5 - Moderating Poverty: The Role of Remittances from Migration in Botswana
Corresponding Author(s) : Eugene K. Campbell
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 33 No 2 (2008): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Cette étude examine la migration interne de travailleurs Botswanais et leurs comportements en matière d’envoi d’argent. Même si les envois de fonds internationaux constituent une question d’actualité à l’échelle mondiale, il est impossible de dire qu’ils contribuent actuellement, de façon considérable, au développement national du Botswana. Il y a près de vingt-cinq ans, les envois d’argent effectués par des émigrés sur le plan national n’avaient aucun impact sur la pauvreté. L’étude révèle que la situation n’a pas évolué du tout. La nouvelle théorie économique relative à la migration de la main-d’œuvre est également abordée à partir d’une base théorique dans ce document. A l’aide de données de base primaires, le niveau de la pauvreté est mesuré et les facteurs qui influent sur les envois d’argent sont également examinés. L’auteur s’est également intéressé à l’impact des opérations d’envois d’argent/d’autres colis sur la pauvreté, ce qui a permis de se rendre compte que les immigrés entretiennent leurs liens avec les membres de leur famille restés au pays (d’origine) à l’aide des envois de fonds ou d’autres biens. Ils le font surtout pour aider à lutter contre la pauvreté, notamment en milieu rural. La façon dont les remises de fonds ou d’autres biens sont perçues comme de moyens sûrs de subsistance pour les ménages varie considérablement. Les résultats de régression montrent que des facteurs économiques et sociaux sont liés aux envois effectués par les immigrés. Cependant, les envois ne contribuent pas, de façon considérable, à la réduction de la pauvreté au Botswana. Si le nombre de ménages dirigés par des femmes était plus élevé parmi ceux considérés comme transitoirement pauvres, rien ne prouve que ceci est valable pour les ménages vivant dans une pauvreté extrême. Les implications des politiques sont également traitées dans le document.
Eugene K. Campbell PhD is in the Department of Population Studies, University of Botswana, P.O. Box UB 70075, Gaborone, Botswana. E-mail: Campbell@mopipi.ub.bw
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Aaberge, R. and Mogstad M., 2007, On the Definition and Measurement of Chronic Poverty, Discussion Paper No. 2659, Institute for the Study of Labor: Bonn.
- Ahmed, I.I., 2000, ‘Remittances and their economic impact in post-war Somaliland’, Disasters 24: 380-–389.
- Akinsola, H.A. and Popovich, J.M., 2002, ‘The quality of life of families of female- headed households in Botswana: A secondary analysis of case studies’, Health Care for Women International 23: 761–772.
- Alber, E., 2003, Denying biological parenthood: fosterage in northern Benin, Ethnos 68: 487–506.
- Anonymous, 2005, ‘Standards and Poor’s Releases Botswana’s 2005 Sovereign Credit Rating. A Bank of Botswana Press Release’. www.bankofbotswana.article.php
- Ben-Porath, Y.,1973, ‘Economic analysis of fertility in Israel: point and counterpoint’, Journal of Political Economy 18: S202–233.
- BIDPA, 1997, Study of Poverty and Poverty Alleviation in Botswana, Vol. 1, Government Printer: Gaborone.
- Botswana, 1982, Migration in Botswana: Patterns Causes and Consequences, A National Migration Study, Government Printer: Gaborone.
- Botswana, 1991, National Development Plan 7, 1991–1997, Government Printer: Gaborone.
- Botswana, 1994, The Revised National Policy on Education, Government Printer: Gaborone.
- Botswana, 2003, Labour Statistics 2001, Government Printer: Gaborone. Botswana, 2007, 2002/03 Household Income and Expenditure Survey: Botswana, Government Printer: Gaborone.
- Buvini, M. and Gupta, G.R., 1997, ‘Female-headed households and female- maintained families: are they worth targeting to reduce poverty in developing countries’? Economic Development and Cultural Change 45: 259–280.
- Caldwell, J.C., 1978, A theory of fertility: from high plateau to destabilization, Population and Development Review 4: 553–577.
- Caldwell, J.C., 1982, Theory of Fertility Decline, Academic Press: London.
- Chant, S., 2007, ‘Poverty begins at home? Questioning some (mis)conceptions about children, poverty and privation in female-headed households’. UNICEF Report on State of the World’s Children 2007, London School of Economics.
- Crush, J. (ed.), 2006, States of Vulnerability: The Brain Drain of Future Talent to South Africa, Migration Policy Series No. 42, Southern African Migration Project: Cape Town.
- Daily News, 2000, ‘12,000 illegal immigrants deported’, Daily News, 3 February, Gaborone.
- Daily News, 2001, ‘Illegal immigrants prompt P49 million detention centre’, Daily News, 31 October, Gaborone.
- Dow, T.E, Archer, L, Khasiani, S. and Kekovole, J., 1994, ‘Wealth flow and fertility decline in rural Kenya’, 1981–92, Population and Development Review 20: 343–364.
- Eloundou-Enyegue, P.M. and Calves, A.E., 2006, ‘Till marriage do us part: education and remittances from married women in Africa’, Comparative Education Review 50: 1–20.
- Fuwa, N., 2000, ‘The poverty and heterogeneity among female-headed households revisited: the case of Panama’, World Development 28: 1515–1542.
- Gaolathe, B., 2007, Budget Speech 2007, Government Printer, Gaborone.
- Gardner, K. and Grillo, R., 2002, ‘Transnational households and rituals: an overview’, Global Network 2: 179–190.
- Gubert, F., 2002, ‘Do migrants insure those who stay behind? Evidence from the Kayse area (western Mali)’, Oxford Development Studies 30(3): 267–287.
- Gwebu, T.D., 2006, ‘Towards a theoretical exploration of the differential urbanisation model in sub-Saharan Africa: the Botswana case’, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 97: 418–433.
- Harris, J.R. and Todaro, M.P., 1970, ‘Migration, unemployment and development: two-sector analysis’, American Economic Review 60: 126–142.
- Hosmer, D.W. and Lemeshow, S., 2000, Applied Logistic Regression, New York: Wiley.
- Izzard, W., 1985, ‘Migrants and mothers: case studies from Botswana’, Journal of Southern African Studies 11: 258–280.
- Lucas, R.E., 1982, ‘Outmigration, remittances and investment in rural areas’, in Migration in Botswana: Patterns, Causes and Consequences, National Migration Study, Vol. 3, Government Printers: Gaborone, pp. 627–653.
- Lucas, R.E. and Stark, O., 1985, ‘Motivations to remit: evidence from Botswana’, Journal of Political Economy 93: 901–918.
- Maslow, A., 1943, ‘A theory of human motivation’, Psychology Review 50: 370– 396.
- Massey, D.S, Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A. and Taylor, J.E., 1993, ‘Theories of international migration: a review and appraisal’, Population and Development Review 19: 431–466.
- Matiage, M., 2002, ‘Poverty alleviation through civil society’, DPMN Bulletin 9.
- Mattes, R, Bratton, M. and Davids, Y.B., 2003, ‘Poverty, survival and democracy in southern Africa’, Afrobarometer 23, Idasa: Cape Town.
- Medeiros, M. and Costa, J.S., 2006, Poverty among Women in Latin America: Feminization or over-representation? Working Paper No. 0020. International Poverty Center: Brasilia.
- Mooney, M., 2003, ‘Migrants’ social ties in the U.S. and investment in Mexico’, Social Forces 81: 1147–1170.
- Nwoye, A., 2000, ‘A framework for intervention in marital conflicts over family finances: a view from Africa’, The American Journal of Family Therapy 28: 75–87.
- Portes, A., 1995, ‘Economic sociology and the sociology of immigration: a conceptual overview’, in The Economic Sociology of Immigration: Essays on Networks, and Entrepreneurship, ed. A. Portes, Russell Sage Foundation: New York, pp. 1–41.
- Pregibon, D., 1981, ‘Logistic regression diagnostics’, The Annals of Statistics 9: 705–724.
- Quisumbing, A.R., Haddad, L. and Pena, C., 2001, Are Women Overrepresented among the Poor? An analysis of poverty in ten developing countries, Discussion Paper No. 115, ‘Food Consumption and Nutrition Division’, International Food Policy Research Institute: Washington, D.C.
- Rempel, H. and Lobdell, R.A.,1978, ‘The role of urban-to-rural remittances in rural development’, Journal of Development Studies 14: 324–341.
- SAMP, 2005, ‘Issues in African Migration: South African experiences and attitudes towards migration’, Paper presented at the Global Coalition for Africa Policy Forum, Addis Ababa.
- Sanni, L., 2006, ‘Comparative study of female-headed households in the city of Ibadan’, JENDA: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies 8: 1–14.
- Schrieder, G. and Knerr, B., 2000, ‘Labour migration as a social security mechanism for smallholder households in Sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Cameroon’, Oxford Development Studies 28: 223–237.
- Sen, A., 1999, Development as Freedom, Anchor Books: New York.
- Shain, Y., 2000, ‘The Mexican-American diaspora’s impact on Mexico’, Political Science Quarterly 114: 661–691.
- Stark, O., 1980, ‘On the role of urban-to-rural remittances in rural development’, Journal of Development Studies 16: 369–374.
- Stark, O. and Bloom, D.E., 1985, ‘The new economics of labor migration’, American Economic Review 75: 173–178.
- Stark, O. and Levhari, D., 1982, ‘On migration and risk in LDC’, Economic Development and Cultural Change 31: 191–196.
- Taylor, J.E., 1999, ‘The new economics of labour migration and the role of remittances in the migration process’, International Migration 37: 63–86.
- Todaro, M.P., 1969, ‘A model of migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries’, American Economic Review 59: 138–148.
Les références
Aaberge, R. and Mogstad M., 2007, On the Definition and Measurement of Chronic Poverty, Discussion Paper No. 2659, Institute for the Study of Labor: Bonn.
Ahmed, I.I., 2000, ‘Remittances and their economic impact in post-war Somaliland’, Disasters 24: 380-–389.
Akinsola, H.A. and Popovich, J.M., 2002, ‘The quality of life of families of female- headed households in Botswana: A secondary analysis of case studies’, Health Care for Women International 23: 761–772.
Alber, E., 2003, Denying biological parenthood: fosterage in northern Benin, Ethnos 68: 487–506.
Anonymous, 2005, ‘Standards and Poor’s Releases Botswana’s 2005 Sovereign Credit Rating. A Bank of Botswana Press Release’. www.bankofbotswana.article.php
Ben-Porath, Y.,1973, ‘Economic analysis of fertility in Israel: point and counterpoint’, Journal of Political Economy 18: S202–233.
BIDPA, 1997, Study of Poverty and Poverty Alleviation in Botswana, Vol. 1, Government Printer: Gaborone.
Botswana, 1982, Migration in Botswana: Patterns Causes and Consequences, A National Migration Study, Government Printer: Gaborone.
Botswana, 1991, National Development Plan 7, 1991–1997, Government Printer: Gaborone.
Botswana, 1994, The Revised National Policy on Education, Government Printer: Gaborone.
Botswana, 2003, Labour Statistics 2001, Government Printer: Gaborone. Botswana, 2007, 2002/03 Household Income and Expenditure Survey: Botswana, Government Printer: Gaborone.
Buvini, M. and Gupta, G.R., 1997, ‘Female-headed households and female- maintained families: are they worth targeting to reduce poverty in developing countries’? Economic Development and Cultural Change 45: 259–280.
Caldwell, J.C., 1978, A theory of fertility: from high plateau to destabilization, Population and Development Review 4: 553–577.
Caldwell, J.C., 1982, Theory of Fertility Decline, Academic Press: London.
Chant, S., 2007, ‘Poverty begins at home? Questioning some (mis)conceptions about children, poverty and privation in female-headed households’. UNICEF Report on State of the World’s Children 2007, London School of Economics.
Crush, J. (ed.), 2006, States of Vulnerability: The Brain Drain of Future Talent to South Africa, Migration Policy Series No. 42, Southern African Migration Project: Cape Town.
Daily News, 2000, ‘12,000 illegal immigrants deported’, Daily News, 3 February, Gaborone.
Daily News, 2001, ‘Illegal immigrants prompt P49 million detention centre’, Daily News, 31 October, Gaborone.
Dow, T.E, Archer, L, Khasiani, S. and Kekovole, J., 1994, ‘Wealth flow and fertility decline in rural Kenya’, 1981–92, Population and Development Review 20: 343–364.
Eloundou-Enyegue, P.M. and Calves, A.E., 2006, ‘Till marriage do us part: education and remittances from married women in Africa’, Comparative Education Review 50: 1–20.
Fuwa, N., 2000, ‘The poverty and heterogeneity among female-headed households revisited: the case of Panama’, World Development 28: 1515–1542.
Gaolathe, B., 2007, Budget Speech 2007, Government Printer, Gaborone.
Gardner, K. and Grillo, R., 2002, ‘Transnational households and rituals: an overview’, Global Network 2: 179–190.
Gubert, F., 2002, ‘Do migrants insure those who stay behind? Evidence from the Kayse area (western Mali)’, Oxford Development Studies 30(3): 267–287.
Gwebu, T.D., 2006, ‘Towards a theoretical exploration of the differential urbanisation model in sub-Saharan Africa: the Botswana case’, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 97: 418–433.
Harris, J.R. and Todaro, M.P., 1970, ‘Migration, unemployment and development: two-sector analysis’, American Economic Review 60: 126–142.
Hosmer, D.W. and Lemeshow, S., 2000, Applied Logistic Regression, New York: Wiley.
Izzard, W., 1985, ‘Migrants and mothers: case studies from Botswana’, Journal of Southern African Studies 11: 258–280.
Lucas, R.E., 1982, ‘Outmigration, remittances and investment in rural areas’, in Migration in Botswana: Patterns, Causes and Consequences, National Migration Study, Vol. 3, Government Printers: Gaborone, pp. 627–653.
Lucas, R.E. and Stark, O., 1985, ‘Motivations to remit: evidence from Botswana’, Journal of Political Economy 93: 901–918.
Maslow, A., 1943, ‘A theory of human motivation’, Psychology Review 50: 370– 396.
Massey, D.S, Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A. and Taylor, J.E., 1993, ‘Theories of international migration: a review and appraisal’, Population and Development Review 19: 431–466.
Matiage, M., 2002, ‘Poverty alleviation through civil society’, DPMN Bulletin 9.
Mattes, R, Bratton, M. and Davids, Y.B., 2003, ‘Poverty, survival and democracy in southern Africa’, Afrobarometer 23, Idasa: Cape Town.
Medeiros, M. and Costa, J.S., 2006, Poverty among Women in Latin America: Feminization or over-representation? Working Paper No. 0020. International Poverty Center: Brasilia.
Mooney, M., 2003, ‘Migrants’ social ties in the U.S. and investment in Mexico’, Social Forces 81: 1147–1170.
Nwoye, A., 2000, ‘A framework for intervention in marital conflicts over family finances: a view from Africa’, The American Journal of Family Therapy 28: 75–87.
Portes, A., 1995, ‘Economic sociology and the sociology of immigration: a conceptual overview’, in The Economic Sociology of Immigration: Essays on Networks, and Entrepreneurship, ed. A. Portes, Russell Sage Foundation: New York, pp. 1–41.
Pregibon, D., 1981, ‘Logistic regression diagnostics’, The Annals of Statistics 9: 705–724.
Quisumbing, A.R., Haddad, L. and Pena, C., 2001, Are Women Overrepresented among the Poor? An analysis of poverty in ten developing countries, Discussion Paper No. 115, ‘Food Consumption and Nutrition Division’, International Food Policy Research Institute: Washington, D.C.
Rempel, H. and Lobdell, R.A.,1978, ‘The role of urban-to-rural remittances in rural development’, Journal of Development Studies 14: 324–341.
SAMP, 2005, ‘Issues in African Migration: South African experiences and attitudes towards migration’, Paper presented at the Global Coalition for Africa Policy Forum, Addis Ababa.
Sanni, L., 2006, ‘Comparative study of female-headed households in the city of Ibadan’, JENDA: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies 8: 1–14.
Schrieder, G. and Knerr, B., 2000, ‘Labour migration as a social security mechanism for smallholder households in Sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Cameroon’, Oxford Development Studies 28: 223–237.
Sen, A., 1999, Development as Freedom, Anchor Books: New York.
Shain, Y., 2000, ‘The Mexican-American diaspora’s impact on Mexico’, Political Science Quarterly 114: 661–691.
Stark, O., 1980, ‘On the role of urban-to-rural remittances in rural development’, Journal of Development Studies 16: 369–374.
Stark, O. and Bloom, D.E., 1985, ‘The new economics of labor migration’, American Economic Review 75: 173–178.
Stark, O. and Levhari, D., 1982, ‘On migration and risk in LDC’, Economic Development and Cultural Change 31: 191–196.
Taylor, J.E., 1999, ‘The new economics of labour migration and the role of remittances in the migration process’, International Migration 37: 63–86.
Todaro, M.P., 1969, ‘A model of migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries’, American Economic Review 59: 138–148.