7 - Covid-19 Social Relief Programmes and Distribution Mechanisms in East Africa: Lessons Learned
Corresponding Author(s) : Ivan Kagimu
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 48 No 2 (2023): Afrique et développement : Numéro spécial sur la pandémie de Covid-19 et l’économie africaine (Avec un texte révisé de la deuxième conférence commémorative annuelle Thandika Mkandawire) Guest Editor / Rédacteur invité Badar Alam
Résumé
La Covid-19 a eu des répercussions sociales, physiques et économiques qui ont incité les gouvernements à élaborer des stratégies pour aider leurs citoyens à faire face aux fermetures obligatoires et aux couvre-feux. Les pays d'Afrique de l'Est ont dû faire face à plusieurs incertitudes et défis pour aider leurs citoyens, notamment le manque de fonds pour mettre en œuvre des programmes d'aide à grande échelle, l'identification efficace des bénéficiaires éligibles et des canaux de distribution viables. Certains pays africains ont lancé des programmes de transferts monétaires et d'assistance sociale. Toutefois, la taille, l'efficacité et la proportion de la population couverte varient, ce qui entraîne une augmentation de la fraude, de la corruption et des détournements de fonds. Le favoritisme, l'exploitation politique et l'esprit de parti ont également prévalu. Cet article vise à évaluer le succès des programmes d'aide financière et sociale de la Covid-19 en Afrique de l'Est et les mécanismes utilisés, et à en tirer des leçons en les comparant à des programmes efficaces menés en dehors de l'Afrique afin de mieux informer la conception efficace de futurs programmes similaires. En utilisant une méthodologie de recherche basée sur la triangulation des données, l'article démontre que les programmes d'aide Covid-19 de nombreux pays d'Afrique de l'Est ont échoué en raison du manque de données multidimensionnelles actualisées sur le niveau de vie, les revenus et les niveaux de pauvreté des populations. Si les pays d'Afrique de l'Est veulent mettre en œuvre des programmes d'aide sociale efficaces, ils doivent développer des systèmes de collecte de données (résidentes) complets et multidimensionnels pour guider ces programmes.
Mots-clés
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Les références
Abet, T., 2021, Covid relief: Govt to give direct cash, Daily Monitor, 21 June 2021 https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/Covid-relief-govt-to-give-direct-cash-3444516. Accessed 14 November 2022.
Amon, J.J., and Wurth, M., 2020, 'A Virtual Roundtable on COVID-19 and Hu- man Rights with Human Rights Watch Researchers', Health and human rights, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 399–413.
Baldwin, R., 2020, The Greater Trade Collapse of 2020: Learnings from the 2008–09 Great Trade Collapse. https://voxeu.org/article/greater-trade-collapse-2020 CNBC, 2020, Weather and natural disasters, CNBC, 20 February 2020. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/20/plague-of-locusts-threatens-east-african-economies-as-un-sounds-alarm.html
Cressman, K., 2016, 'Desert locust, in Sivanpillai', R., ed. Biological and Environ- mental Hazards, Risks and Disasters, New York: Elsevier, pp. 87–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394847-2.00006-1
Damali, M., 2021, Relief cash: UBOS disowns vulnerable people statistics, Daily Monitor, 2 July 2021. www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/relief-cash-ubos-disowns-vulnerable-people-statistics3459302. Accessed 14 November 2022.
Devereux, D., 2020, Social protection responses to the Covid-19 lockdown in South Africa, The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/social-protection-responses-to-the-covid-19-lockdown-in-south-africa-134817. Accessed 14 November 2021.
Diwakar, V., Shepherd, A., and Eichsteller, M., 2018, Health, Resilience and Sus- tainable Poverty Escapes: Synthesis. https://dl.orangedox.com/duddnR
Draku, F., 2020, Did Government Get It Wrong On Covid-19 Relief Food? Monitor, 22 April 2020. https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/did-government-get-it-wrong-on-covid-19-relief-food--1886416. Accessed 22 October 2021.
Elhadi, Y.A.M., Adebisi, Y.A., Hassan, K.F., Mohammed, S.E.E., Lin, X., and Lucero-Prisno III, D.E., 2020, 'The formidable task of fighting COVID-19 in Sudan', The Pan African Medical Journal, Vol. 35, Suppl 2.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2020, Food security, resilience and well-being analysis of refugees and host communities in Northern Uganda. FAO Resilience Analysis Report 12. Rome: FAO. https://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/I9708EN/
Government Accountability Office (GAO), 2022, Millions of People May Still Be Eligible For Covid-19 Stimulus Payments, But Time Is Running Out. https://www.gao.gov/blog/millions-people-may-still-be-eligible-Covid-19-stimulus-payments-time-running-out. Accessed 14 November 2022.
Initiative for Social and Economic Rights (ISER), 2021, A Drop In The Ocean: Uganda’s COVID-19 Cash Transfer. https://iser-uganda.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/A_drop_in_the_ocean_-_Ugandas_Covid-19_cash_transfer.pdf
Kazeem, Y., 2021, African governments are being forced to develop social welfare programs in an economic crisis, Quartz, 23 June 2020. https://qz.com/af-rica/1872046/african-countries-offer-cash-relief-Covid-19-welfare-programmes. Accessed 14 November 2022.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), 2020, Quarterly GDP Reports. https://www.knbs.or.ke/?page_id=1591
Kimani, J., Adhiambo, J., Kasiba, R., Mwangi, P., Were, V., Mathenge, J., … Bhat- tacharjee, P., Moses, S., Fowke, F.R., McKinnon, L.R., and Lorway, R, 2020, The effects of Covid-19 on the health and socio-economic security of sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya: Emerging intersections with HIV, Global Public Health, Vol. 15, No. 7, pp. 1073–1082. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1770831
Mukhtar, M.M. and Khogali, M., 2021, 'The accelerating COVID-19 epidemic in Sudan', Nature Immunology, Vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 797–798.
Nathan, I., and Benon, M., 2020, 'Covid-19 relief food distribution: impact and lessons for Uganda', The Pan African Medical Journal, Vol. 35, Suppl 2, p. 142. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.142.24214
National Bureau of Statistics Tanzania (NBS), 2020, Macroeconomic Indicators. https://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php/en/
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR), 2020, GDP Quarterly Publications, https://www.statistics.gov.rw/statistical-publications/subject/gross-domestic-product-percent28gdppercent29
Nchanji, E.B., and Lutomia, C.K., 2021, 'Regional impact of COVID-19 on the production and food security of common bean smallholder farmers in Sub- Saharan Africa: Implication for SDG’s', Global Food Security, Vol. 29, 100524.
Opondo, O., 2020, Covid-18 Relief food in Kampala, the Kites, Sharks, and Lessons.
Uganda Media Centre, 30 April 2020, https://www.mediacentre.go.ug/Opinion/covid-18-relief-food-kampala-kites-sharks-and-lessons. Accessed 6 June 2020.
Rahaman, M.M.D., Saha, O., Rakhi, N.N., Chowdhury, M.G., Sammonds, P., and Kamal, A.M., 2020, 'Overlapping of locust swarms with Covid-19 pandemic: A cascading disaster for Africa', Pathogens and Global Health, Vol. 114, No. 8, pp. 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2020.1793595
Shi, Y., 2020, Uganda starts relief food distribution for vulnerable people amid Covid-19 lockdown. Xinhua, 4 April 2020. Accessed 11 June 2020.
Slater, R., McCord, A., Devereux, S., Baur, D., Trotter, D., and Bright, R., 2021, Beyond COVID-19: Lessons for social protection from WFP’s work in East Africa in 2020, Rome: WFP.
Tax Outreach, 2022, What to know about the First Stimulus Check. Get it back cam- paign https://www.taxoutreach.org/tax-filing/coronavirus/what-to-know-about-the-economic-impact-payments-stimulus-checks/. Accessed 14 November 2022.
Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), 2020, National Accounts. https://www.ubos.org/explore-statistics/9/
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2020, The Covid-19 shock to developing countries: Towards a ‘whatever it takes’ program for two-thirds of the world’s population being left behind. https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/gds_tdr2019_Covid2_en.pdf
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 2021, Covid-19 Emergency Support Packages in West and Central Africa: An overview and analysis of fraud and corruption risks. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/corruption/Covid-19-emergency-support-packages-in-west-and-central-africa.html. Accessed 14 November 2022.
World Bank, 2020a, Annual report 2020, https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1619-2
World Bank, 2020b, Emergency locust response program (P173702). Uganda Annex, 4 March 2020.
World Food Programme (WFP), 2020, Covid-19 economic and food security implications in East Africa. Relief Web, 28 2020. https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/Covid-19
World Trade Organization (WTO), 2020, Trade Statistics and Outlook: Trade Set to Plunge as Covid-19 Pandemic Upends Global Economy. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres20_e/pr855_e.pdf