7 - ‘I am an African’: A Critical Examination of the Politics of Transnational Identity within the Context of African Integration
Corresponding Author(s) : Babatunde Fagbayibo
Africa Development,
Vol. 41 No. 2 (2016): Africa Development
Abstract
When an African asserts that ‘I am an African’, at what point can it be established that such a statement is directly influenced by his or her identification with integration initiatives at either the regional and/or continental levels? This article explores the identity-regional integration interface by situating the variables that inform or shape such a nexus. The article argues that such identity rests on certain structural contingencies, which are either inchoate or non-existent in the African context. The dearth of empirical data to capture the trend of transnational identification, limited civil society participation, and stunted development of regional integration process are diminishing factors. Ensuring the structural contingencies of transnational identification require more than the emotive appeal of pan-Africanism. It is in this context that this article offers the specific measures that can help enhance and strengthen the strategic nexus between regional integration and transnational identification in Africa.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- African Economic Community Treaty, 1991.
- African Network on Debt and Development (AFRODAD), the Open Society Institute African Governance Monitoring and Advocacy Agency (AfriMap) and Oxfam GB, 2007, Towards a People-driven African Union: Current Obstacles and New Opportunities (http://www.afrimap.org/Report/Towards+a+People Driven+African+Union%3A+Current+Obstacles+and+New+Opportunities) 10 July 2014.
- African Union Constitutive Act, 2001.
- Afrobarometer, 2003, Africa’s Views of International Organisations,
- Afrobarometer Briefing Paper No. 8. (http://www.afrobarometer.org/publications/afrobarometer-briefing-papers/item/344-africans-views-ofinternational-organizations) 10 August 2015.
- Afrobarometer, 2008, East African Federation: Tanzanians Favour Greater Economic Integration, but Wary of Stronger Political Links, Afrobarometer Briefing Paper No. 54. (http://www.afrobarometer.org/publications/afrobarometer-briefing-papers/item/286-integration-in-east-africa-uninformedkenyans-oppose-political-federation) 10 August 2015.
- Afrobarometer, 2010, Integration in East Africa: Uninformed Kenyans Oppose Political Federation, Afrobarometer Briefing Paper No. 90. (http://www.afrobarometer.org/publications/afrobarometer-briefing-papers/item/286-integration-in-east-africa-uninformed-kenyans-oppose-political-federation) 10 August 2015.
- Akinyemi, B., 1982, ‘Africa - Challenges and Responses: A foreign Policy Perspective’, Daedalus, Vol. 111, No. 2, pp. 243-254.
- Akinyemi, B., 2008, Kwame Nkrumah and Pan-Africanism, (http://allafrica.com/ stories/200810150524.html) 08 August 2015.
- Asante, S., 1997, Regionalism and Africa’s Development, London: Macmillan.
- Buchanan-Clarke, S. and Lekalake R., 2015, Support for the International Criminal Court in Africa: Evidence from Kenya, Afrobarometer Policy Paper No. 23 (http://www.afrobarometer.org/publications/pp23-support-internationalcriminal-court-africa-evidence-kenya) 25 August 2015.
- Duchesne, S., 2012, ‘National Identification, Social Belonging and Questions on European Identity’, in R. Friedman and M. Thiel (eds.) European Identity and Culture: Narratives of Transnational Belonging, England: Ashgate, pp. 53-74.
- Economic Commission for Africa, African Union and the African Development Bank, 2012, Assessing Regional Integration in Africa V: Towards an African Continental Free Trade Area, Addis Ababa: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
- Fagbayibo, B., 2011, If Music Be the Food of Unity, Never Stop Playing (http://afrothoughts.wordpress.com/2011/07/01/if-music-be-the-food-of-unitynever-stop-playing-by-babatunde-fagbayibo/) 20 August 2015.
- Fagbayibo, B., 2013a, ‘In Search of Nuanced Methods of Assessing African Integration’, Politeia Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 59-73.
- Fagbayibo, B., 2013b, ‘Looking Back, Thinking Forward: Understanding the Feasibility of Normative Supranationalism in the African Union’, South African Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 411-426.
- Frykman, J., 2001, ‘Belonging in Europe: Modern Identities in Minds and Places’ in P. Niedermuller and B. Stoklund (eds.) Europe: Cultural Constructionsand Reality, University of Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
- Gaggio, D., 2012, ‘Tourism, Transnationalism, and the Construction of Everyday’ in R. Friedman, and M. Thiel, (eds.) European Identity and Culture: Narratives of Transnational Belonging, England: Ashgate, pp. 157-174.
- Haas, E., 1958, The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social and Economic Forces 1950-1957, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Hooghe, L. and Marks, G., 2005, ‘Calculation, Communities and Cues: Public Opinion on European Integration’, European Union Politics, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 419-443.
- Karega, R., 2009, Benefits Experienced by Ordinary Citizens from East African Community (EAC) Regional Integration (http://www.eac.int/news/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=82&Itemid=78) 18 August 2015.
- Kennedy, M., 2012, ‘Cultural Formations of the European Union: Integration, Enlargement, Nation and Crisis’ in R. Friedman and M. Thiel, (eds.) European Identity and Culture: Narratives of Transnational Belonging, England: Ashgate, pp. 17-50
- Koser, K., 2014, The Four Main Barriers to Talent Mobility in Africa. (http://forumblog.org/2014/06/africa-talent-mobility-barriers/) Accessed 25 August 2015.
- Legum, C., 1962, Pan Africanism: A Short Political Guide, London: Pall Mall Press.
- Massey, D., 2002, ‘A Brief History of Human Society: The Origin and Role of Emotion in Social Life: The Presidential Address’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 1-29.
- Mazrui, A., 1963, ‘On the Concept of "We are all Africans"’, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 88-97.
- Mazrui, A., 2002, ‘Who are Africans: Identity in Search of Unity’, in T. Falola, R.
- Laremont, and T. Seghatolislami (eds.) African Redefined: Collected Essays of Ali. A. Mazrui, Vol. 1, New Jersey: Africa World Press Incorporated.
- Moravcsik, A., 1993, ‘Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach’, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 473-524.
- Murithi, T., 2005, The African Union: Pan-Africanism, Peace-building and Development, Hampshire, England: Ashgate.
- Ncube, M., 2013, Visa Restrictions and Economic Consequences in Africa (http://www.afdb.org/en/blogs/afdb-championing-inclusive-growth-across-africa/post/visa-restrictions-and-economic-consequences-in-africa-11987/) 20 August 2015.
- Nicol, A., 1977, ‘The Meaning of Africa’ in R. Weaver and J. Bruchac (eds.) Aftermath: An Anthology of Poems in English from Africa, Asia, and theCaribbean, New York: Greenfield Review Press.Nye, J., 1966, Pan-Africanism and East African Integration, Oxford: Oxford University.
- Nyerere, J., 1963, ‘A United States of Africa’, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-6.
- Ochwada, H., 2004, ‘Rethinking East African Integration: From Economic to Political and from State to Civil Society’, Africa Development, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 53-79.
- Prairie, M., 2007, (ed.) Thomas Sankara Speaks: The Burkina Faso Revolution (1983-1987), New York: Pathfinder Press.
- Roose, J., 2012, ‘How European is European Identiûcation? Comparing Continental Identiûcation in Europe and Beyond’, Journal of Common Market Studies Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 281-297.
- Soderbaum, F., 2007, ‘Regionalisation and Civil Society: The Case of Southern Africa’, New Political Economy, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 319-337.
- Tafjel, R., 1978, Differentiation between Social Groups, London: Academic Press.
- Thiel, M., and Friedman, R., 2012, ‘Introduction: Cultural and Narratives of Transnational Belonging’ in R. Friedman, and M. Thiel (eds.) European Identity and Culture: Narratives of Transnational Belonging, England: Ashgate, pp. 1-16.
- Thompson, V., 1969, Africa and Unity: The Evolution of Pan-Africanism, London: Longman.
References
African Economic Community Treaty, 1991.
African Network on Debt and Development (AFRODAD), the Open Society Institute African Governance Monitoring and Advocacy Agency (AfriMap) and Oxfam GB, 2007, Towards a People-driven African Union: Current Obstacles and New Opportunities (http://www.afrimap.org/Report/Towards+a+People Driven+African+Union%3A+Current+Obstacles+and+New+Opportunities) 10 July 2014.
African Union Constitutive Act, 2001.
Afrobarometer, 2003, Africa’s Views of International Organisations,
Afrobarometer Briefing Paper No. 8. (http://www.afrobarometer.org/publications/afrobarometer-briefing-papers/item/344-africans-views-ofinternational-organizations) 10 August 2015.
Afrobarometer, 2008, East African Federation: Tanzanians Favour Greater Economic Integration, but Wary of Stronger Political Links, Afrobarometer Briefing Paper No. 54. (http://www.afrobarometer.org/publications/afrobarometer-briefing-papers/item/286-integration-in-east-africa-uninformedkenyans-oppose-political-federation) 10 August 2015.
Afrobarometer, 2010, Integration in East Africa: Uninformed Kenyans Oppose Political Federation, Afrobarometer Briefing Paper No. 90. (http://www.afrobarometer.org/publications/afrobarometer-briefing-papers/item/286-integration-in-east-africa-uninformed-kenyans-oppose-political-federation) 10 August 2015.
Akinyemi, B., 1982, ‘Africa - Challenges and Responses: A foreign Policy Perspective’, Daedalus, Vol. 111, No. 2, pp. 243-254.
Akinyemi, B., 2008, Kwame Nkrumah and Pan-Africanism, (http://allafrica.com/ stories/200810150524.html) 08 August 2015.
Asante, S., 1997, Regionalism and Africa’s Development, London: Macmillan.
Buchanan-Clarke, S. and Lekalake R., 2015, Support for the International Criminal Court in Africa: Evidence from Kenya, Afrobarometer Policy Paper No. 23 (http://www.afrobarometer.org/publications/pp23-support-internationalcriminal-court-africa-evidence-kenya) 25 August 2015.
Duchesne, S., 2012, ‘National Identification, Social Belonging and Questions on European Identity’, in R. Friedman and M. Thiel (eds.) European Identity and Culture: Narratives of Transnational Belonging, England: Ashgate, pp. 53-74.
Economic Commission for Africa, African Union and the African Development Bank, 2012, Assessing Regional Integration in Africa V: Towards an African Continental Free Trade Area, Addis Ababa: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
Fagbayibo, B., 2011, If Music Be the Food of Unity, Never Stop Playing (http://afrothoughts.wordpress.com/2011/07/01/if-music-be-the-food-of-unitynever-stop-playing-by-babatunde-fagbayibo/) 20 August 2015.
Fagbayibo, B., 2013a, ‘In Search of Nuanced Methods of Assessing African Integration’, Politeia Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 59-73.
Fagbayibo, B., 2013b, ‘Looking Back, Thinking Forward: Understanding the Feasibility of Normative Supranationalism in the African Union’, South African Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 411-426.
Frykman, J., 2001, ‘Belonging in Europe: Modern Identities in Minds and Places’ in P. Niedermuller and B. Stoklund (eds.) Europe: Cultural Constructionsand Reality, University of Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
Gaggio, D., 2012, ‘Tourism, Transnationalism, and the Construction of Everyday’ in R. Friedman, and M. Thiel, (eds.) European Identity and Culture: Narratives of Transnational Belonging, England: Ashgate, pp. 157-174.
Haas, E., 1958, The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social and Economic Forces 1950-1957, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Hooghe, L. and Marks, G., 2005, ‘Calculation, Communities and Cues: Public Opinion on European Integration’, European Union Politics, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 419-443.
Karega, R., 2009, Benefits Experienced by Ordinary Citizens from East African Community (EAC) Regional Integration (http://www.eac.int/news/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=82&Itemid=78) 18 August 2015.
Kennedy, M., 2012, ‘Cultural Formations of the European Union: Integration, Enlargement, Nation and Crisis’ in R. Friedman and M. Thiel, (eds.) European Identity and Culture: Narratives of Transnational Belonging, England: Ashgate, pp. 17-50
Koser, K., 2014, The Four Main Barriers to Talent Mobility in Africa. (http://forumblog.org/2014/06/africa-talent-mobility-barriers/) Accessed 25 August 2015.
Legum, C., 1962, Pan Africanism: A Short Political Guide, London: Pall Mall Press.
Massey, D., 2002, ‘A Brief History of Human Society: The Origin and Role of Emotion in Social Life: The Presidential Address’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 1-29.
Mazrui, A., 1963, ‘On the Concept of "We are all Africans"’, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 88-97.
Mazrui, A., 2002, ‘Who are Africans: Identity in Search of Unity’, in T. Falola, R.
Laremont, and T. Seghatolislami (eds.) African Redefined: Collected Essays of Ali. A. Mazrui, Vol. 1, New Jersey: Africa World Press Incorporated.
Moravcsik, A., 1993, ‘Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach’, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 473-524.
Murithi, T., 2005, The African Union: Pan-Africanism, Peace-building and Development, Hampshire, England: Ashgate.
Ncube, M., 2013, Visa Restrictions and Economic Consequences in Africa (http://www.afdb.org/en/blogs/afdb-championing-inclusive-growth-across-africa/post/visa-restrictions-and-economic-consequences-in-africa-11987/) 20 August 2015.
Nicol, A., 1977, ‘The Meaning of Africa’ in R. Weaver and J. Bruchac (eds.) Aftermath: An Anthology of Poems in English from Africa, Asia, and theCaribbean, New York: Greenfield Review Press.Nye, J., 1966, Pan-Africanism and East African Integration, Oxford: Oxford University.
Nyerere, J., 1963, ‘A United States of Africa’, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-6.
Ochwada, H., 2004, ‘Rethinking East African Integration: From Economic to Political and from State to Civil Society’, Africa Development, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 53-79.
Prairie, M., 2007, (ed.) Thomas Sankara Speaks: The Burkina Faso Revolution (1983-1987), New York: Pathfinder Press.
Roose, J., 2012, ‘How European is European Identiûcation? Comparing Continental Identiûcation in Europe and Beyond’, Journal of Common Market Studies Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 281-297.
Soderbaum, F., 2007, ‘Regionalisation and Civil Society: The Case of Southern Africa’, New Political Economy, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 319-337.
Tafjel, R., 1978, Differentiation between Social Groups, London: Academic Press.
Thiel, M., and Friedman, R., 2012, ‘Introduction: Cultural and Narratives of Transnational Belonging’ in R. Friedman, and M. Thiel (eds.) European Identity and Culture: Narratives of Transnational Belonging, England: Ashgate, pp. 1-16.
Thompson, V., 1969, Africa and Unity: The Evolution of Pan-Africanism, London: Longman.