5 - The Role of Trust as an Informal Institution in the Informal Sector in Africa
Corresponding Author(s) : Levy Charles Odera
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 38 No 3-4 (2013): Afrique et développement
Résumé
L’étude analyse la question inexplorée de la confiance qui, lorsqu’elle est perçue comme une institution informelle, joue un rôle important dans les opérations commerciales qui rythment le secteur informel en comblant le vide créé par l’absence d’institutions formelles. L’étude compile des « images ponctuelles » présentées par d’autres études qui soulignent le rôle important de la confiance dans le secteur informel. Selon la perspective de l’auteur, les institutions informelles constituent le terreau fertile à l’existence de la confiance. Dans ce même cadre, l’auteur réchampit ensuite le rôle de la confiance en tant qu’institution informelle dont le secteur informel en Afrique se sert dans ses opérations commerciales. Cette étude analyse la confiance à l’aune de deux dimensions principales, à savoir: la dimension Réseaux Sociaux et la dimension Coopération entre Entreprises. L’étude s’articule autour de quatre principales sections: la première partie présente une vue d’ensemble du secteur informel, la deuxième section analyse la dimension Réseaux Sociaux, la troisième section analyse la dimension Coopération entre Entreprises, et la quatrième partie conclut en émettant l’hypothèse de l’existence d’un lien de causalité entre la confiance, les deux dimensions, et le développement socio-économique.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Alila, Patrick O., 2001, ‘Micro- and Small Enterprises: Policies and Development’, in Patrick O. Alila and Paul Ove Pederse, eds., Negotiating Social Space: East African Micro Enterprises, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
- Ayee, Joseph R. A., 2007, ‘Building Tax Compliance through Reciprocity with Government’, University of Ghana, Typescript.
- Azuma, Yoshiaki, and Herschel I. Grossman, 2007, ‘A Theory of the Informal Sector’, Working Paper 8823: National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Billetoft, Jorgen, 1996, ‘Between Industrialization and Income Generation: The Dilemma of Support for Micro Activities. A Policy Study of Kenya and Bangladesh’, Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research.
- Brattons, M., 2007, ‘Formal Versus Informal Institutions in Africa’, Journal of Democracy, 18: 96-110.
- Chirisa, Innocent, 2007, ‘Informal Sector Styles for Livelihoods in Harare to Date: Towards Consensus Building in Urban Economics’, www.livelihoods.org/emailupdate/docs/DecemberUpdate06%20.doc
- Coleman, J. S., 1988, ‘Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital’, American Journal of Sociology, 94: 95-120.
- CIA, 2008, World Fact Book, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/so.html
- Eeckhout, Marion, 2006, ‘The Disconnect between Formal and Informal Institutions for the Firm Sector in Tanzania’, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/ 33/14/37867208.pps
- Ekpo, A., and Umoh, J., 2008, ‘The Informal Sector’, http://www.onlinenigeria.com/economies
- Emmeriji, Louis, 1991, Introduction to The Informal Sector In The 1980s and 1990s, by Harold Lubell, 9, Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
- Fafchamps, Michael, 1999, ‘Networks, Communities, and Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Firm Growth and Investment’, Working Paper 99-24: Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
- Fafchamps, Michael, 1996, ‘The Enforcement of Commercial Contracts in Ghana’, World Development, 24 (3): 427-448.
- Fapohunda, Olanrewaju J., 1985, The Informal Sector of Lagos: An Inquiry into Urban Poverty and Employment, Lagos: University Press Limited.
- Fukuyama, Francis, 1995, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, New York: Free Press.
- Hohmann, H. and Welter, F., 2004, ‘Trust and Entrepreneurial Behavior: Entrepreneurial Strategies and Trust, Structure and Evolution of Entrepreneurial Behavioral Patterns in «Low Trust» and «High Trust» Environments of East and West Europe’, Working Paper 54. Bremen: Research Centre for East European Studies.
- Humphrey, John and Hubert Schmitz, 1996, ‘Trust and Economic Development’, IDS Discussion Paper 355, Sussex: Institution of Development Studies.
- Hyden, Goran, 2006, African Politics in Comparative Perspective, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- ILO/JASPA, 1982, The Informal Sector in Africa, Geneva: International Labour Office.
- Kilby, Philip, 1969, Industrialization in an Open Economy: Nigeria, 1945 - 1966, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Kimuyu, Peter, 1997, ‘Enterprise Attributes and Corporate Disputes in Kenya’, Discussion Paper No. DP 001/97, Nairobi: Institute of Policy Analysis and Research.
- King, Kenneth, 2001, ‘Africa’s Informal Economies: Thirty Years on’, SAIS Review, Vol. XXI, 1, (Winter-Spring): 97-108.
- Little, Peter D., 2003, Somalia: Economy without State, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
- Lyon, Fergus, 2005, ‘Managing Co-operation: Trust and Power in Ghana Associations’, Organization Studies, 27 (November): 31-52.
- Lyons, Michal, and Simon Snoxell, 2005, ‘Creating Urban Social Capital: Some Evidence from Informal Traders in Nairobi’, Urban Studies, 42 (June): 1077- 1097.
- Macharia, Kinuthia, 1997, Social and Political Dynamics of the Informal Economy in African Cities: Nairobi and Harare, New York: University Press of America.
- Macharia, Kinuthia, 1991, Social Networks: Ethnicity and the Informal Sector in Nairobi, Boston: Harvard University Press.
- Mahadallah, Hassan O., 2003, ‘Review of Somalia: Economy without State’, by Peter Little. Baton Rouge: Southern University.
- Mayoux, Linda, 2001, ‘Tackling the Down Side: Social Capital, Women’s Empowerment and Micro-Finance in Cameroon’, Development and Change, 32 (June): 435-464.
- Mhone, Guy C. Z., ed., 1996, The Informal Sector in Southern Africa: An Analysis of Conceptual, Research and Policy Issues, Harare: Sapes Books.
- Mkandawire, Thandika, 1999, ‘Developmental States and Small Enterprises’, in eds., Enterprise in Africa: Between Poverty and Growth, Kenneth King and Simon Grath, London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
- Mofokeng, Crecentina, 2005, ‘The Informal Economy in Africa and its Impact on Women’, Paper presented at the Symposium on Women’s Rights and the Role of Women in Africa, Canada, October 3.
- Mubarak, Jamil, 1997, ‘The «Hidden Hand» Behind the Resilience of the Stateless Economy of Somalia’, World Development, 25 (12): 2027-2041.
- Ninsin, Kwame A., 1991, The Informal Sector in Ghana’s Political Economy, Accra: Freedom Publications.
- North, Douglass C., 1990, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Pedersen, Paul O., 2001, ‘East African Micro-enterprises Negotiating Social Space: An Introduction’, in Patrick O. Alila and Paul Ove Pedersen, eds., Negotiating Social Space: East African Micro Enterprises, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
- Pedersen, Paul O., and Dorothy McCormick, 1999, ‘African Business Systems in a Globalizing World’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 37 (1): 109-135.
- Portes, A., Castells, M. and Benton, L. A., eds., 1989, The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries, London: The John Hopkins University Press.
- Putnam, Robert D., 1993, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Putnam, Robert D., 1995, ‘Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital’, Journal of Democracy, 6 (1): 65-78.
- Radaev, V., 2002, ‘How Trust is Established in Economic Relationships When Institutions and Individuals Are Not Trustworthy’, Paper presented at the Workshop on Trust and Honesty, Collegium: Budapest.
- Sananikone, Ousa, 1996, ‘Informal Sector and Microfinance Institutions in Chad’, in Leila Webster and Peter Fidler, eds., Informal Sector and Microfinance Institutions in West Africa, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
- Sandefur, Justin and Francis Teal, 2007, ‘Understanding the Informal and Formal Sector in Africa: A Note’, Centre for the Study of African Economies: University of Oxford.
- Sapovadia, Vrajlal K., 2006, ‘Micro Finance: The Pillars of a Tool to Socio-Economic Development’, Development Gateway.
- Sorensen, Pernille, 2001, ‘Trust – A Cornerstone in Trade: The Economic Universe of the Iganga Maize-Traders in Uganda’, in Negotiating Social Space: East African Micro Enterprises, eds., Patrick O. Alila and Paul Ove Pedersen, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
- Tripp, Aili M., 1997, Changing The Rules: The Politics of Liberalization and the Urban Informal Economy in Tanzania, Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- United Nations, 1996, Informal Sector Development in Africa, United Nations: New York.
- Verhoef, Grietjie, 2001, ‘Informal Financial Service Institutions for Survival: African Women and Stokvels in Urban South Africa, 1930-1998’, Enterprise and Society, 2 (June): 259-269.
- Webster, Leila, and Peter Fidler, eds., 1996, The Informal Sector and Microfinance Institutions in West Africa, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
- World Bank, 2007, The Concept of the Informal Sector, World Bank Group, http:/ /lnweb18.worldbank.org/eca/eca.nsf/Sectors/ECSPE/ 2E4EDE543787A0C085256A940073F4E4?OpenDocument
- Zirmai, Adam, 2005, The Dynamics of Socio-Economic Development: An Introduction, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Les références
Alila, Patrick O., 2001, ‘Micro- and Small Enterprises: Policies and Development’, in Patrick O. Alila and Paul Ove Pederse, eds., Negotiating Social Space: East African Micro Enterprises, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Ayee, Joseph R. A., 2007, ‘Building Tax Compliance through Reciprocity with Government’, University of Ghana, Typescript.
Azuma, Yoshiaki, and Herschel I. Grossman, 2007, ‘A Theory of the Informal Sector’, Working Paper 8823: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Billetoft, Jorgen, 1996, ‘Between Industrialization and Income Generation: The Dilemma of Support for Micro Activities. A Policy Study of Kenya and Bangladesh’, Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research.
Brattons, M., 2007, ‘Formal Versus Informal Institutions in Africa’, Journal of Democracy, 18: 96-110.
Chirisa, Innocent, 2007, ‘Informal Sector Styles for Livelihoods in Harare to Date: Towards Consensus Building in Urban Economics’, www.livelihoods.org/emailupdate/docs/DecemberUpdate06%20.doc
Coleman, J. S., 1988, ‘Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital’, American Journal of Sociology, 94: 95-120.
CIA, 2008, World Fact Book, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/so.html
Eeckhout, Marion, 2006, ‘The Disconnect between Formal and Informal Institutions for the Firm Sector in Tanzania’, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/ 33/14/37867208.pps
Ekpo, A., and Umoh, J., 2008, ‘The Informal Sector’, http://www.onlinenigeria.com/economies
Emmeriji, Louis, 1991, Introduction to The Informal Sector In The 1980s and 1990s, by Harold Lubell, 9, Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Fafchamps, Michael, 1999, ‘Networks, Communities, and Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Firm Growth and Investment’, Working Paper 99-24: Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
Fafchamps, Michael, 1996, ‘The Enforcement of Commercial Contracts in Ghana’, World Development, 24 (3): 427-448.
Fapohunda, Olanrewaju J., 1985, The Informal Sector of Lagos: An Inquiry into Urban Poverty and Employment, Lagos: University Press Limited.
Fukuyama, Francis, 1995, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, New York: Free Press.
Hohmann, H. and Welter, F., 2004, ‘Trust and Entrepreneurial Behavior: Entrepreneurial Strategies and Trust, Structure and Evolution of Entrepreneurial Behavioral Patterns in «Low Trust» and «High Trust» Environments of East and West Europe’, Working Paper 54. Bremen: Research Centre for East European Studies.
Humphrey, John and Hubert Schmitz, 1996, ‘Trust and Economic Development’, IDS Discussion Paper 355, Sussex: Institution of Development Studies.
Hyden, Goran, 2006, African Politics in Comparative Perspective, New York: Cambridge University Press.
ILO/JASPA, 1982, The Informal Sector in Africa, Geneva: International Labour Office.
Kilby, Philip, 1969, Industrialization in an Open Economy: Nigeria, 1945 - 1966, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kimuyu, Peter, 1997, ‘Enterprise Attributes and Corporate Disputes in Kenya’, Discussion Paper No. DP 001/97, Nairobi: Institute of Policy Analysis and Research.
King, Kenneth, 2001, ‘Africa’s Informal Economies: Thirty Years on’, SAIS Review, Vol. XXI, 1, (Winter-Spring): 97-108.
Little, Peter D., 2003, Somalia: Economy without State, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Lyon, Fergus, 2005, ‘Managing Co-operation: Trust and Power in Ghana Associations’, Organization Studies, 27 (November): 31-52.
Lyons, Michal, and Simon Snoxell, 2005, ‘Creating Urban Social Capital: Some Evidence from Informal Traders in Nairobi’, Urban Studies, 42 (June): 1077- 1097.
Macharia, Kinuthia, 1997, Social and Political Dynamics of the Informal Economy in African Cities: Nairobi and Harare, New York: University Press of America.
Macharia, Kinuthia, 1991, Social Networks: Ethnicity and the Informal Sector in Nairobi, Boston: Harvard University Press.
Mahadallah, Hassan O., 2003, ‘Review of Somalia: Economy without State’, by Peter Little. Baton Rouge: Southern University.
Mayoux, Linda, 2001, ‘Tackling the Down Side: Social Capital, Women’s Empowerment and Micro-Finance in Cameroon’, Development and Change, 32 (June): 435-464.
Mhone, Guy C. Z., ed., 1996, The Informal Sector in Southern Africa: An Analysis of Conceptual, Research and Policy Issues, Harare: Sapes Books.
Mkandawire, Thandika, 1999, ‘Developmental States and Small Enterprises’, in eds., Enterprise in Africa: Between Poverty and Growth, Kenneth King and Simon Grath, London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
Mofokeng, Crecentina, 2005, ‘The Informal Economy in Africa and its Impact on Women’, Paper presented at the Symposium on Women’s Rights and the Role of Women in Africa, Canada, October 3.
Mubarak, Jamil, 1997, ‘The «Hidden Hand» Behind the Resilience of the Stateless Economy of Somalia’, World Development, 25 (12): 2027-2041.
Ninsin, Kwame A., 1991, The Informal Sector in Ghana’s Political Economy, Accra: Freedom Publications.
North, Douglass C., 1990, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pedersen, Paul O., 2001, ‘East African Micro-enterprises Negotiating Social Space: An Introduction’, in Patrick O. Alila and Paul Ove Pedersen, eds., Negotiating Social Space: East African Micro Enterprises, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Pedersen, Paul O., and Dorothy McCormick, 1999, ‘African Business Systems in a Globalizing World’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 37 (1): 109-135.
Portes, A., Castells, M. and Benton, L. A., eds., 1989, The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries, London: The John Hopkins University Press.
Putnam, Robert D., 1993, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Putnam, Robert D., 1995, ‘Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital’, Journal of Democracy, 6 (1): 65-78.
Radaev, V., 2002, ‘How Trust is Established in Economic Relationships When Institutions and Individuals Are Not Trustworthy’, Paper presented at the Workshop on Trust and Honesty, Collegium: Budapest.
Sananikone, Ousa, 1996, ‘Informal Sector and Microfinance Institutions in Chad’, in Leila Webster and Peter Fidler, eds., Informal Sector and Microfinance Institutions in West Africa, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Sandefur, Justin and Francis Teal, 2007, ‘Understanding the Informal and Formal Sector in Africa: A Note’, Centre for the Study of African Economies: University of Oxford.
Sapovadia, Vrajlal K., 2006, ‘Micro Finance: The Pillars of a Tool to Socio-Economic Development’, Development Gateway.
Sorensen, Pernille, 2001, ‘Trust – A Cornerstone in Trade: The Economic Universe of the Iganga Maize-Traders in Uganda’, in Negotiating Social Space: East African Micro Enterprises, eds., Patrick O. Alila and Paul Ove Pedersen, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Tripp, Aili M., 1997, Changing The Rules: The Politics of Liberalization and the Urban Informal Economy in Tanzania, Los Angeles: University of California Press.
United Nations, 1996, Informal Sector Development in Africa, United Nations: New York.
Verhoef, Grietjie, 2001, ‘Informal Financial Service Institutions for Survival: African Women and Stokvels in Urban South Africa, 1930-1998’, Enterprise and Society, 2 (June): 259-269.
Webster, Leila, and Peter Fidler, eds., 1996, The Informal Sector and Microfinance Institutions in West Africa, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
World Bank, 2007, The Concept of the Informal Sector, World Bank Group, http:/ /lnweb18.worldbank.org/eca/eca.nsf/Sectors/ECSPE/ 2E4EDE543787A0C085256A940073F4E4?OpenDocument
Zirmai, Adam, 2005, The Dynamics of Socio-Economic Development: An Introduction, New York: Cambridge University Press.