1- All Knowledge Is first of all Local Knowledge: An Introduction
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 30 No 3 (2005): Afrique et développement: Numéro Spécial 'All knowledge is first of all local knowledge'
Résumé
Cet article s'élève contre la conception monolithique de la production de connaissances et contre cette tendance à universaliser la science. Il attire l'attention sur le génie et la créativité, et l'originalité distinctive qui caractérisent la produc tion de connaissances dans tout contexte culturel. Cet article tient compte du fait qu'à la base la production de connaissances est avant tout liée au contexte culturel, d'où le caractère local, avant tout, de la connaissance. À partir de cette détermination fondamentale de la réelle source de production de connaissances, ce texte développe un argumentaire contre ce voile mythique que la modernité réformiste, particulièrement, a posé sur le processus de production et de trans mission de la connaissance. Ce texte affirme que ce mythe trompeur de la pro duction de connaissances a eu certains effets négatifs : il a contribué à stéréotyper, à placer en situation de chantage et d'infériorité, et a également déstabilisé la production et le partage de la connaissance et de ses produits par des cultures autres qu'occidentales. L'épisode colonial, avec son lot d'hypothèses et de sup positions, a contribué à instiller cette vision de la modernité réformiste, et à museler les voix des cultures colonisées, d'où certaines dénominations, telles que la connaissance 'indigène', etc. Au vu de l'originalité créative et authentique en latence dans chaque culture, cet article cherche à aider les cultures à réaliser, exploiter et s'approprier les richesses existant dans leurs propres voies et trajectoires de connaissance locales. Cette appropriation par les cultures elles mêmes, de leur propre génie, est, selon l'auteur, la meilleure façon de rétablir la dignité culturelle et la confiance en soi ; ainsi, chaque univers culturel peut positivement contribuer à enrichir le patrimoine de connaissances universelles. Une telle approche cosmopolite tendant à exploiter la sagesse et les avantages écologiques de divers groupes culturels permettra de mieux partager la connaissance, dans un esprit d'échanges transfrontalier des richesses puisées dans différents contextes culturels et différents champs de connaissances, aussi bien dans un sens vertical qu'horizontal. Le savoir ancestral des Igbos, dans le sud-est du Nigeria, est cité dans cet article, pour mieux illustrer ce génie latent, spécifique à la culture de chacun. Cet article met également en exergue la mission de la Whelan Research Academy for Religion, Culture and Society, à Owerri, au Ni geria, consistant à sensibiliser, à créer un espace et un forum permettant d'attirer l'attention sur les voies de la connaissance indigène, qui sont menacées par cette déferlante de composantes culturelles de la connaissance.
Theophilus Okere is currently the president of the Whelan Research Academy for Religion, Culture and Society in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Chukwudi Anthony Njoku, is a catholic priest of Owerri archdiocese, Whelan Research Academy for Religion, Culture and Society, International Centre, 162A Whethéral Road, Owerri, Nigeria. Email: Akuabata30@Yahoo.co.uk
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
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- Education, London: James and Currey.
- Appiah K.A., 1992, ln My Father s House: Africain the Philosophy a/Culture,
- New York: Oxford University Press.
- Ashby E., 1964, African Universities and Western Tradition, New York: Alfred Knopf.
- Ashcroft B., G. Griffiths & H. H. Tiffin, eds, 1989, The Empire Writes Back,
- London: Routledgi
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- Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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- Gamba, H., 2003, 'Explorations inAnimist Materialism: Notes on Reading/Writing African literature,
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- Mathematical Association of America.
- Guyer, J., 1996, 'Traditions of Invention in Equatorial Africa', African Studies Review 39:1-28.
- Gyekye, K., 1997, Tradition and Modernity: Philosophical Reflections on the African Experience,
- Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Hountondji, P., ed., 1994, Les Savoirs endogènes: pistes pour une recherche,
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- African Studies Review 38(3):1-1O.
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- L. Sulliban, ed., Healing and Restoring: Health and Medicine in the World's Religious Traditions,
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- Ki-Zerbo, J., ed., 1990, Educate or Perish: Africa's Impasse and Prospects, Dakar: UNESCO-UNICEF.
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- Culture & Society 21:61-94.
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- Mazrui A., 1992, 'Towards Diagnosing and Treating Cultural Dependency: Th
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- Development 12:95-111.
- Mazrui A., 1978, Political Values and the Educated Class in Africa, London: Heinemann.
- Mazrui A., 1992, 'Towards Diagnosing and Treating Cultural Dependency: The Case of the African
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- Mbembe A., 2002b, 'On the Power of the False', Public Culture 14(3):629-641.
- Mudimbe V., 1988, The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge,
- Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Ndaw, A., 1997, La pensée africaine: recherches sur les fondements de la pensée négro-africaine,
- Dakar: Les nouvelles éditions africaines du Sénégal.
- Ngugi wa Thiong'o, 1986, Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature,
- London: James Currey.
- Ngugi Wa Thiong'o, 1996, 'The Allegory of the Cave: Language, Democracy and a New World Order',
- Black Renaissance/Renaissance noire 1(3)
- Odora-Hoppers, C., ed., 2002, Towards a Philosophy of Articulation: IKS and the Integration of
- Knowledge Systems, Cape Town: New Africa Education Publisher.
- Odhiambo E., 2002, 'The cultural dimensions of development in Africa' (M.K.O.
- Abiola distingui hed lecture), African studies review 45(3):1-16.
- Ramose, B.R., 1999, African Philosophy through Ubuntu, Harare: Mond Books Publishers.
- Sogolo, G., 1993, Foundations of African Philosophy, Ibadan: Ibadan University
- Press.
- van Binsbergen, W., 2003, Intercultural Encounters: African andAnthropological Lessons towards a
- Philosophy of Interculturality, Münster: Lit Verlag.
- van Rinsum, H., 2002, 'Wipe the Blackboard Clean: Academization and Christianization', African
- Studies Review 45/2:27-48.
- Wiredu K., 1996, Cultural Universals and Particulars: An African Perspective,Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Yesufu, T., ed., 1973, Creating the African University: Emerging Issues in the [970s, Ibadan: Oxford University Press.
Les références
A.chebe, Chinua, 1958, ·Things Fa// Apart, London: Heinemann.
Ajayi J., L. Gama and G. Johnson, 1996, The African Experience with Higher
Education, London: James and Currey.
Appiah K.A., 1992, ln My Father s House: Africain the Philosophy a/Culture,
New York: Oxford University Press.
Ashby E., 1964, African Universities and Western Tradition, New York: Alfred Knopf.
Ashcroft B., G. Griffiths & H. H. Tiffin, eds, 1989, The Empire Writes Back,
London: Routledgi
ates R., V. Mudimbe & J. O'Barr, (eds), 1993, Africa and the Disciplines: The Contributions of Research in Africa to the Social Sciences and Humanities,
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bemal M., 1990, Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roofs of Classical Civilization
II, London: Free Association Books.
Bhengu M., 1996, Ubuntu: The Essence of Democracy, Cape Town: Novalis. Crossman, P., 1999,
Endogenisation and African Universities: Initiatives and
Issues in the Quest for Plurality in the Human Sciences, (Policy study on development
co-operation), Brussels: BelgianAdministration for Development Co-operation.
Crossman, P., & R. Devisch, 2002, 'Endogenous Knowledge: AnAnthropological Perspective', in: C.
Odora-Hoppers, O.c.: 96-125.
Devisch, R., 2001, Cultures, Sciences and Endogenous Knowledge Practices:
Sorne Anthropological Perspectives, in: Science and Tradition: Roots and Wings for Development,
Brussels: Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences & UNESCO: 29-53.
Diop C.A., 1954, Nations nègres et culture, Paris: Présence africaine.
Ela, J.M., 1994, Restituer l'histoire aux sociétés africaines: promouvoir les sciences sociales en
Afrique noire, Paris: Harmattan.
Eze, E.C., ed., 1997, Postcolonial African Philosophy: A Critical Reader, Oxford: Blackwell.
Gamba, H., 2003, 'Explorations inAnimist Materialism: Notes on Reading/Writing African literature,
culture and society', Public culture 15(2):261-286.
Gerdes P., 1999, Geometry from Africa: Mathematical and Educational Explorations, Washington: The
Mathematical Association of America.
Guyer, J., 1996, 'Traditions of Invention in Equatorial Africa', African Studies Review 39:1-28.
Gyekye, K., 1997, Tradition and Modernity: Philosophical Reflections on the African Experience,
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hountondji, P., ed., 1994, Les Savoirs endogènes: pistes pour une recherche,
Paris: Karthala.
Hountondji, P., 1995, 'Producing knowledge in Africa today' (M.K.O. Abiola distinguished lecture),
African Studies Review 38(3):1-1O.
Janzen, John, 1989, 'Health, Religion and Medicine in Central and Southern African Traditions', in:
L. Sulliban, ed., Healing and Restoring: Health and Medicine in the World's Religious Traditions,
New York: MacMillan.
Ki-Zerbo, J., ed., 1990, Educate or Perish: Africa's Impasse and Prospects, Dakar: UNESCO-UNICEF.
Lichtenberg-Ettinger, 2004, 'Weaving a Woman Artist with-in the Matrixial Encounter-event, Theory',
Culture & Society 21:61-94.
1asolo, D., 1994, African Philosophy in Search of Identity, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Mazrui A., 1992, 'Towards Diagnosing and Treating Cultural Dependency: Th
Case of the African University', International Journal of Educational
Development 12:95-111.
Mazrui A., 1978, Political Values and the Educated Class in Africa, London: Heinemann.
Mazrui A., 1992, 'Towards Diagnosing and Treating Cultural Dependency: The Case of the African
University', International Journal of Educational Development 12:95-111.
Mbembe A., 2002a, 'African Modes of Self-writing', Public Culture 14(2):239- 273.
Mbembe A., 2002b, 'On the Power of the False', Public Culture 14(3):629-641.
Mudimbe V., 1988, The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge,
Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Ndaw, A., 1997, La pensée africaine: recherches sur les fondements de la pensée négro-africaine,
Dakar: Les nouvelles éditions africaines du Sénégal.
Ngugi wa Thiong'o, 1986, Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature,
London: James Currey.
Ngugi Wa Thiong'o, 1996, 'The Allegory of the Cave: Language, Democracy and a New World Order',
Black Renaissance/Renaissance noire 1(3)
Odora-Hoppers, C., ed., 2002, Towards a Philosophy of Articulation: IKS and the Integration of
Knowledge Systems, Cape Town: New Africa Education Publisher.
Odhiambo E., 2002, 'The cultural dimensions of development in Africa' (M.K.O.
Abiola distingui hed lecture), African studies review 45(3):1-16.
Ramose, B.R., 1999, African Philosophy through Ubuntu, Harare: Mond Books Publishers.
Sogolo, G., 1993, Foundations of African Philosophy, Ibadan: Ibadan University
Press.
van Binsbergen, W., 2003, Intercultural Encounters: African andAnthropological Lessons towards a
Philosophy of Interculturality, Münster: Lit Verlag.
van Rinsum, H., 2002, 'Wipe the Blackboard Clean: Academization and Christianization', African
Studies Review 45/2:27-48.
Wiredu K., 1996, Cultural Universals and Particulars: An African Perspective,Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Yesufu, T., ed., 1973, Creating the African University: Emerging Issues in the [970s, Ibadan: Oxford University Press.