5 - Taxation, Migration and the Creation of a Working Class in Kenya
Corresponding Author(s) : Isaac Tarus
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 30 No 4 (2005): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Plusieurs études ont remis en question le fameux lien causal régissant la taxa tion des travailleurs migrants. Ils ont rejeté le stéréotype usé selon lequel les Africains travaillaient pour payer des impôts, obtenir davantage de têtes de bétail et épouser toujours plus de femmes. Cette communication phénomène de la migration constitue un aspect historique du ch car les travailleurs migrants font le choix économique délibéré d en exploitant les ressources disponibles, ou en migrant vers d'au est fait une scrupuleuse analyse de la façon dont la taxation a contr d'un cadre de prolétariat. Les économies de migrants en Afriqu Rhodésie, en Algérie et au Kenya, en particulier, étaient basées des populations rurales d'une économie pastorale et agricole à un de classe ouvrière, selon le paradigme thomsonien. Ces derniers de simples «rouages dans la machine du capitalisme», comme l'af Odhiambo. Les Africains sont allés à la recherche d'un travail rém diversité de raisons, parmi lesquelles le fait que l'on faisait par force pour confisquer leur bétail, ce qui les contraignait à aller à la travail payé. D'autres partaient à la quête d'emploi pour acquér indépendance et une certaine auto-suffisance. L'auteur affirme qu'un de jeunes se sont volontairement exilés pour gagner de l'argent, q ensuite pour payer diverses taxes, mais également pour acquér matériels, tels que du bétail, des draps, des habits et autres, mais devenir entrepreneurs. La conséquence en est l'émergence d'un cadr qui constitue un important trajectoire de vie, au Kenya.
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- A.rrighi, Giovanni, 1970, 'Labour Studies in Historical Perspective: A Study of
- the Proletarianization of the African Peasantry in Rhodesia', Journal of Development Studies. Vol. 6 No.3,April.
- A.tieno-Odhiambo, E. S., 1974, 'The Rise and Decline of the Kenya Peasant, 1888- 1922', in The
- Paradox of Collaboration and Other Essays, Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau, pp. 90-100.
- A.tieno-Odhiambo, E. S., 2000, 'Mugo's Prophecy', B. A. Ogot and W. R. Ochieng(eds.) Kenya: The Making of a Nation, 1895-1995, Maseno: Maseno University. pp. 9-1O.
- A.tieno-Odhiambo, E. S., 2002, "'Kula Raha": Gendered Discourses and the Contours ofLeisure in
- Nairobi, 1946-1963 ', Andrew Burton (ed.), The Urban Experience in Eastern Aji·ica, c. 1750-2000,
- Nairobi: British Institute in Eastern Africa.
- A.tkins, Keletso E., 1993, The Moon is dead! Give us our money!: The Cultural Origins of an African
- Work Ethic, Natal, South Afi·ica, 1853-1900, London: Heinemann. p. 29.
- Belfield, Henry, 1913, East African Standard, 8 February 1913, quoted in Clayton, A., and Savage,
- D., Government and Labour in Kenya, 1895-1963, London: Frank Cass. p. 41.
- Bennett, George, 1963, Kenya: A Political History, London: OUP p. 34. Berman, Bruce, 1990, Contrai
- and Crisis in Colonial Kenya: The Dialectic of
- Domination, London: James Currey. pp. 55-57.
- Bundy, Colin, 1979, The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry, Berkeley and London:
- Heinemann and University ofCalifomia Press. p. 135
- lough, Marshall, 1990, Fighting Two Sides: Kenyan Chiefs and Politicians, 1918-1940, Boulder:
- University of Colorado.
- Harlow, V. and Chilver, E.M., (eds.), 1965, Histo,y of East Af,-ica, vol. ii, Oxford: OUP.
- Kanogo, Tabitha, -1987, Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, Ohio: Ohio University Press.
- Kitching, Gavin, 1980, Class and Economie Change in Kenya: The Making of an African Petite
- Bourgeoisie, 1905-1970, Princeton: Yale University Press. Kitching, Gavin, 1987, Land, Livestock
- and Leadership: The Rise of the Ajdcan Petit-Bourgeois in Kenya, 1905-1918, Nairobi: EastAfrican
- Literature Bureau.
- Lacey, Marian, 1981, Workingfor Boroko: Origins ofa Coercive Labour System in South Africa,
- Johannesburg: Ravan.
- Leys, Colin, 1975, Underdevelopment in Kenya: The Political Economy of Neo Colonialism, 1964-1975,
- London: Heinemann.
- Manchuelle, François, 1997, Willing Migrants: Soninke Labor Diasporas, 1848- 1960, London: James
- Currey.
- Marris, Peter and Somerset, Anthony, I 973, African Businessmen: A Study of Entrepreneurship and
- Development in Kenya, London.
- A.rrighi, Giovanni, 1970, 'Labour Studies in Historical Perspective: A Study of
- the Proletarianization of the African Peasantry in Rhodesia', Journal of Development Studies. Vol.
- No.3, April.
- A.tieno-Odhiambo, E. S., 1974, 'The Rise and Decline of the Kenya Peasant, 1888- 1922', in The
- Paradox of Collaboration and Other Essays, Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau, pp. 90-100.
- A.tieno-Odhiambo, E. S., 2000, 'Mugo's Prophecy', B. A. Ogot and W. R. Ochieng(eds.) Kenya: The Making of a Nation, 1895-1995, Maseno: Maseno University. pp. 9-1O.
- A.tieno-Odhiambo, E. S., 2002, "'Kula Raha": Gendered Discourses and the Contours ofLeisure in
- Nairobi, 1946-1963 ', Andrew Burton (ed.), The Urban Experience in Eastern Aji·ica, c. 1750-2000,
- Nairobi: British Institute in Eastern Africa.
- A.tkins, Keletso E., 1993, The Moon is dead! Give us our money!: The Cultural Origins of an African
- Work Ethic, Natal, South Afi·ica, 1853-1900, London: Heinemann. p. 29.
- Belfield, Henry, 1913, East African Standard, 8 February 1913, quoted in Clayton, A., and Savage,
- D., Government and Labour in Kenya, 1895-1963, London: Frank Cass. p. 41.
- Bennett, George, 1963, Kenya: A Political History, London: OUP p. 34. Berman, Bruce, 1990, Contrai
- and Crisis in Colonial Kenya: The Dialectic of
- Domination, London: James Currey. pp. 55-57.
- Bundy, Colin, 1979, The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry, Berkeley and London:
- Heinemann and University ofCalifomia Press. p. 135
- lough, Marshall, 1990, Fighting Two Sides: Kenyan Chiefs and Politicians, 1918-1940, Boulder:
- University of Colorado.
- Harlow, V. and Chilver, E.M., (eds.), 1965, Histo,y of East Af,-ica, vol. ii, Oxford: OUP.
- Kanogo, Tabitha, -1987, Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, Ohio: Ohio University Press.
- Kitching, Gavin, 1980, Class and Economie Change in Kenya: The Making of an African Petite
- Bourgeoisie, 1905-1970, Princeton: Yale University Press. Kitching, Gavin, 1987, Land, Livestock
- and Leadership: The Rise of the Ajdcan Petit-Bourgeois in Kenya, 1905-1918, Nairobi: EastAfrican
- Literature Bureau.
- Lacey, Marian, 1981, Workingfor Boroko: Origins ofa Coercive Labour System in South Africa,
- Johannesburg: Ravan.
- Leys, Colin, 1975, Underdevelopment in Kenya: The Political Economy of Neo Colonialism, 1964-1975,
- London: Heinemann.
- Manchuelle, François, 1997, Willing Migrants: Soninke Labor Diasporas, 1848- 1960, London: James Currey.
- Marris, Peter and Somerset, Anthony, I 973, African Businessmen: A Study of Entrepreneurship and
- Development in Kenya, London.
Les références
A.rrighi, Giovanni, 1970, 'Labour Studies in Historical Perspective: A Study of
the Proletarianization of the African Peasantry in Rhodesia', Journal of Development Studies. Vol. 6 No.3,April.
A.tieno-Odhiambo, E. S., 1974, 'The Rise and Decline of the Kenya Peasant, 1888- 1922', in The
Paradox of Collaboration and Other Essays, Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau, pp. 90-100.
A.tieno-Odhiambo, E. S., 2000, 'Mugo's Prophecy', B. A. Ogot and W. R. Ochieng(eds.) Kenya: The Making of a Nation, 1895-1995, Maseno: Maseno University. pp. 9-1O.
A.tieno-Odhiambo, E. S., 2002, "'Kula Raha": Gendered Discourses and the Contours ofLeisure in
Nairobi, 1946-1963 ', Andrew Burton (ed.), The Urban Experience in Eastern Aji·ica, c. 1750-2000,
Nairobi: British Institute in Eastern Africa.
A.tkins, Keletso E., 1993, The Moon is dead! Give us our money!: The Cultural Origins of an African
Work Ethic, Natal, South Afi·ica, 1853-1900, London: Heinemann. p. 29.
Belfield, Henry, 1913, East African Standard, 8 February 1913, quoted in Clayton, A., and Savage,
D., Government and Labour in Kenya, 1895-1963, London: Frank Cass. p. 41.
Bennett, George, 1963, Kenya: A Political History, London: OUP p. 34. Berman, Bruce, 1990, Contrai
and Crisis in Colonial Kenya: The Dialectic of
Domination, London: James Currey. pp. 55-57.
Bundy, Colin, 1979, The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry, Berkeley and London:
Heinemann and University ofCalifomia Press. p. 135
lough, Marshall, 1990, Fighting Two Sides: Kenyan Chiefs and Politicians, 1918-1940, Boulder:
University of Colorado.
Harlow, V. and Chilver, E.M., (eds.), 1965, Histo,y of East Af,-ica, vol. ii, Oxford: OUP.
Kanogo, Tabitha, -1987, Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, Ohio: Ohio University Press.
Kitching, Gavin, 1980, Class and Economie Change in Kenya: The Making of an African Petite
Bourgeoisie, 1905-1970, Princeton: Yale University Press. Kitching, Gavin, 1987, Land, Livestock
and Leadership: The Rise of the Ajdcan Petit-Bourgeois in Kenya, 1905-1918, Nairobi: EastAfrican
Literature Bureau.
Lacey, Marian, 1981, Workingfor Boroko: Origins ofa Coercive Labour System in South Africa,
Johannesburg: Ravan.
Leys, Colin, 1975, Underdevelopment in Kenya: The Political Economy of Neo Colonialism, 1964-1975,
London: Heinemann.
Manchuelle, François, 1997, Willing Migrants: Soninke Labor Diasporas, 1848- 1960, London: James
Currey.
Marris, Peter and Somerset, Anthony, I 973, African Businessmen: A Study of Entrepreneurship and
Development in Kenya, London.
A.rrighi, Giovanni, 1970, 'Labour Studies in Historical Perspective: A Study of
the Proletarianization of the African Peasantry in Rhodesia', Journal of Development Studies. Vol.
No.3, April.
A.tieno-Odhiambo, E. S., 1974, 'The Rise and Decline of the Kenya Peasant, 1888- 1922', in The
Paradox of Collaboration and Other Essays, Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau, pp. 90-100.
A.tieno-Odhiambo, E. S., 2000, 'Mugo's Prophecy', B. A. Ogot and W. R. Ochieng(eds.) Kenya: The Making of a Nation, 1895-1995, Maseno: Maseno University. pp. 9-1O.
A.tieno-Odhiambo, E. S., 2002, "'Kula Raha": Gendered Discourses and the Contours ofLeisure in
Nairobi, 1946-1963 ', Andrew Burton (ed.), The Urban Experience in Eastern Aji·ica, c. 1750-2000,
Nairobi: British Institute in Eastern Africa.
A.tkins, Keletso E., 1993, The Moon is dead! Give us our money!: The Cultural Origins of an African
Work Ethic, Natal, South Afi·ica, 1853-1900, London: Heinemann. p. 29.
Belfield, Henry, 1913, East African Standard, 8 February 1913, quoted in Clayton, A., and Savage,
D., Government and Labour in Kenya, 1895-1963, London: Frank Cass. p. 41.
Bennett, George, 1963, Kenya: A Political History, London: OUP p. 34. Berman, Bruce, 1990, Contrai
and Crisis in Colonial Kenya: The Dialectic of
Domination, London: James Currey. pp. 55-57.
Bundy, Colin, 1979, The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry, Berkeley and London:
Heinemann and University ofCalifomia Press. p. 135
lough, Marshall, 1990, Fighting Two Sides: Kenyan Chiefs and Politicians, 1918-1940, Boulder:
University of Colorado.
Harlow, V. and Chilver, E.M., (eds.), 1965, Histo,y of East Af,-ica, vol. ii, Oxford: OUP.
Kanogo, Tabitha, -1987, Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, Ohio: Ohio University Press.
Kitching, Gavin, 1980, Class and Economie Change in Kenya: The Making of an African Petite
Bourgeoisie, 1905-1970, Princeton: Yale University Press. Kitching, Gavin, 1987, Land, Livestock
and Leadership: The Rise of the Ajdcan Petit-Bourgeois in Kenya, 1905-1918, Nairobi: EastAfrican
Literature Bureau.
Lacey, Marian, 1981, Workingfor Boroko: Origins ofa Coercive Labour System in South Africa,
Johannesburg: Ravan.
Leys, Colin, 1975, Underdevelopment in Kenya: The Political Economy of Neo Colonialism, 1964-1975,
London: Heinemann.
Manchuelle, François, 1997, Willing Migrants: Soninke Labor Diasporas, 1848- 1960, London: James Currey.
Marris, Peter and Somerset, Anthony, I 973, African Businessmen: A Study of Entrepreneurship and
Development in Kenya, London.