1 - Public Sphere, Linguistic Sphericules and Discourse Communities in Africa
Corresponding Author(s) : Théophile Ambadiang
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 35 No 1-2 (2010): Afrique et développement: Numéro spécial sur la langue, la littérature et le pouvoir dans l'espace public
Résumé
Dans la définition de Habermas de la sphère publique, le discours est considéré comme un aspect essentiel de la participation des citoyens au débat public qui, fondamentalement, est censé se dérouler dans une société linguistiquement homogène. Le but de cet article est d’évaluer la centralité du discours dans la théorie d’Habermas dans un contexte multilingue comme l’Afrique subsaharienne. Nous nous proposons de montrer que les pratiques discursives, et plus généralement la dynamique qui caractérisent le débat public dans ce contexte, sont déterminées par des facteurs sociolinguistiques tels que la « fermeture de l’élite », le répertoire linguistique, ainsi que par l’exclusion sociale (Scotton, 1993). La fermeture de l’élite, considérée comme l’exclusion sociale basée sur la compétence linguistique, a eu pour effet de construire une sphère publique autour d’une version spécifique des langues européennes (officielles), car elle exclut la majorité des citoyens qui utilisent des versions populaires de ces langues. La corrélation entre la visibilité (dans la sphère publique) et le répertoire de registres rend compte de l’uniformité ou de l’homogénéité du registre qui caractérise généralement les débats publics, puisque même les personnes qui utilisent généralement les versions populaires des langues européennes adoptent le registre de l’élite (souvent avec des effets indésirables). La langue divise ainsi la sphère publique en petits groupes selon des critères de compétence relatifs au registre et à la langue qui excluent ceux qui ignorent les langues officielles européennes. L’étude suggère en outre que ces groupes ou sphéricules (Gitlin 1998) constituent des communautés discursives au sens de Watts (1999), c’est-à-dire des ensembles d’individus dont les pratiques discursives révèlent des intérêts, des croyances et des objectifs communs. Enfin, nous soutenons que la visibilité de tous ces groupes exige l’ouverture de la sphère publique à divers discours (Fairclough 1999, 2006), indépendamment de la façon dont ils se matérialisent. Ainsi, la contribution des personnes dont les répertoires linguistiques n’incluent pas les langues européennes ne sera ni nécessairement ni exclusivement rédigée dans des termes linguistiques. Une conséquence est une perte d’hégémonie de la part des langues européennes.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Ambadiang, T., 2005, ‘Política y políticas lingüísticas en África’, in Mbuyi Kabunda Badi & Carlo A. Caranci, eds., Etnias, estado y poder en África, Vitoria-Gasteiz: Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco, pp. 101-145.
- Anderson, B., 1991, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso.
- Antonsich, M., 2008, ‘Linguistic Commonality between Universalism and Particularism: A Reply to Ipperciel (2007)’, Nations and Nationalism, 14, 3, pp. 600-605.
- Appiah, A.K., 1992, In My Father’s House, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Bayart, J.-F., 2008 [1981], ‘Naissance d’une bourgeoisie africaine’, Manière de voir’, Le Monde diplomatique, 99, pp. 18-20.
- Blommaert, J., 2007, ‘Linguistic Diversity in Africa’, in M. Hellinger & A. Pauwels, eds., Handbook of Language and Communication: Diversity and Change, Berlin/New York, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 123-149.
- Breidbach, S., 2003, ‘European Communicative Integration: The Function of Foreign Language Teaching for the Development of a European Public Sphere’, in M. Byram & P. Grundy, eds., Context and Culture in Language Teaching and Learning, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 81-91.
- Canut, C., 1996, ‘Dynamique plurilingue et imaginaire linguistique au Mali: entre adhésion et résistance au bambara’, Langage et société, 78, pp. 55-76.
- Carrithers, M., 2005, ‘Why Anthropologists should Study Rhetoric’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 11, pp. 577-583.
- Chumbow, B.S., 2005, ‘The Language Question and National Development in Africa’, in T. Mkandawire, ed., African Intellectuals. Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development, London/Dakar: Zed Books/CODESRIA, pp. 165-192.
- Ejobowah, J.B., 2001, Competing Claims to Recognition in the Nigerian Public Sphere: A Liberal Argument about Justice in Plural Societies, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
- Ewota, J.I., 1986, ‘Code-mixture: An Outgrowth of Urbanization and Multilingualism’, Cameroon Tribune (15 October 1986, p. 15).
- Fardon, R. & Furniss, G. , 1994, ‘Introduction: Frontiers and Boundaries – African Languages as Political Environment’, in R. Fardon & G. Furniss, eds., African Languages, Development and the State, London: Routledge, pp. 1-29.
- Finlayson, J.G., 2005, Habermas: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- Finlayson, R. & Slabbert, S., 1997, ‘I’ll Meet You Halfway with Language: Code-switching withinASouthAfrican Urban Context’, in M. Pütz, ed., Language Choices: Conditions, Constraints, and Consequences,Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 381-421.
- Fraser, N., 1992, ‘Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy’, in Craig Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, pp. 109-142.
- Gitlin, T., 1998, ‘Public Sphere or Public Sphericules?’, in T. Liebes and J. Curran, eds., Media, Ritual, Identity, London: Routledge, pp. 168-175.
- Goode, L., 2005, Jürgen Habermas. Democracy and the Public Sphere, London: Pluto Press.
- Habermas, J., 1989, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Herbert, R.K., 1992, ‘Language in a Divided Society’, in R.K. Herbert, ed., Language and society in Africa. The Theory and Practice of Sociolinguistics, Witwatersrand: Witwatersrand University Press, pp. 1-17.
- Ipperciel, D., 2008, ‘Transcending Particularities through Communication: A Reply to Antonsich’, Nations and Nationalism, 14, 3, pp, 606-612.
- Johnson, P., 2006, Habermas. Rescuing the Public Sphere, London: Routledge.
- Joseph, R., 1999, ‘Democratization in Africa after 1989: Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives’, in L. Anderson, ed., Transitions to Democracy, Columbia: Columbia University Press, pp. 237-260.
- Makoni, S. & Meinof, U.H. , 2003, ‘Introducing Applied Linguistics in Africa’, AILA Review, 16, pp. 1-12.
- Makoni, S., Smitherman, G., Ball, A.F., & Spears, A.K., 2003, eds., Black Linguistics: Language, Society, and Politics in Africa and the Americas, London: Routledge.
- Mazrui, A.M., 1996, ‘Language Policy and the Foundations of Democracy: An African Perspective’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 118, pp. 107-124.
- Mbembe, A., 2001, On the Postcolony, Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Moreau, M.L., 1994, ‘Ombres et lumière d’une expansion linguistique’, Langage et société, 68, pp. 55-76.
- Mugane, J., 2006, ‘Necrolinguistics: The Linguistically Stranded’, in J. Mugane, J.P.Hutchinson and D.A. Worman, eds., Selected Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project, pp. 10-21.
- Newman, J., 2005a, ‘Participative Governance and the Remaking of the Public Sphere’, in J. Newman, ed., Remaking Governance: People, Politics and the Public Sphere, Bristol: Polity Press, pp. 119-138.
- Newman, J., 2005b, ‘Conclusion’, in J. Newman, ed., Remaking Governance: People, Politics and the Public Sphere, Bristol: Polity Press, pp. 197-213.
- Ngom, F., 2004, ‘Focus on Africa: Sociolinguistic Changes in a Changing World’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 170, pp. 95-111.
- Rampton, B., 1995, Crossing: Language and Ethnicity Among Adolescents, London: Longman.
- Rampton, B., 1999, ‘Styling the Other: Introduction’, Journal of Sociolinguistics, 3, pp. 421-427.
- Roberts, J.M. & Crossley, N., 2004, ‘Introduction’, in N. Crossley & J.M. Roberts, eds., After Habermas: New Perspectives on the Public Sphere, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing/The Sociological Review, pp. 1-27.
- Scotton, C.M., 1993, ‘Elite Closure as a Powerful Language Strategy: The African Case’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 103, pp. 149-163. Stroud, C., 2007, ‘Bilingualism: Colonialism and Postcolonialism’, in M. Heller, ed., Bilingualism: A Social Approach, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 25-49.
- Wa Thiong’o, N., 2005, ‘Europhone or African Memory: the Challenge of the Pan- Africanist Intellectual in the Era of Globalization’, in T. Mkandawire, ed., African Intellectuals. Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development, London/Dakar: Zed Books/CODESRIA, pp. 155-164.
- Watts, R.J., 1999, ‘The Social Construction of Standard English: Grammar Writers as “a Discourse Community”’, in T. Bex and R. Watts, eds., Standard English: The Widening Debate, London: Routledge, pp. 40-86.
- Wayne, C., 2000, Activism in the Public Sphere: Exploring the Discourse of Political Participation, Burlington: Ashgate.
- Wright, S., 2008, ‘Language, Communication and the Public Sphere: Definitions’, in R. Wodak & V. Koller, eds., Handbook of Communication in the Public Sphere, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 21-43.
Les références
Ambadiang, T., 2005, ‘Política y políticas lingüísticas en África’, in Mbuyi Kabunda Badi & Carlo A. Caranci, eds., Etnias, estado y poder en África, Vitoria-Gasteiz: Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco, pp. 101-145.
Anderson, B., 1991, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso.
Antonsich, M., 2008, ‘Linguistic Commonality between Universalism and Particularism: A Reply to Ipperciel (2007)’, Nations and Nationalism, 14, 3, pp. 600-605.
Appiah, A.K., 1992, In My Father’s House, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bayart, J.-F., 2008 [1981], ‘Naissance d’une bourgeoisie africaine’, Manière de voir’, Le Monde diplomatique, 99, pp. 18-20.
Blommaert, J., 2007, ‘Linguistic Diversity in Africa’, in M. Hellinger & A. Pauwels, eds., Handbook of Language and Communication: Diversity and Change, Berlin/New York, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 123-149.
Breidbach, S., 2003, ‘European Communicative Integration: The Function of Foreign Language Teaching for the Development of a European Public Sphere’, in M. Byram & P. Grundy, eds., Context and Culture in Language Teaching and Learning, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 81-91.
Canut, C., 1996, ‘Dynamique plurilingue et imaginaire linguistique au Mali: entre adhésion et résistance au bambara’, Langage et société, 78, pp. 55-76.
Carrithers, M., 2005, ‘Why Anthropologists should Study Rhetoric’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 11, pp. 577-583.
Chumbow, B.S., 2005, ‘The Language Question and National Development in Africa’, in T. Mkandawire, ed., African Intellectuals. Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development, London/Dakar: Zed Books/CODESRIA, pp. 165-192.
Ejobowah, J.B., 2001, Competing Claims to Recognition in the Nigerian Public Sphere: A Liberal Argument about Justice in Plural Societies, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Ewota, J.I., 1986, ‘Code-mixture: An Outgrowth of Urbanization and Multilingualism’, Cameroon Tribune (15 October 1986, p. 15).
Fardon, R. & Furniss, G. , 1994, ‘Introduction: Frontiers and Boundaries – African Languages as Political Environment’, in R. Fardon & G. Furniss, eds., African Languages, Development and the State, London: Routledge, pp. 1-29.
Finlayson, J.G., 2005, Habermas: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Finlayson, R. & Slabbert, S., 1997, ‘I’ll Meet You Halfway with Language: Code-switching withinASouthAfrican Urban Context’, in M. Pütz, ed., Language Choices: Conditions, Constraints, and Consequences,Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 381-421.
Fraser, N., 1992, ‘Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy’, in Craig Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, pp. 109-142.
Gitlin, T., 1998, ‘Public Sphere or Public Sphericules?’, in T. Liebes and J. Curran, eds., Media, Ritual, Identity, London: Routledge, pp. 168-175.
Goode, L., 2005, Jürgen Habermas. Democracy and the Public Sphere, London: Pluto Press.
Habermas, J., 1989, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Herbert, R.K., 1992, ‘Language in a Divided Society’, in R.K. Herbert, ed., Language and society in Africa. The Theory and Practice of Sociolinguistics, Witwatersrand: Witwatersrand University Press, pp. 1-17.
Ipperciel, D., 2008, ‘Transcending Particularities through Communication: A Reply to Antonsich’, Nations and Nationalism, 14, 3, pp, 606-612.
Johnson, P., 2006, Habermas. Rescuing the Public Sphere, London: Routledge.
Joseph, R., 1999, ‘Democratization in Africa after 1989: Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives’, in L. Anderson, ed., Transitions to Democracy, Columbia: Columbia University Press, pp. 237-260.
Makoni, S. & Meinof, U.H. , 2003, ‘Introducing Applied Linguistics in Africa’, AILA Review, 16, pp. 1-12.
Makoni, S., Smitherman, G., Ball, A.F., & Spears, A.K., 2003, eds., Black Linguistics: Language, Society, and Politics in Africa and the Americas, London: Routledge.
Mazrui, A.M., 1996, ‘Language Policy and the Foundations of Democracy: An African Perspective’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 118, pp. 107-124.
Mbembe, A., 2001, On the Postcolony, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Moreau, M.L., 1994, ‘Ombres et lumière d’une expansion linguistique’, Langage et société, 68, pp. 55-76.
Mugane, J., 2006, ‘Necrolinguistics: The Linguistically Stranded’, in J. Mugane, J.P.Hutchinson and D.A. Worman, eds., Selected Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project, pp. 10-21.
Newman, J., 2005a, ‘Participative Governance and the Remaking of the Public Sphere’, in J. Newman, ed., Remaking Governance: People, Politics and the Public Sphere, Bristol: Polity Press, pp. 119-138.
Newman, J., 2005b, ‘Conclusion’, in J. Newman, ed., Remaking Governance: People, Politics and the Public Sphere, Bristol: Polity Press, pp. 197-213.
Ngom, F., 2004, ‘Focus on Africa: Sociolinguistic Changes in a Changing World’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 170, pp. 95-111.
Rampton, B., 1995, Crossing: Language and Ethnicity Among Adolescents, London: Longman.
Rampton, B., 1999, ‘Styling the Other: Introduction’, Journal of Sociolinguistics, 3, pp. 421-427.
Roberts, J.M. & Crossley, N., 2004, ‘Introduction’, in N. Crossley & J.M. Roberts, eds., After Habermas: New Perspectives on the Public Sphere, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing/The Sociological Review, pp. 1-27.
Scotton, C.M., 1993, ‘Elite Closure as a Powerful Language Strategy: The African Case’, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 103, pp. 149-163. Stroud, C., 2007, ‘Bilingualism: Colonialism and Postcolonialism’, in M. Heller, ed., Bilingualism: A Social Approach, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 25-49.
Wa Thiong’o, N., 2005, ‘Europhone or African Memory: the Challenge of the Pan- Africanist Intellectual in the Era of Globalization’, in T. Mkandawire, ed., African Intellectuals. Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development, London/Dakar: Zed Books/CODESRIA, pp. 155-164.
Watts, R.J., 1999, ‘The Social Construction of Standard English: Grammar Writers as “a Discourse Community”’, in T. Bex and R. Watts, eds., Standard English: The Widening Debate, London: Routledge, pp. 40-86.
Wayne, C., 2000, Activism in the Public Sphere: Exploring the Discourse of Political Participation, Burlington: Ashgate.
Wright, S., 2008, ‘Language, Communication and the Public Sphere: Definitions’, in R. Wodak & V. Koller, eds., Handbook of Communication in the Public Sphere, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 21-43.