9 - (Re)Venturing into the Public Sphere: Historical Sociology of ‘August Meeting’ among Igbo Women in Nigeria
Corresponding Author(s) : Akachi Odoemene
Africa Development,
Vol. 36 No. 2 (2011): Africa Development
Abstract
August meetings, the annual mothers’ congresses held in the month of August, witness massive home-coming of ‘Igbo women’ to their marital rural hometowns, where they unite with their rural-based colleagues for community development purposes. However, they have of recent delved into the hitherto public sphere domains exclusive to the men-folk. Indeed, these truly typify the rise of women as a social force and their conscious pursuit of development. But, how truly participatory are they? To what extent have they empowered the women-folk in the public sphere?
This study articulates the idea of the public sphere within the Igbo context and develops a comprehensive analysis and view of the agency of women’s participation therein, by focusing on their grassroots initiatives and the crucial roles they play in societal development. It analyses the history and evolution of the ‘August Meeting’, throwing light on its structure, functions and operational modes. It further demonstrates the degree of this meeting’s autonomy from men’s groups, and highlights the factors that inhibit these women in further negotiating a space in the public sphere. It concludes that the ‘August Meeting’ has a critical mandate in Igbo political affairs and re resents the socio-economic and cultural development initiative of women.
Keywords
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- Personal Communication (Oral Interviews)
- Abonyi, Chinonye (Ms); 21 years, Student (undergraduate), Nnarambia Ahiara Mbaise. Interviewed on Saturday, 9 March 2008.
- Acho, Angela (Mrs); 48 years, Secondary School Teacher and Active member of ‘August Meeting’ group in Nguru Mbaise. Interviewed on Saturday, 1 July 2006. Agbareruleke, Lovina Mmachi (Ms); 28 years, Student (undergraduate), Aboh Mbaise. Interviewed on Saturday, 9 March 2008.
- Anamelechi, Uzoma Joseph (Nze); 75 years, Retired Civil Servant, traditional title- holder (‘Red-Cap Chief’) of Ihittte Mbaise. Interviewed on Monday, 3 July 2006.
- Eberechukwu, Oluchi (Mrs); 32 years, Businesswoman, Onitcha Mbaise. Interviewed on Saturday, 16 February 2008.
- Ekwonye Judith (Lady); 68 years, Retired Head Teacher, Ezinne title-holder, Lady Knight of the Anglican Church and Leader of ‘August Meeting’ group in Otulu Amumara Mbaise. Interviewed on Saturday, 3 February 2007.
- Nwachukwu, Evelyn Ihuoma (Mrs); 58 years, Private Nursing Sister, Member ‘August Meeting’group (Umuakirika Ekwerazu). Interviewed on Saturday, 12August 2006.
- Nweke, Anthonia Oluchi (Mrs); 62 years, Businesswoman, Onicha Mbaise. Interviewed on Thursday, 31 August 2006.
- Ogbenyealu, Ugochukwu (Mr); 29 years, Car Mechanic, Umuhu Okwuato, Aboh Mbaise, Interviewed on Saturday, 16 February 2008.
- Onuoha, Justin Ikechukwu (Mr); 38 years, Sociology Lecturer, Abia State University, Uturu (Abia State). Interviewed on Wednesday, 23 December 2006.
- Ugboaja, Peter Dike (Mr); 57 years, Businessman and Community Leader, Amumara Mbaise. Interviewed on Friday, 18 August 2006.
- Uwalaka, Olaedo (Mrs); 43 years; Mbaise; Secondary School Teacher, Secretary of ‘August Meeting’ group in Otulu Amumara Mbaise. Interviewed on Friday, 18 August 2006.
- Books
- Achebe, N., 2005, Farmers, Traders, Warriors and Kings: Female Power and Authority in Northern Igboland, 1900-1960, A. Isaacmen and J.Allman,,eds, Social History of Africa Series, Portsmouth: Heinemann.
- Afigbo, A.E., 1972, The Warrant Chiefs: Indirect Rule in Southeastern Nigeria 1891-1929, New York: Humanities Press.
- Afigbo, A.E., 1981, Ropes of Sand: Studies in Igbo History and Culture, Ibadan: University Press Limited.
- Afigbo, A.E., 1990, ‘Women in Nigerian History’, in M.O. Ijere, ed., Women in Nigerian Economy, Enugu: Acena Publishers.
- Amadiume, I., 1987a, Male Daughters, Female Husbands: Gender and Sex in an African Society, London: Zed Press.
- Amadiume, I., 1987b, Afrikan Matriarchal Foundations: The Igbo Case, London: Karnak House.
- Anyanwu, U.D., 1993, ‘Gender Question in Igbo Politics’, in U.D.Anyanwu, and J.C.U. Aguwa, eds, The Igbo and the Tradition of Politics, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers.
- Beauvoir, S., 1980, ‘Introduction to the Second Sex’ (Translated by Betty Schmitz), in E. Marks, and I. Courtivron, eds, New French Feminists, New York: Schocken Books.
- Chinweizu, 1991, Anatomy of Female Power, Lagos: Pero Press.
- Collier, J.F., 1974, ‘Women in Politics’, in M.Z.Rosaldo and L. Lamphere, eds., Women, Culture and Society, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Dine, G. U., 1983, Traditional Leadership as Service among the Igbo of Nigeria (Anthropo-theological Approach), Rome: Pontifical Universita Lateranense. Ejiofor, L.U., 1981, Dynamics of Igbo Democracy: A Behavioural Analysis of Igbo Politics in Aguinyi Clan, Ibadan: University Press Limited.
- Friedl, E., 1975, Women and Men: An Anthropological View, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
- Green, M.M., 1964, Ibo Village Affairs, 2nd ed., London: Frank Cass.
- Habermas, J., 1962, (English Translation 1989) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
- Ibewuike, V.O., 2006, African Women and Religious Change: A Study of the Western Igbo of Nigeria, with a special focus on Asaba Town, Uppsala: Uppsala University Press.
- Ifemesia, C., 1979, Traditional Humane Living among the Igbo: An Historical Perspective, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers.
- Imoagene, O., 1990, The Igbo of East Central Nigeria, Ibadan: New Era Publishers. Mabogunje, A.L., 1976, Cities and African Development, Studies in the Development of African Resources 3, Ibadan: Oxford University Press.
- Meek, C.K., 1937, Law and Authority in a Nigerian Tribe, London: Oxford University Press.
- Mushanga, T.M., 2001, ‘Social and Political Aspects of Violence in Africa’, in A. Rwomire, ed., Social Problems in Africa: New Vision, Westport, CT: Praeger. Negt, O. and Kluge, A., 1993, Public Sphere and Experience: Toward an Analysis of the Bourgeois and Proletarian Public Sphere, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Njoku, E.N., 1974, Igbo Political Culture, Evaston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
- National Population Commission (NPC),1991, Nigerian Population Census Figures, Abuja: National Population Commission.
- Nwachukwu, C.B., 1993, ‘Universal Properties of Political Systems: The Case of the Igbo’, in U.D. Anyanwu and J.C.U. Aguwa, eds, The Igbo and the Tradition of Politics, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers.
- Ogbalu, F.C., 1973, Igbo Institutions and Customs, Onitsha: University Press Limited.
- Okafor, C.G., 2002, ‘African Literature and Beauvoirism: The Example of Selected Women’s Action and Women Writers’, in C.Delphy and S. Chaperon, eds, Cinquantenaire Du Deuxieme Sexe, Paris: Syllepse.
- Okafor, C., 2004, ‘Igbo Cosmology and the Parameters of Individual Accomplishments in Things Fall Apart’, in E.N. Emenyonu, ed., Emerging Perspectives on Chinua Achebe. Volume 1: Omenka the Master Artist: Critical Perspectives on Achebe’s Fiction, Trenton, NJ: African World Press.
- Okonjo, K., 1976, ‘The Dual-Sex Political System in Operation: Igbo Women and Community Politics in Midwestern Nigeria’, in N.J.Hafkin, and E.G. Bay, eds, Women in Africa, Studies in Social and Economic Change, California: Stanford University Press.
- Okpala, B., 2003, Toasting the Bride: Memoirs of Milestones to Manhood, 2nd Edition, Victoria, B.C.: Trafford Publishing.
- Osaghae, E.E., 1994, Trends in Migrant Political Organisation in Nigeria: The Igbo in Kano, Ibadan: IFRA, University of Ibadan.
- Ottenberg, S., 1962, ‘Igbo Receptivity to Change’, in W.R.Bascom, and M.J. Herskovits, eds, Continuity and Change in African Culture, Chicago: Phoenix Books and University of Chicago Press.
- Rosaldo, M.Z. and Lamphere, L., eds, 1974, Women, Culture and Society, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Smock, A.C., 1971, Ibo Politics: The Role of Ethnic Unions in Eastern Nigeria, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Smith, D.J., 2004, ‘Igbo’, in C.R. Ember and M. Ember eds, Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World’s Cultures. Volume I: Topics and Cultures A–K, Warren, MI: Springer.
- Uchendu, P.K., 1993, The Role of Nigerian Women in Politics, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers.
- Uchendu, V.C., 1965, The Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
- Wolpe, H., 1974, Urban Politics in Nigeria: A Study of Port Harcourt, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California.
- Articles
- Asen, R., 1999, ‘Toward a Normative Conception of Difference in Public Deliberation’, Argumentation and Advocacy, Vol. 25 (Winter).
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 2008, CIA World Fact Book, Internet Resource: Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ geos/ni.html. Downloaded: 19/07/2008.
- Ekejiuba, F., 1966, ‘Omu Okwei: The Merchant Queen of Osomari’, Nigeria Magazine, No. 90.
- Ezumah, N., 1988, ‘Women in Agriculture: Neglect of Rural Women’s Role’, African Notes, No. 3.
- Fraser, N., 1990, ‘Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy’, Social Text, Vol. 25, No. 26. Duke University Press.
- Harris, J.S., 1940, ‘The Position of Women in a Nigerian Society’, Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series II, Vol. 2, No. 5.
- Hauser, G., 1998, ‘Vernacular Dialogue and the Rhetoricality of Public Opinion’, Communication Monographs, Vol. 65, No. 2 (June).
- Ifedigbo, S.N., 2008, ‘August Meeting Jamboree ’08’, Internet Resource: Retrieved from http://www.saharareporters.com/www/article/detail/?id=756. Downloaded: 20/10/2008.
- Mgbeahurika, E., 2008, ‘“August Meeting”: A Festival of Sorts for South-East Women’, The Nation Newspaper, Friday, August 15.
- Nwaoko, S., 2007, ‘August Assembly in Igbo Life’, The Nigerian Tribune Newspaper, Friday, March 16.
- Nzimiro, I., 1965, ‘A Study of Mobility among the Ibos of Southern Nigeria’, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Vol. 6, No. 1.
- O’Barr, J.F., 1975, ‘Making the Invisible Visible: African Women in Politics and Policy’, African Studies Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, Women in Africa (December). Uchechukwu, C., 2001, ‘A Little Story – Responses to Dympna Ugwu-Oju’, Jenda: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies: Vol. 1, No.1.
- Uchem, R, 2003, ‘Overcoming Women’s Subordination in the Igbo African Culture and in the Catholic Church’, CriticalHalf (an Annual Journal of Women for Women International); Vol. 1, No.1. (Theme: The Impact of Religion on Women in the Development Process).
- Van Allen, J., 1972, ‘“Sitting on a Man”: Colonialism and the Lost Political Institutions of Igbo Women’, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, (Special Issue: The Roles of African Women: Past, Present and Future). Wikipedia Free Encyclopaedia (WFE), 2008, ‘Public Sphere’, Internet Resource: Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public Sphere. Downloaded: 29/
- /2008.
- Unpublished Materials
- Agara-Houessou-Adin, T., 1998, ‘The Concept of “Sitting on a Man”: Igbo Women and Political Strategies’, unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Temple University, USA.
- Ekejiuba, F., 1990, ‘The Place of Women in Igbo Society’, Paper presented at the 1990 Ahiajioku Lecture Colloquium, Owerri, Nigeria.
- Nwokocha, E.E., 2007, ‘Understanding the Misunderstanding of the Mbaise of South-Eastern Nigeria’, unpublished paper, Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Odoemene, A.C., 1997, ‘Oji Ezinihitte Cultural Festival: Legend and Legacy’, unpublished B.A. Long Essay, Department of History, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria.
References
Personal Communication (Oral Interviews)
Abonyi, Chinonye (Ms); 21 years, Student (undergraduate), Nnarambia Ahiara Mbaise. Interviewed on Saturday, 9 March 2008.
Acho, Angela (Mrs); 48 years, Secondary School Teacher and Active member of ‘August Meeting’ group in Nguru Mbaise. Interviewed on Saturday, 1 July 2006. Agbareruleke, Lovina Mmachi (Ms); 28 years, Student (undergraduate), Aboh Mbaise. Interviewed on Saturday, 9 March 2008.
Anamelechi, Uzoma Joseph (Nze); 75 years, Retired Civil Servant, traditional title- holder (‘Red-Cap Chief’) of Ihittte Mbaise. Interviewed on Monday, 3 July 2006.
Eberechukwu, Oluchi (Mrs); 32 years, Businesswoman, Onitcha Mbaise. Interviewed on Saturday, 16 February 2008.
Ekwonye Judith (Lady); 68 years, Retired Head Teacher, Ezinne title-holder, Lady Knight of the Anglican Church and Leader of ‘August Meeting’ group in Otulu Amumara Mbaise. Interviewed on Saturday, 3 February 2007.
Nwachukwu, Evelyn Ihuoma (Mrs); 58 years, Private Nursing Sister, Member ‘August Meeting’group (Umuakirika Ekwerazu). Interviewed on Saturday, 12August 2006.
Nweke, Anthonia Oluchi (Mrs); 62 years, Businesswoman, Onicha Mbaise. Interviewed on Thursday, 31 August 2006.
Ogbenyealu, Ugochukwu (Mr); 29 years, Car Mechanic, Umuhu Okwuato, Aboh Mbaise, Interviewed on Saturday, 16 February 2008.
Onuoha, Justin Ikechukwu (Mr); 38 years, Sociology Lecturer, Abia State University, Uturu (Abia State). Interviewed on Wednesday, 23 December 2006.
Ugboaja, Peter Dike (Mr); 57 years, Businessman and Community Leader, Amumara Mbaise. Interviewed on Friday, 18 August 2006.
Uwalaka, Olaedo (Mrs); 43 years; Mbaise; Secondary School Teacher, Secretary of ‘August Meeting’ group in Otulu Amumara Mbaise. Interviewed on Friday, 18 August 2006.
Books
Achebe, N., 2005, Farmers, Traders, Warriors and Kings: Female Power and Authority in Northern Igboland, 1900-1960, A. Isaacmen and J.Allman,,eds, Social History of Africa Series, Portsmouth: Heinemann.
Afigbo, A.E., 1972, The Warrant Chiefs: Indirect Rule in Southeastern Nigeria 1891-1929, New York: Humanities Press.
Afigbo, A.E., 1981, Ropes of Sand: Studies in Igbo History and Culture, Ibadan: University Press Limited.
Afigbo, A.E., 1990, ‘Women in Nigerian History’, in M.O. Ijere, ed., Women in Nigerian Economy, Enugu: Acena Publishers.
Amadiume, I., 1987a, Male Daughters, Female Husbands: Gender and Sex in an African Society, London: Zed Press.
Amadiume, I., 1987b, Afrikan Matriarchal Foundations: The Igbo Case, London: Karnak House.
Anyanwu, U.D., 1993, ‘Gender Question in Igbo Politics’, in U.D.Anyanwu, and J.C.U. Aguwa, eds, The Igbo and the Tradition of Politics, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers.
Beauvoir, S., 1980, ‘Introduction to the Second Sex’ (Translated by Betty Schmitz), in E. Marks, and I. Courtivron, eds, New French Feminists, New York: Schocken Books.
Chinweizu, 1991, Anatomy of Female Power, Lagos: Pero Press.
Collier, J.F., 1974, ‘Women in Politics’, in M.Z.Rosaldo and L. Lamphere, eds., Women, Culture and Society, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Dine, G. U., 1983, Traditional Leadership as Service among the Igbo of Nigeria (Anthropo-theological Approach), Rome: Pontifical Universita Lateranense. Ejiofor, L.U., 1981, Dynamics of Igbo Democracy: A Behavioural Analysis of Igbo Politics in Aguinyi Clan, Ibadan: University Press Limited.
Friedl, E., 1975, Women and Men: An Anthropological View, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Green, M.M., 1964, Ibo Village Affairs, 2nd ed., London: Frank Cass.
Habermas, J., 1962, (English Translation 1989) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Ibewuike, V.O., 2006, African Women and Religious Change: A Study of the Western Igbo of Nigeria, with a special focus on Asaba Town, Uppsala: Uppsala University Press.
Ifemesia, C., 1979, Traditional Humane Living among the Igbo: An Historical Perspective, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers.
Imoagene, O., 1990, The Igbo of East Central Nigeria, Ibadan: New Era Publishers. Mabogunje, A.L., 1976, Cities and African Development, Studies in the Development of African Resources 3, Ibadan: Oxford University Press.
Meek, C.K., 1937, Law and Authority in a Nigerian Tribe, London: Oxford University Press.
Mushanga, T.M., 2001, ‘Social and Political Aspects of Violence in Africa’, in A. Rwomire, ed., Social Problems in Africa: New Vision, Westport, CT: Praeger. Negt, O. and Kluge, A., 1993, Public Sphere and Experience: Toward an Analysis of the Bourgeois and Proletarian Public Sphere, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Njoku, E.N., 1974, Igbo Political Culture, Evaston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
National Population Commission (NPC),1991, Nigerian Population Census Figures, Abuja: National Population Commission.
Nwachukwu, C.B., 1993, ‘Universal Properties of Political Systems: The Case of the Igbo’, in U.D. Anyanwu and J.C.U. Aguwa, eds, The Igbo and the Tradition of Politics, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers.
Ogbalu, F.C., 1973, Igbo Institutions and Customs, Onitsha: University Press Limited.
Okafor, C.G., 2002, ‘African Literature and Beauvoirism: The Example of Selected Women’s Action and Women Writers’, in C.Delphy and S. Chaperon, eds, Cinquantenaire Du Deuxieme Sexe, Paris: Syllepse.
Okafor, C., 2004, ‘Igbo Cosmology and the Parameters of Individual Accomplishments in Things Fall Apart’, in E.N. Emenyonu, ed., Emerging Perspectives on Chinua Achebe. Volume 1: Omenka the Master Artist: Critical Perspectives on Achebe’s Fiction, Trenton, NJ: African World Press.
Okonjo, K., 1976, ‘The Dual-Sex Political System in Operation: Igbo Women and Community Politics in Midwestern Nigeria’, in N.J.Hafkin, and E.G. Bay, eds, Women in Africa, Studies in Social and Economic Change, California: Stanford University Press.
Okpala, B., 2003, Toasting the Bride: Memoirs of Milestones to Manhood, 2nd Edition, Victoria, B.C.: Trafford Publishing.
Osaghae, E.E., 1994, Trends in Migrant Political Organisation in Nigeria: The Igbo in Kano, Ibadan: IFRA, University of Ibadan.
Ottenberg, S., 1962, ‘Igbo Receptivity to Change’, in W.R.Bascom, and M.J. Herskovits, eds, Continuity and Change in African Culture, Chicago: Phoenix Books and University of Chicago Press.
Rosaldo, M.Z. and Lamphere, L., eds, 1974, Women, Culture and Society, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Smock, A.C., 1971, Ibo Politics: The Role of Ethnic Unions in Eastern Nigeria, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Smith, D.J., 2004, ‘Igbo’, in C.R. Ember and M. Ember eds, Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World’s Cultures. Volume I: Topics and Cultures A–K, Warren, MI: Springer.
Uchendu, P.K., 1993, The Role of Nigerian Women in Politics, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers.
Uchendu, V.C., 1965, The Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Wolpe, H., 1974, Urban Politics in Nigeria: A Study of Port Harcourt, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California.
Articles
Asen, R., 1999, ‘Toward a Normative Conception of Difference in Public Deliberation’, Argumentation and Advocacy, Vol. 25 (Winter).
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 2008, CIA World Fact Book, Internet Resource: Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ geos/ni.html. Downloaded: 19/07/2008.
Ekejiuba, F., 1966, ‘Omu Okwei: The Merchant Queen of Osomari’, Nigeria Magazine, No. 90.
Ezumah, N., 1988, ‘Women in Agriculture: Neglect of Rural Women’s Role’, African Notes, No. 3.
Fraser, N., 1990, ‘Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy’, Social Text, Vol. 25, No. 26. Duke University Press.
Harris, J.S., 1940, ‘The Position of Women in a Nigerian Society’, Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series II, Vol. 2, No. 5.
Hauser, G., 1998, ‘Vernacular Dialogue and the Rhetoricality of Public Opinion’, Communication Monographs, Vol. 65, No. 2 (June).
Ifedigbo, S.N., 2008, ‘August Meeting Jamboree ’08’, Internet Resource: Retrieved from http://www.saharareporters.com/www/article/detail/?id=756. Downloaded: 20/10/2008.
Mgbeahurika, E., 2008, ‘“August Meeting”: A Festival of Sorts for South-East Women’, The Nation Newspaper, Friday, August 15.
Nwaoko, S., 2007, ‘August Assembly in Igbo Life’, The Nigerian Tribune Newspaper, Friday, March 16.
Nzimiro, I., 1965, ‘A Study of Mobility among the Ibos of Southern Nigeria’, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Vol. 6, No. 1.
O’Barr, J.F., 1975, ‘Making the Invisible Visible: African Women in Politics and Policy’, African Studies Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, Women in Africa (December). Uchechukwu, C., 2001, ‘A Little Story – Responses to Dympna Ugwu-Oju’, Jenda: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies: Vol. 1, No.1.
Uchem, R, 2003, ‘Overcoming Women’s Subordination in the Igbo African Culture and in the Catholic Church’, CriticalHalf (an Annual Journal of Women for Women International); Vol. 1, No.1. (Theme: The Impact of Religion on Women in the Development Process).
Van Allen, J., 1972, ‘“Sitting on a Man”: Colonialism and the Lost Political Institutions of Igbo Women’, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, (Special Issue: The Roles of African Women: Past, Present and Future). Wikipedia Free Encyclopaedia (WFE), 2008, ‘Public Sphere’, Internet Resource: Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public Sphere. Downloaded: 29/
/2008.
Unpublished Materials
Agara-Houessou-Adin, T., 1998, ‘The Concept of “Sitting on a Man”: Igbo Women and Political Strategies’, unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Temple University, USA.
Ekejiuba, F., 1990, ‘The Place of Women in Igbo Society’, Paper presented at the 1990 Ahiajioku Lecture Colloquium, Owerri, Nigeria.
Nwokocha, E.E., 2007, ‘Understanding the Misunderstanding of the Mbaise of South-Eastern Nigeria’, unpublished paper, Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Odoemene, A.C., 1997, ‘Oji Ezinihitte Cultural Festival: Legend and Legacy’, unpublished B.A. Long Essay, Department of History, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria.