5 - An Overview of a Regionalist Approach to Tobacco Control in Africa
Corresponding Author(s) : Edward Brenya
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 38 No 1-2 (2013): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Le réseau de lutte antitabac a trouvé des moyens de prévention d’une épidémie de tabagisme dans les pays en voie développement, à travers l’adoption de lois sur la lutte contre le tabac. Cependant, leurs efforts sont entravés par les entreprises de tabac. Utilisant les théories du transnationalisme et du réseau d’activistes transnationaux, cette étude examine les nouvelles stratégies adoptées par le réseau de lutte contre le tabac pour entraver les activités du réseau de l’industrie du tabac dans la région africaine. L’étude conclut que le réseau de lutte contre le tabac adopte une approche continentale/ régionale par laquelle les idées/stratégies communes de lutte antitabac sont partagées avec les acteurs de différents pays au même endroit pour promouvoir la conformité avec le régime de prohibition du tabac. Le réseau est en train de créer et de financer des organisations régionales, qui sont utilisées pour faire une campagne commune de lutte contre le tabagisme. L’étude conclut que la promotion d’une stratégie/ d’un message commun (e) de lutte contre le tabac à travers l’approche régionale peut aider à réduire ou proscrire les activités de l’industrie du tabac dans les pays africains et éventuellement dans d’autres pays en voie de développement. C’est parce que la stratégie utilisée par les entreprises de tabac pour répandre leurs produits dans les pays en voie de développement est similaire. L’approche régionale veillera également à ce que les maigres ressources puissent être réparties afin de promouvoir la lutte antitabac dans de nombreux pays en voie de développement.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- African Tobacco Control Alliance, 2009, ‘Annual Report 2009’, (http://atca- africa.org/userfiles/file/Report2009eng.pdf). Retrieved on 22/11/2010.
- Ali, Issah, 2012, ‘Public Health Bill (Tobacco Control Measures) Passed by Parliament’, Modern Ghana News online, 12 July, 2012, http:// www.modernghana.com/news/405747/1/public-health-bill-tobacco-control- measures-passed.html (Retrieved on 09/03/2012).
- American Cancer Society, Cancer Research, UK and International Union against Cancer, 2004, ‘Global Advocacy for the Signing, Ratification, Implementation and Enforcement of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control’, Executive Report.
- Asare, Bossman, 2007, Tobacco Control – Comparative Public Policy in the United Kingdom and South Africa, Germany: VDM Verlag Dr Muller.
- Asare, Bossman, 2009, ‘Tobacco Regulation in South Africa: Interest Groups and Public. Policy’, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 3 (3): 99-106.
- BAT, 1980, ‘Africa Public Affairs Conference: The Changing Policies of WHO and their Implications for BAT Companies in Africa’, (http:// legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/sgn26a99). 21/1/2011.
- Barnum, Howard, 1994, ‘The Economic Burden of Global Trade in Tobacco’, Tobacco Control, 3: 358-361.
- Becker, Andrew, 2010, ‘American Cancer Society to Manage New Effort against Tobacco in Africa’, American Cancer Society (http://pressroom.cancer.org/ index.php?s=43&item=219), 12/6/2010.
- Brenya, Edward, 2012a, ‘Struggling To Weaken the Giant: Litigation as a Measure to Compel the Adoption of Tobacco Control Instrument in Malawi’, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, Vol. 6 (7), pp. 155- 166, November, 2012.
- Brenya, Edward, 2012b, The Politics of Tobacco Control in Ghana and Malawi: A Comparative Study, Saarbucken, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG.
- Brenya, Edward and Bossman Asare, 2011, ‘Traditional Institutions and Agenda Setting: The Case of the Adoption of the Ghana Education Trust Fund (GETFund)’, African Research Review, 5 (3): 90-103.
- Cairney, Paul, Hadii Mamudu, and Donley T. Studlar, 2012, Global Tobacco Control Policy: Power, Policy, Governance and Transfer, London: Palgrave.
- Canadian Global Tobacco Control Forum, 2006, ‘Strengthening Global Tobacco Control: Evaluative Report’, Health Bridge Canada, (http://www.healthbridge.ca/CGTCFevaluativereport_may17_.pdf). 15/7/11.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1999, Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs, Atlanta, GA: CDC.
- Commonwealth Secretariat, 2011, ‘Progress Report: Commonwealth Secretariat Road Map on Non-Communicable Diseases’, Commonwealth Secretariat, (http://www.thecommonwealth.org/files/236498/FileName/ HMM(G (11)4Update_on_Commonwealth_Road_Map.pdf). 15/7/11.
- Diani Mario, 2000, ‘Social Movement Networks Virtual and Real Information’, Communication & Society, (3) 3: 386-402.
- Farquharson, Karen, 2003, ‘Influencing Policy Transnationally: Pro-and Anti- Tobacco Global Advocacy Networks’, Australian Journal of Public Administration, 62 (4):80-92.
- Framework Convention Alliance, 2007, ‘Annual Report on Tobacco Control for 2007’, http://www.fctc.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task= doc_download&gid=126&Itemid=76 (Retrieved on 7/5/10).
- Hudson, Alan, 2001, ‘NGOs’ Transnational Advocacy Networks: From “Legitimacy” To “Political Responsibility”’, Global Networks, 1(4): 331-52.
- International Development Research Center, 2009, ‘Research for Action on FCTC: Report on the Second Round of a Small Grants Competition, Ottawa, Canada’, (http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/12514719831RITC_FCTC2_ENG- corrected-FINAL.pdf). 7/7/2010.
- Jha, Prabhat and Frank J. Chaloupka, (Eds), 1999, Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control, Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
- Jordan, Lisa and Tuijl, Peter V., 2000, ‘Political Responsibility in Transnational NGO Advocacy’, World Development, (28) 12: 2051-2065.
- Keck, Margaret E. and Kathryn Sikkink, 1998, Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph Nye, 1972, Transnational Relations and World Politics, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Krishnan, P., Margaret Mungherera, and Sinéad B. Jones, 2003, ‘Tobacco and the Commonwealth: A Call to Action’, The Lancet 361: May 17, (www.thelancet.com) 19/2/ 2010.
- Latif, Ehsan, 2004, ‘Stubbing It Out’, Briefing for Commonwealth Health Ministers on How to Implement the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Commonwealth Policy Unit.
- Laugesen, Murray, Michelle Scollo, David Sweanor, Saul Shiffman, Joe Gitchell, Kathy Barnsley, Mark Jacobs, Gary A. Giovino, Stanton Glantz, Richard A Daynard, Gregory N. Conolly, and Joseph R. Difranza, 2000, ‘World Best Practices in Tobacco Control’, Tobacco Control Journal, 9 (2): 228-236. Retrieved on 9/28/2009 from website http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/ reprint/9/2/228.
- Leonard Zahn & Associates, 1981, ‘Informational Memorandum International Union Against Cancer (UICC)’. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gyo88c00). 18/11/2009.
- Lopez, Allan D., Neil E. Collishaw, and Tapani Piha, 1994, ‘A Descriptive Model of the Cigarette Epidemic in Developed Countries’, Tobacco Control, 3 (3): 242-247.
- Mackay, J., Eriksen, M., & Shafey, O., 2006, The Tobacco Atlas, (2nd ed.), Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society.
- Madeley, John, 1993, ‘The Evil Weed’, The Observer, London, P.E16, April 10.
- Mamudu, Hadii M. and Stanton A. Glantz, 2009, ‘Civil Society and the Negotiation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control’, Global Public Health, 4:150-168.
- Mamudu, Hadii M. and Donley Studlar, 2009, ‘Multilevel Governance and Shared Sovereignty: The European Union, Member States, and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control’, Governance, 22 (1): 73-97.
- Mamudu, Hadii M., Hammond, Ross and Glantz, Stanton A., 2008, ‘Tobacco Industry Attempts to Counter World Bank Curbing the Epidemic and Obstruct the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control’, Social Science and Medicine, 67 (11): 1690-9.
- Mamudu, Hadii M., 2005, ‘The Politics of Tobacco Control: The Formation and Function of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)’, Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Art and Science. Morgantown: West Virginia University.
- Nadelmann, Ethan A., 1990, ‘Global Prohibition Regimes: The Evolution of Norms in International Society’, International Organization, 44: 479-526.
- Nathanson, Constance A., 1999, ‘Social Movements as Catalysts for Policy Change: The Case of Smoking and Guns’, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 24:421-488.
- Nelson, Bettey Naa, 2009, ‘VALD Selected to Participate in Global Summit’, Ghana Chronicle, August 24.
- Nye, Joseph S. and Keohane, Robert O., 1971, ‘Transnational Relations and World Politics: A Conclusion’, International Organization, 25(3):721-748
- Observer, 1985, ‘UICC DEVELOPMENTS. OBSERVER’S REPORT’, (http:// legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hcj44e00), 18/11/2009.
- Panos Institute, 1994, ‘Tobacco: Health and Beyond – Developing Countries at the Crossroads’, (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zye17a99). 6/24/ 2011. Personal Communication, 2011, Additional Emails Interviews of Tobacco Control Experts Conducted Between May and July, 2011.
- Personal Communication, 2010, Initial Emails/Telephone Interviews of Twenty Tobacco Control Experts in the African Region and the USA Conducted Between March and June, 2010.
- Philip, Morris, 1993, ‘The Activist Movement’, (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/glg14e00). 18/11/2009.
- Piper, Nicola and Uhlin, Andrea, 2004, ‘New Perspectives on Transnational Activism’, in Nicola Piper and Andrea Uhlin, eds., Transnational Activism in Asia: Problems of Power and Democracy, New York: Routledge, pp. 1-25.
- Plan International, 2009, ‘Malawi Children Tobacco Pickers “50-A-Day Habit”’. Shafey, O., Eriksen, M., Ross, H., and Mackay, J., 2009, The Tobacco Atlas, (3rd ed.), Atlanta, GA: America Cancer Society & World Lung Foundation.
- Slaughter, Anne-Marie, 2004, A New World Order, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
- Studlar, Donley T., 2002, Tobacco Control: Comparative Politics in the United States and Canada, Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press.
- Trubek, David M., Jim Mosher & Jeffrey S. Rothstein, 2000, ‘Transnationalism in the Regulation of Labor Relations: International Regimes and Transnational Advocacy Networks’, Law and Social Inquiry, (25) 4: 1187-1211.
- Verkerk, H.G., & INFOTAB, 1985, ‘INFOTAB Regional Workshop - Kuala Lumpur May 13-15, 1985 International Overview of Main Issues’, http:// legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jjq52f00, Retrieved 19/12/2010.
- Warren, C.W., Asma, S., Lee, J., Lea, V., & Mackay, J., 2009, Global Tobacco Surveillance System: The GTSS Atlas, Atlanta, GA: The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention & World Lung Foundation.
- World Bank, 1999, Curbing the Epidemic: Government and Economics of Tobacco Control, Washington, DC: World Bank.
- World Health Organization, 2008, WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic: Mpower Package, Geneva: WHO2.
- World Health Organization, 2009, ‘WHO launches new tobacco control effort in Africa’, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2009/tobacco_ 20091204/en/index.html.
- WHO-Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, 2009, ‘Overview of Control Measures’, Website http://www.who.int/fctc/text_download/en/ (Retrieved 7/12/09).
Les références
African Tobacco Control Alliance, 2009, ‘Annual Report 2009’, (http://atca- africa.org/userfiles/file/Report2009eng.pdf). Retrieved on 22/11/2010.
Ali, Issah, 2012, ‘Public Health Bill (Tobacco Control Measures) Passed by Parliament’, Modern Ghana News online, 12 July, 2012, http:// www.modernghana.com/news/405747/1/public-health-bill-tobacco-control- measures-passed.html (Retrieved on 09/03/2012).
American Cancer Society, Cancer Research, UK and International Union against Cancer, 2004, ‘Global Advocacy for the Signing, Ratification, Implementation and Enforcement of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control’, Executive Report.
Asare, Bossman, 2007, Tobacco Control – Comparative Public Policy in the United Kingdom and South Africa, Germany: VDM Verlag Dr Muller.
Asare, Bossman, 2009, ‘Tobacco Regulation in South Africa: Interest Groups and Public. Policy’, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 3 (3): 99-106.
BAT, 1980, ‘Africa Public Affairs Conference: The Changing Policies of WHO and their Implications for BAT Companies in Africa’, (http:// legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/sgn26a99). 21/1/2011.
Barnum, Howard, 1994, ‘The Economic Burden of Global Trade in Tobacco’, Tobacco Control, 3: 358-361.
Becker, Andrew, 2010, ‘American Cancer Society to Manage New Effort against Tobacco in Africa’, American Cancer Society (http://pressroom.cancer.org/ index.php?s=43&item=219), 12/6/2010.
Brenya, Edward, 2012a, ‘Struggling To Weaken the Giant: Litigation as a Measure to Compel the Adoption of Tobacco Control Instrument in Malawi’, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, Vol. 6 (7), pp. 155- 166, November, 2012.
Brenya, Edward, 2012b, The Politics of Tobacco Control in Ghana and Malawi: A Comparative Study, Saarbucken, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG.
Brenya, Edward and Bossman Asare, 2011, ‘Traditional Institutions and Agenda Setting: The Case of the Adoption of the Ghana Education Trust Fund (GETFund)’, African Research Review, 5 (3): 90-103.
Cairney, Paul, Hadii Mamudu, and Donley T. Studlar, 2012, Global Tobacco Control Policy: Power, Policy, Governance and Transfer, London: Palgrave.
Canadian Global Tobacco Control Forum, 2006, ‘Strengthening Global Tobacco Control: Evaluative Report’, Health Bridge Canada, (http://www.healthbridge.ca/CGTCFevaluativereport_may17_.pdf). 15/7/11.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1999, Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs, Atlanta, GA: CDC.
Commonwealth Secretariat, 2011, ‘Progress Report: Commonwealth Secretariat Road Map on Non-Communicable Diseases’, Commonwealth Secretariat, (http://www.thecommonwealth.org/files/236498/FileName/ HMM(G (11)4Update_on_Commonwealth_Road_Map.pdf). 15/7/11.
Diani Mario, 2000, ‘Social Movement Networks Virtual and Real Information’, Communication & Society, (3) 3: 386-402.
Farquharson, Karen, 2003, ‘Influencing Policy Transnationally: Pro-and Anti- Tobacco Global Advocacy Networks’, Australian Journal of Public Administration, 62 (4):80-92.
Framework Convention Alliance, 2007, ‘Annual Report on Tobacco Control for 2007’, http://www.fctc.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task= doc_download&gid=126&Itemid=76 (Retrieved on 7/5/10).
Hudson, Alan, 2001, ‘NGOs’ Transnational Advocacy Networks: From “Legitimacy” To “Political Responsibility”’, Global Networks, 1(4): 331-52.
International Development Research Center, 2009, ‘Research for Action on FCTC: Report on the Second Round of a Small Grants Competition, Ottawa, Canada’, (http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/12514719831RITC_FCTC2_ENG- corrected-FINAL.pdf). 7/7/2010.
Jha, Prabhat and Frank J. Chaloupka, (Eds), 1999, Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control, Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Jordan, Lisa and Tuijl, Peter V., 2000, ‘Political Responsibility in Transnational NGO Advocacy’, World Development, (28) 12: 2051-2065.
Keck, Margaret E. and Kathryn Sikkink, 1998, Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph Nye, 1972, Transnational Relations and World Politics, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Krishnan, P., Margaret Mungherera, and Sinéad B. Jones, 2003, ‘Tobacco and the Commonwealth: A Call to Action’, The Lancet 361: May 17, (www.thelancet.com) 19/2/ 2010.
Latif, Ehsan, 2004, ‘Stubbing It Out’, Briefing for Commonwealth Health Ministers on How to Implement the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Commonwealth Policy Unit.
Laugesen, Murray, Michelle Scollo, David Sweanor, Saul Shiffman, Joe Gitchell, Kathy Barnsley, Mark Jacobs, Gary A. Giovino, Stanton Glantz, Richard A Daynard, Gregory N. Conolly, and Joseph R. Difranza, 2000, ‘World Best Practices in Tobacco Control’, Tobacco Control Journal, 9 (2): 228-236. Retrieved on 9/28/2009 from website http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/ reprint/9/2/228.
Leonard Zahn & Associates, 1981, ‘Informational Memorandum International Union Against Cancer (UICC)’. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gyo88c00). 18/11/2009.
Lopez, Allan D., Neil E. Collishaw, and Tapani Piha, 1994, ‘A Descriptive Model of the Cigarette Epidemic in Developed Countries’, Tobacco Control, 3 (3): 242-247.
Mackay, J., Eriksen, M., & Shafey, O., 2006, The Tobacco Atlas, (2nd ed.), Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society.
Madeley, John, 1993, ‘The Evil Weed’, The Observer, London, P.E16, April 10.
Mamudu, Hadii M. and Stanton A. Glantz, 2009, ‘Civil Society and the Negotiation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control’, Global Public Health, 4:150-168.
Mamudu, Hadii M. and Donley Studlar, 2009, ‘Multilevel Governance and Shared Sovereignty: The European Union, Member States, and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control’, Governance, 22 (1): 73-97.
Mamudu, Hadii M., Hammond, Ross and Glantz, Stanton A., 2008, ‘Tobacco Industry Attempts to Counter World Bank Curbing the Epidemic and Obstruct the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control’, Social Science and Medicine, 67 (11): 1690-9.
Mamudu, Hadii M., 2005, ‘The Politics of Tobacco Control: The Formation and Function of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)’, Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Art and Science. Morgantown: West Virginia University.
Nadelmann, Ethan A., 1990, ‘Global Prohibition Regimes: The Evolution of Norms in International Society’, International Organization, 44: 479-526.
Nathanson, Constance A., 1999, ‘Social Movements as Catalysts for Policy Change: The Case of Smoking and Guns’, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 24:421-488.
Nelson, Bettey Naa, 2009, ‘VALD Selected to Participate in Global Summit’, Ghana Chronicle, August 24.
Nye, Joseph S. and Keohane, Robert O., 1971, ‘Transnational Relations and World Politics: A Conclusion’, International Organization, 25(3):721-748
Observer, 1985, ‘UICC DEVELOPMENTS. OBSERVER’S REPORT’, (http:// legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hcj44e00), 18/11/2009.
Panos Institute, 1994, ‘Tobacco: Health and Beyond – Developing Countries at the Crossroads’, (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zye17a99). 6/24/ 2011. Personal Communication, 2011, Additional Emails Interviews of Tobacco Control Experts Conducted Between May and July, 2011.
Personal Communication, 2010, Initial Emails/Telephone Interviews of Twenty Tobacco Control Experts in the African Region and the USA Conducted Between March and June, 2010.
Philip, Morris, 1993, ‘The Activist Movement’, (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/glg14e00). 18/11/2009.
Piper, Nicola and Uhlin, Andrea, 2004, ‘New Perspectives on Transnational Activism’, in Nicola Piper and Andrea Uhlin, eds., Transnational Activism in Asia: Problems of Power and Democracy, New York: Routledge, pp. 1-25.
Plan International, 2009, ‘Malawi Children Tobacco Pickers “50-A-Day Habit”’. Shafey, O., Eriksen, M., Ross, H., and Mackay, J., 2009, The Tobacco Atlas, (3rd ed.), Atlanta, GA: America Cancer Society & World Lung Foundation.
Slaughter, Anne-Marie, 2004, A New World Order, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Studlar, Donley T., 2002, Tobacco Control: Comparative Politics in the United States and Canada, Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press.
Trubek, David M., Jim Mosher & Jeffrey S. Rothstein, 2000, ‘Transnationalism in the Regulation of Labor Relations: International Regimes and Transnational Advocacy Networks’, Law and Social Inquiry, (25) 4: 1187-1211.
Verkerk, H.G., & INFOTAB, 1985, ‘INFOTAB Regional Workshop - Kuala Lumpur May 13-15, 1985 International Overview of Main Issues’, http:// legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jjq52f00, Retrieved 19/12/2010.
Warren, C.W., Asma, S., Lee, J., Lea, V., & Mackay, J., 2009, Global Tobacco Surveillance System: The GTSS Atlas, Atlanta, GA: The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention & World Lung Foundation.
World Bank, 1999, Curbing the Epidemic: Government and Economics of Tobacco Control, Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Health Organization, 2008, WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic: Mpower Package, Geneva: WHO2.
World Health Organization, 2009, ‘WHO launches new tobacco control effort in Africa’, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2009/tobacco_ 20091204/en/index.html.
WHO-Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, 2009, ‘Overview of Control Measures’, Website http://www.who.int/fctc/text_download/en/ (Retrieved 7/12/09).