Kukomele”, Kavazi Occassional Papers, Dar es Salaam.
- Songoyi, E., 1990, The Artist and the State in Tanzania: A Study of Two Singers; Kalikali and Mwinamila, MA (Literature) Thesis: University of Dar es Salaam.
- Real life Histories – http://www.realhistories.org.uk Wedgwood Manufactory, 1787, The Anti-slavery Medallion, Staffordshire.
Les références
Askew, K. M., 2002, Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Boal, A., 2000, The Theater of the Oppressed, London: Pluto Press.
Boon, R., & Plastow, J. Eds. 2004, Theatre and Empowerment: Community Drama on the World Stage, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Banham Ed., 1994, A History of Theatre in Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (pp. 247-264).
Cabral, A., 1980, Unity and Struggle. London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. Eyoh, H. N., (Ed.), 2000, The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre, Africa, London & New York: Routledge, (pp. 17-29).
Epskamp, K., 2006, Theatre for Development: An Introduction to Context, Applications and Training, London & New York: Zed Books.
Etherton, M., 1982, The Development of African Drama, Essex: The Anchor Press Ltd. Eyoh, H. N., 1984, Hammocks to Bridges: An Experience in Theatre for Development. Yaounde: Yaounde University Research Publication.
Ibbot, R., 2014, Ujamaa, The Hidden Story of Tanzania’s Socialist Villages, London: Crossroads Books.
Kerr, D., 1995, African Popular Theatre: From Pre-Colonial Times to the Present Day, London: James Currey Ltd.
Lange, S., 2002, “Managing Modernity, Gender, State and Nation in the Popular Drama of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania”, Ph.D. diss., University of Bergen.
Lihamba, A., 1985, Politics and Theatre After the Arusha Declaration, 1967-1984. PhD Thesis: University of Leeds.
Lihamba, A., 2004, “Tanzania”, In M. Banham (Ed.), A History of Theatre in Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (pp. 233-246).
Materego, G. R., 2008, Sanaa kwa Maendeleo: Stadi, Mbinu na Mazoezi, Moshi: Viva Productions.
Maxine Haven, 2010, Privatizing Creativity: The Ruse of Creative Capitalism, http://artthreat.net, retrieved: 10 October 2010.
Mlama, P. O., 1985, Tanzania’s Cultural Policy and Its Implications for the Contribution of the Arts to Socialist Development, Utafiti Vol. 7 (1), 9-19.
Mlama, P., 1991, Culture and Development: The Popular Theatre Approach to Africa, Uppsala: Scandnavian Institute of African Studies.
Morton, E., 2014, “The controversial Senegalese Monument built by North Korean Propaganda Artists”, Atlas Obscura, New York: Atlas Obscura.
Mulokozi, M., 2002, The African Epic Controversy: Historical, Philosophical and Aesthetic Perspectives on Epic Poetry and Performance, Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.
Korean Propaganda Artists, http//www.Slate.com/blogs/atlas_obscura Ranger, T., 1975, Dance and Society in Eastern Africa 1890-1970, Nairobi: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd.
Ricard, A., 2000, Ebrahim Hussein: Swahili Theatre and Individualism, Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota Publication.
Riccio, T., 2001, “Tanzanian Theatre: From Marx to Marketplace”, The Drama Review 45,1 (T169) , 128-152.
Rodney, W., 1972, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.
Semzaba, E., 1983, Trends in Modern Theatre Movement, MA Thesis: University of Dar es Salaam.
Sherrif, A., et al., 2016, Transition from Slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Shule,V., 2010, “Beyond Socialism: Tanzanian Theatre, Neoliberalism and Foreign Aid Complexity”, Phd Thesis: Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz.
Nyerere Resource Center, 2015, “Kunakucha Kulichele na Kulala Kukomele”, Kavazi Occassional Papers, Dar es Salaam.
Songoyi, E., 1990, The Artist and the State in Tanzania: A Study of Two Singers; Kalikali and Mwinamila, MA (Literature) Thesis: University of Dar es Salaam.
Real life Histories – http://www.realhistories.org.uk Wedgwood Manufactory, 1787, The Anti-slavery Medallion, Staffordshire.