4 - The Impact of Agricultural Extension Service on the Uptake of Various Agricultural Technologies in Ethiopia
Corresponding Author(s) : Mesfin Hiwot
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 47 No 4 (2022): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Beaucoup de gouvernements fournissent un service de vulgarisation agricole gratuit qui vise à mettre les agriculteurs en contact avec les connaissances scientifiques et les technologies permettant d'améliorer le rendement. Cependant, l'impact de ce service sur la réalisation de son objectif n'est pas clair. Cette étude met l'accent sur l'Ethiopie pour explorer l'impact du service de vulgarisation agricole sur l'utilisation par les agriculteurs de diverses technologies agricoles. En utilisant un ensemble de données important et représentatif, l'étude applique une méthode de variable instrumentale, ainsi que d'autres contrôles de robustesse, et constate que l'impact du service de vulgarisation est hétérogène selon le type de technologies agricoles. L'étude constate que le service de vulgarisation agricole a un impact positif sur l'utilisation des engrais chimiques et de la rotation des cultures, mais un impact négatif sur l'utilisation des engrais organiques, et aucun impact sur l'utilisation des pesticides, herbicides et fongicides. Sur la base de ces résultats, les décideurs politiques intéressés par la promotion de l'utilisation des engrais organiques doivent recycler les agents de vulgarisation et réorienter leurs efforts pour recommander les engrais organiques autant que les engrais chimiques et la rotation des cultures.
Mots-clés
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Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
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- Belissa, T., Bulte, E., Cecchi, F., Gangopadhyay, S. and Lensink, R., 2019, Liquidity constraints, informal institutions, and the adoption of weather insurance: A randomized controlled trial in Ethiopia, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 140, pp. 269–278.
- BenYishay, A. and Mobarak, A. M., 2019, Social learning and incentives for experimentation and communication, The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 86, No. 3, pp. 976–1009.
- Birkhaeuser, D., Evenson, R. E. and Feder, G., 1991, The economic impact of agricultural extension: A review, Economic development and cultural change, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 607–650, https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/ abs/10.1086/451893.
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- Central Statistical Agency (CSA), 2017, LSMS–Integrated Surveys On Agriculture, Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS), A Report by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia in Collaboration with the National Bank of Ethiopia and the World Bank. Cerdán-Infantes, P., Maffioli, A. and Ubfal, D., 2008, The impact of agricultural exten- sion services: The case of grape production in Argentina, Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE), Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC, https://cite-seerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download doi=10.1.1.466.9147&rep= rep1 &type=pdf .
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- Emmanuel, D., Owusu-Sekyere, E., Owusu, V. and Jordaan, H., 2016, Impact of agricultural extension service on adoption of chemical fertiliser: Implications for rice productivity and development in Ghana, NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, Vol. 79, pp. 41–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2016.10.002
- Evenson, R. E., 2001, Economic impacts of agricultural research and extension, Handbook of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 1, Part A, pp. 573–628, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(01)10014-9
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2015, World fertiliser trends and outlook to 2018, United Nations, http://www.fao.org/3/i4324e/i4324e.pdf FDRE, 2010, Ethiopia’s agricultural sector policy and investment framework (pif ) (2010–2020), draft final report, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Addis Ababa, http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/ docs/pdf/eth149550.pdf
- Foster, A. D. and Rosenzweig, M. R., 2010, Microeconomics of technology adoption, Annual Review of Economics, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 395–424, DOI: 10.1146/annurev. economics.102308.124433 Fufa, B. and Hassan, R. M., 2006, Determinants of fertiliser use on maize in Eastern Ethiopia: A weighted endogenous sampling analysis of the extent and intensity of adoption, Agrekon, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 38–49, https://doi.org/10.1080/030 31853.2006.9523732 Kassa, B., 2003, Agricultural extension in Ethiopia: the case of participatory demonstration and training extension system, Journal of social development in Africa, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 49–84, https://www.oerafrica.org/FTPFolder/ Website%20Materials/Agriculture/haramaya/MSU/ Perspective_Agricultural_ Extension/Attachment/history%20of%20extension%20in%20ethiopia.pdf
- Kirchmann, H. and Ryan, M. H., 2004, Nutrients in organic farming–are there advantages from the exclusive use of organic manures and untreated minerals, in New directions for a diverse planet. Proceedings of the 4th international crop science congress, Vol. 26, http://www.agronomyaustraliaproceedings.org/images/sampledata/2004/symposia/2/6/828_kirchmannh.pdf
- Knack, S. and Keefer, P., 1997, Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 112, No. 4, pp. 1251–1288, https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300555475
- Kondylis, F., Mueller, V. and Zhu, J., 2017, Seeing is believing? Evidence from an extension network experiment, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 125, pp. 1–20.
- Lazarus, W. F. and Swanson, E. R., 1983, Insecticide use and crop rotation under risk: Rootworm control in corn, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 738–747, https://doi.org/10.2307/1240462
- Liebman, M. and Dyck, E., 1993, Crop rotation and intercropping strategies for weed management, Ecological Applications, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 92–122, https://doi.org/10.2307/1941795
- Liverpool, L. S. O. and Winter-Nelson, A., 2010, Poverty status and the impact of formal credit on technology use and wellbeing among Ethiopian smallholders, World Development, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 541–554, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. worlddev.2009.11.006
- Manfre, C., Rubin, D., Allen, A., Summerfield, G., Colverson, K. and Akeredolu, M., 2013, Reducing the gender gap in agricultural extension and advisory services: How to find the best fit for men and women farmers, MEAS Brief, No. 2, http://www.cocoaconnect.org/sites/default/files/publication/MEAS%20 Brief%202%20-%20Gender%20and%20Extension%20-%202013_05_13.pdf Marenya, P. P. and Barrett, C. B., 2009, Soil quality and fertiliser use rates among smallholder farmers in western Kenya, Agricultural Economics, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 561–572, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2009.00398.x Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), 2017, Ethiopia’s agricultural extension strategies: Vision, systemic bottlenecks and priority interventions, Addis Ababa http://www.moa.gov.et/documents/45198/0/ FINAL+EXTENSION+STRATEGY+EDITED+FOR+Upload.pdf/51050623-b954-46cf-bea3-aaefece29408
- Minot, N. and Benson T., 2009, Fertiliser subsidies in Africa: Are vouchers the answer? Technical report, AgEcon Search. http://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.55510
- Mishra, K., 2018, You are Approved! Insured loans improve credit access and technology adoption of Ghanaian farmers, AgEcon Search. http://dx.doi. org/10.22004/ag.econ.277089
- Ndiritu, S. W., Kassie, M. and Shiferaw, B., 2014, Are there systematic gender differences in the adoption of sustainable agricultural intensification practices? Evidence from Kenya, Food Policy, Vol. 49, pp. 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.06.010
- Obisesan, A., 2014, Gender differences in technology adoption and welfare impact among Nigerian farming households. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/58920/ Oikeh, S. O. and Asiegbu, J. E., 1993, Growth and yield responses of tomatoes to sources and rates of organic manures in ferralitic soils, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 21–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(93)90138-2 Pan, Y., Smith, S. C. and Sulaiman, M., 2018, Agricultural extension and technology
- adoption for food security: Evidence from Uganda, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 100, No. 4, pp. 1012–1031. DOI: 10.1093/ajae/aay012
- Ragasa, C., 2019, Modeling the effectiveness of the lead farmer approach in agricultural extension service provision: Nationally representative panel data analysis in Malawi, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Vol. 1848.
- Ragasa, C., Berhane, G., Tadesse, F. and Taffesse, A. S., 2013, Gender differences in access to extension services and agricultural productivity, The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 437–468, https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:fpr:esspwp:49
- Ryan, B. and Gross, N. C., 1943, The diffusion of hybrid seed corn in two Iowa communities, Rural Sociology, Vol. 8, No. 1, p.15, https://www.proquest.com/openview/7de2b2276a089fe888071663de12b6a0/1?pq- origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817355
- Tadesse, M., 2014, Fertiliser adoption, credit access, and safety nets in rural Ethiopia, Agricultural Finance Review, https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-09-2012-0049 Tesfaye, W. and Tirivayi, N., 2018, The impacts of postharvest storage innovations on food security and welfare in Ethiopia, Food Policy, Vol. 75, pp. 52–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.01.004 True, A. C., 1928, A history of agricultural extension work in the United States, 1785–1923, No. 15, US Government Printing Office.
- West, T. O. and Post, W. M., 2002, Soil organic carbon sequestration rates by tillage and crop rotation: A global data analysis, Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 66, No. 6, pp. 1930–1946. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.1930 World Bank, 2020, Fertiliser consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land), Food and Agriculture Organisation, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.CON. FERT.ZS?locations=ET Wossen, T., Abdoulaye, T., Alene, A., Haile, M. G., Feleke, S., Olanrewaju, A. and Manyong, V., 2017, Impacts of extension access and cooperative membership on technology adoption and household welfare, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 54, pp. 223–233 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.022
Les références
Abate, G. T., Rashid, S., Borzaga, C. and Getnet, K., 2016, Rural finance and agricultural technology adoption in Ethiopia: Does the institutional design of lending organisations matter? World Development, Vol. 84, pp. 235–253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.03.003.
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. and Robinson, J. A., 2001, The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation, American Economic Review, Vol. 91,No.5,pp.13691401. DOI: 10.1257/aer.91.5.1369.
Adgo, E., Selassie, Y. G., Abate Tsegaye, S. A. and Ayele, A. A., 2014, Impact of land certification on sustainable land resource management in the Amhara region, Ethiopia, Drylands Coordination Group (DCG) Report No. 75, https://www.utviklingsfondet.no/dcg/assets/documents/Publications/1139-report_75.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2021. Anderson, J. R. and Feder, G., 2004, Agricultural extension: Good intentions and hard realities, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 41–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(06)03044-1.
Belissa, T., Bulte, E., Cecchi, F., Gangopadhyay, S. and Lensink, R., 2019, Liquidity constraints, informal institutions, and the adoption of weather insurance: A randomized controlled trial in Ethiopia, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 140, pp. 269–278.
BenYishay, A. and Mobarak, A. M., 2019, Social learning and incentives for experimentation and communication, The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 86, No. 3, pp. 976–1009.
Birkhaeuser, D., Evenson, R. E. and Feder, G., 1991, The economic impact of agricultural extension: A review, Economic development and cultural change, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 607–650, https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/ abs/10.1086/451893.
Carter, M. R., Cheng, L. and Sarris, A., 2016, Where and how index insurance can boost the adoption of improved agricultural technologies, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 118, pp. 59–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.08.008. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 2021, The World Factbook, Ethiopia, https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ .
Central Statistical Agency (CSA), 2014, Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey, CWave 2 (ESS2) 2013-2014, Ref. ETH_2013_ESS_v02_M, https://microdata. worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/ 2783# metadata-disclaimer_copyright.
Central Statistical Agency (CSA), 2015, Key findings of the 2014/2015 (2007 E.C.) agricultural sample surveys, Addis Ababa, https://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/ catalog/7376 Central Statistical Agency (CSA), 2016, Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey, Addis Ababa, Wave 3 (ESS3) 2015-2016. Public Use Dataset. Ref: ETH_2015_ESS_v02_M. https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2247
Central Statistical Agency (CSA), 2017, LSMS–Integrated Surveys On Agriculture, Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS), A Report by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia in Collaboration with the National Bank of Ethiopia and the World Bank. Cerdán-Infantes, P., Maffioli, A. and Ubfal, D., 2008, The impact of agricultural exten- sion services: The case of grape production in Argentina, Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE), Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC, https://cite-seerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download doi=10.1.1.466.9147&rep= rep1 &type=pdf .
Davis, K., Swanson, B., Amudavi, D., Mekonnen, D. A., Flohrs, A., Riese, J., ... and Zerfu, E., 2010, In-depth assessment of the public agricultural extension system of Ethiopia and recommendations for improvement, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Discussion Paper 1041, pp. 193– 201, https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/7610/filename/7611.pdf
Deininger, K., Ali, D. A. and Alemu, T., 2011, Impacts of land certification on tenure security, investment, and land market participation: evidence from Ethiopia, Land Economics, Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 312–334. DOI: 10.3368/le.87.2.312 Dercon, S., Gilligan, D. O., Hoddinott, J. and Woldehanna, T., 2009, The impact of agricultural extension and roads on poverty and consumption growth in fifteen Ethiopian villages, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 91, No. 4, pp. 1007–1021, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2009.01325.x
Doss, C. R. and Morris, M. L., 2000, How does gender affect the adoption of agricultural innovations? The case of improved maize technology in Ghana, Agricultural Economics, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 27–39, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2001.tb00233.x
Emmanuel, D., Owusu-Sekyere, E., Owusu, V. and Jordaan, H., 2016, Impact of agricultural extension service on adoption of chemical fertiliser: Implications for rice productivity and development in Ghana, NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, Vol. 79, pp. 41–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2016.10.002
Evenson, R. E., 2001, Economic impacts of agricultural research and extension, Handbook of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 1, Part A, pp. 573–628, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(01)10014-9
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2015, World fertiliser trends and outlook to 2018, United Nations, http://www.fao.org/3/i4324e/i4324e.pdf FDRE, 2010, Ethiopia’s agricultural sector policy and investment framework (pif ) (2010–2020), draft final report, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Addis Ababa, http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/ docs/pdf/eth149550.pdf
Foster, A. D. and Rosenzweig, M. R., 2010, Microeconomics of technology adoption, Annual Review of Economics, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 395–424, DOI: 10.1146/annurev. economics.102308.124433 Fufa, B. and Hassan, R. M., 2006, Determinants of fertiliser use on maize in Eastern Ethiopia: A weighted endogenous sampling analysis of the extent and intensity of adoption, Agrekon, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 38–49, https://doi.org/10.1080/030 31853.2006.9523732 Kassa, B., 2003, Agricultural extension in Ethiopia: the case of participatory demonstration and training extension system, Journal of social development in Africa, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 49–84, https://www.oerafrica.org/FTPFolder/ Website%20Materials/Agriculture/haramaya/MSU/ Perspective_Agricultural_ Extension/Attachment/history%20of%20extension%20in%20ethiopia.pdf
Kirchmann, H. and Ryan, M. H., 2004, Nutrients in organic farming–are there advantages from the exclusive use of organic manures and untreated minerals, in New directions for a diverse planet. Proceedings of the 4th international crop science congress, Vol. 26, http://www.agronomyaustraliaproceedings.org/images/sampledata/2004/symposia/2/6/828_kirchmannh.pdf
Knack, S. and Keefer, P., 1997, Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 112, No. 4, pp. 1251–1288, https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300555475
Kondylis, F., Mueller, V. and Zhu, J., 2017, Seeing is believing? Evidence from an extension network experiment, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 125, pp. 1–20.
Lazarus, W. F. and Swanson, E. R., 1983, Insecticide use and crop rotation under risk: Rootworm control in corn, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 738–747, https://doi.org/10.2307/1240462
Liebman, M. and Dyck, E., 1993, Crop rotation and intercropping strategies for weed management, Ecological Applications, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 92–122, https://doi.org/10.2307/1941795
Liverpool, L. S. O. and Winter-Nelson, A., 2010, Poverty status and the impact of formal credit on technology use and wellbeing among Ethiopian smallholders, World Development, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 541–554, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. worlddev.2009.11.006
Manfre, C., Rubin, D., Allen, A., Summerfield, G., Colverson, K. and Akeredolu, M., 2013, Reducing the gender gap in agricultural extension and advisory services: How to find the best fit for men and women farmers, MEAS Brief, No. 2, http://www.cocoaconnect.org/sites/default/files/publication/MEAS%20 Brief%202%20-%20Gender%20and%20Extension%20-%202013_05_13.pdf Marenya, P. P. and Barrett, C. B., 2009, Soil quality and fertiliser use rates among smallholder farmers in western Kenya, Agricultural Economics, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 561–572, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2009.00398.x Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), 2017, Ethiopia’s agricultural extension strategies: Vision, systemic bottlenecks and priority interventions, Addis Ababa http://www.moa.gov.et/documents/45198/0/ FINAL+EXTENSION+STRATEGY+EDITED+FOR+Upload.pdf/51050623-b954-46cf-bea3-aaefece29408
Minot, N. and Benson T., 2009, Fertiliser subsidies in Africa: Are vouchers the answer? Technical report, AgEcon Search. http://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.55510
Mishra, K., 2018, You are Approved! Insured loans improve credit access and technology adoption of Ghanaian farmers, AgEcon Search. http://dx.doi. org/10.22004/ag.econ.277089
Ndiritu, S. W., Kassie, M. and Shiferaw, B., 2014, Are there systematic gender differences in the adoption of sustainable agricultural intensification practices? Evidence from Kenya, Food Policy, Vol. 49, pp. 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.06.010
Obisesan, A., 2014, Gender differences in technology adoption and welfare impact among Nigerian farming households. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/58920/ Oikeh, S. O. and Asiegbu, J. E., 1993, Growth and yield responses of tomatoes to sources and rates of organic manures in ferralitic soils, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 21–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(93)90138-2 Pan, Y., Smith, S. C. and Sulaiman, M., 2018, Agricultural extension and technology
adoption for food security: Evidence from Uganda, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 100, No. 4, pp. 1012–1031. DOI: 10.1093/ajae/aay012
Ragasa, C., 2019, Modeling the effectiveness of the lead farmer approach in agricultural extension service provision: Nationally representative panel data analysis in Malawi, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Vol. 1848.
Ragasa, C., Berhane, G., Tadesse, F. and Taffesse, A. S., 2013, Gender differences in access to extension services and agricultural productivity, The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 437–468, https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:fpr:esspwp:49
Ryan, B. and Gross, N. C., 1943, The diffusion of hybrid seed corn in two Iowa communities, Rural Sociology, Vol. 8, No. 1, p.15, https://www.proquest.com/openview/7de2b2276a089fe888071663de12b6a0/1?pq- origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817355
Tadesse, M., 2014, Fertiliser adoption, credit access, and safety nets in rural Ethiopia, Agricultural Finance Review, https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-09-2012-0049 Tesfaye, W. and Tirivayi, N., 2018, The impacts of postharvest storage innovations on food security and welfare in Ethiopia, Food Policy, Vol. 75, pp. 52–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.01.004 True, A. C., 1928, A history of agricultural extension work in the United States, 1785–1923, No. 15, US Government Printing Office.
West, T. O. and Post, W. M., 2002, Soil organic carbon sequestration rates by tillage and crop rotation: A global data analysis, Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 66, No. 6, pp. 1930–1946. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.1930 World Bank, 2020, Fertiliser consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land), Food and Agriculture Organisation, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.CON. FERT.ZS?locations=ET Wossen, T., Abdoulaye, T., Alene, A., Haile, M. G., Feleke, S., Olanrewaju, A. and Manyong, V., 2017, Impacts of extension access and cooperative membership on technology adoption and household welfare, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 54, pp. 223–233 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.022