4 - Investment in Security Forces and Human Development Challenges in Africa: Lessons from Nigeria’s Experience
Corresponding Author(s) : Plangshak Musa Suchi
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 44 No 1 (2019): Afrique et développement: Numéro spécial sur Argent, sécurité et gouvernance démocratique en Afrique (I)
Résumé
En utilisant le Nigéria comme noyau empirique, cet article aborde la question de l’investissement dans les forces de sécurité de l’État et comment cela a affecté la capacité et l’intérêt des États africains à faire face à d’autres problèmes de développement humain. En particulier, la réponse de l’État nigérian aux problèmes actuels de sécurité du pays, tels que l’insurrection et le terrorisme, les enlèvements et les conflits entre éleveurs et agriculteurs, fournit la base de la discussion. Sur une analyse de données secondaires, l’article affirme que d’énormes ressources ont été investies dans les forces de sécurité au Nigéria depuis l’indépendance en 1960, au détriment d’autres problèmes fondamentaux de développement humain tels que la misère et la pauvreté généralisées, la médiocrité des installations sanitaires, la faible espérance de vie, le bas taux d’alphabétisation, un taux de chômage élevé et une corruption phénoménale, en particulier des individus haut placés, les organisations et le gouvernement. L’article souligne le coût pour contrer l’insurrection en termes d’allocations budgétaires aux forces de sécurité, en particulier de la façon dont cela a privé de ressources d’autres défis de développement humain dans le pays.
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Adetayo, O., 2017a, ‘Osinbajo signs 2017 budget, explains delay’, The Punch, 13 June, p. 21.
- Adetayo, O., 2017b, ‘Nigeria’s unity not negotiable, Osinbajo insists’, The Punch, 26 June, p. 14.
- Adu-Amanfoh, F., 2014, The Role of Peace and Security, Political Leadership, and Entrepreneurship in the Socio-Economic Development of Emerging Countries, Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse.
- Africa Investment Report, 2016, Analyse Africa, Data.Trends.Intelligence, www. analyseAfrica.com.
- Ajefu, E., 2017, ‘Nigeria will be out of recession in 2018, all things being equal –Statistician-General’, Economic Confidential 10 (126), June, p. 10.
- Alemika, E. O., 2015, ‘Prevalence, pattern and consequences of insecurity in Nigerian cities’, Annals of the Social Science Academy of Nigeria 20: 16–46.
- Alemika, E.O., Amucheazi, E., Oyebode, A.B. and Yahaya, A.D., 2010, Traditional Rulers in Nigeria, Ibadan: Safari Books.
- Alubo, O., 2006, Ethnic Conflicts and Citizenship Crises in the Central Region, Ibadan. Programme on Ethnic and Federal Studies.
- Amaefule, E., 2017, ‘Nigeria’s debt rises by N7.1tn in two years’, The Punch 41 (21), 452, p. 21.
- Ameh, J., 2017, ‘Presidency not wrong by delayed budget signing – Rep’, The Punch 41 (21,451), 53.
- Ameh, J., Baiyewu, L. and Dauda, P., 2017, ‘Insecurity: lawmakers dump official vehicle number plates’, Saturday Punch 7387 (1886), p. 3.
- Asu, F., 2017, ‘Nigeria lags behind 16 African countries in oil governance’, The Punch 41 (21,4698), p. 28.
- Bello, N., 2017, ‘It’s time to restructure Nigeria, says Babangida’, The Guardian 33 (14,060), pp.6.
- Budgeti, T., 2016, 2017 Budget: A Review of Proposed 2017 Budget, Lagos: Budgeti T., Castells, M., 1997,The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. II – The Power of Identity, Oxford: Blackwell.
- Ekpo, O. 2017, ‘Much ado about Nigeria’s recovery and growth’, TELL Magazine, 3 July, p. 51.
- Eric, M., Umeh, K. and Akpa, N., 2017, ‘Agitations reflective of rot in polity, says Sultan’, The Guardian 33 (14,061), pp. 1, 6.
- Eteng, G.B., 2016, ‘Contemporary security challenges in Nigeria’, African Journal for Security and Development 2 (2): 35–50.
- Ferguson, J., 2006, Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order, Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.
- Gofwen, R.I., 2004, Religious Conflicts in Northern Nigeria and Nation Building: The Throes of Two Decades 1980-2000, Kaduna: Human Rights Monitor.
- Hussein, K., Gnisci, D. and Wanjiru, J., 2004, ‘Security and human security: an overview of concepts and initiatives. What implications for West Africa?’, Issues Paper OECD: SAH/D (2004)547.
- Hobbes, T., 1968, Leviathan, Aylesbury, England: Penguin.
- Jibrin, A.D., 2016, ‘Governance and the challenge of leadership in Nigeria’, National Sustainable Development Review 1 (1): 146–57.
- Loader, I., 2000, ‘Plural policing and democratic governance’, Social and Legal Studies 9: 323–45.
- Odekunle, F., 2010, ‘Internal Security and Development, in E.E.O. Alemika, M. Haruna and B. Yusuf, eds, Police, Security and Democratic Governance in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd.
- Odekunle, F., 2014, ‘Emplacing the culture of transparency and accountability in tertiary institutions in Nigeria for development’, Annals of the Social Science Academy of Nigeria, 18, 19: 61.
- Oguamanam, C., 2016, Herder’s Republic: Nigeria at Cusp of Another Security Crisis, Ottawa: Ottawa University Press.
- Ogundiran, A., ed., 2005, Precolonial Nigeria: Essays in Honour of Toyin Falola, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
- Okafor, J.I., Apeh, P.E. and Madugu, U., 2015, Book Review: Human Development Report (2014). Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience, New York: UNDP.
- Olugbile, S., 2017, ‘PDP governors back APC’s counterparts’ call for restructuring’, The Punch 41 (21,467), p. 9.
- Onu, F.O., Onuche, O.I. and Onaji, O.E., 2016, ‘Internal security crisis and the state of Nigeria’s economy: towards a workable solution’, Jos Journal of Social Issues 9 (1): 85–92.
- Meagher, K., 2012, ‘The strength of weak states? non-state security forces and hybrid governance in Africa’, Development and Change 34 (5): 1073–101.
- Minti, T.C., 2016, ‘International terrorism and implications for Nigeria’, African Journal for Security and Development 2 (2): 7–22.
- Hussaini, K.S., 2016, ‘Homegrown terrorism: the Boko Haram insurgency’, African Journal for Security and Development 2 (2): 23–34.
- Sawyer, S., 2014, ‘CFR backgrounders: Boko Haram’, http://www.cfr.org/nigeria/bokoharam/p25739, accessed 8 March 2015.
- Schmelzle, C., 2011, ‘Evaluating governance: effectiveness and legitimacy in areas of limited statehood’, SFB – Governance Working Paper Series No. 26.
- Schneier, B., 2006, Beyond fear: Thinking sensibly about security in an uncertain world. New York: Springer.
- Sesay, A. and Kayode, O., 2016, ‘Regionalisation and the new security challenges in West Africa: a focus on initiatives to combat human trafficking’, African Journal for Security and Development (2): 64–82.
- Shearing, C. D., 1992, ‘The relation between public and private policing’, Crime and Justice, 15: 399-434.
- Soyinka, A., 2015, ‘Will Jonathan return?’, TELL Magazine, 26 January, pp. 19–24. Suchi, 2013, ‘Commercial policing industry in Nigeria: growth, services and regulation’, draft research paper presented at the 2013 Session of the Democratic Governance Institute of CODESRIA, held 5–23 August, Dakar, Senegal.
- Suchi, P.M., 2014, ‘Non-state policing in Karu, North-Central Nigeria: understanding the basis for the legitimacy of vigilante groups’, Violence and Development Project Papers No.14, pp. 1–29.
- Suchi, P.M., 2016a, ‘Insecurity and vigilantism in Karu, North-Central Nigeria: community members’ perceptions of Nyanya Gwandar vigilante group’, Jos Journal of Social Issues 9 (1): 34–47.
- Suchi, P.M., 2016b, ‘Recent Political Development in Nigeria: Implications for Democracy, Economic Sovereignty and Development’, in D. Tamen, P.M. Suchi and M.J. Onobe, eds, Nigeria: Journeying in Socio-economic and Political Development, Abuja: Topaz Publishing House.
- Tamuno, T., 2012, Stakeholders at War in Nigeria: From Lord Lugard to President Goodluck Jonathan, Vol. 1, Ibadan: Stirling-Horden Publishers.
- UNDP, 1994, Human Development Report, New Dimensions of Human Security, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- World Bank Report, 2000, Voices of the Poor: Crying out for Change, World Bank: New York. World Development Report, 2011, Conflict, security and development, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Les références
Abdullahi, S., 2013, ‘Corruption, Good Governance and Democratization in Africa: The Nigerian Experience’, in A.S. Modibbo and Y.A. Adadu, eds, Democracy and Development in Africa, Keffi: Nasarawa State University.
Adetayo, O., 2017a, ‘Osinbajo signs 2017 budget, explains delay’, The Punch, 13 June, p. 21.
Adetayo, O., 2017b, ‘Nigeria’s unity not negotiable, Osinbajo insists’, The Punch, 26 June, p. 14.
Adu-Amanfoh, F., 2014, The Role of Peace and Security, Political Leadership, and Entrepreneurship in the Socio-Economic Development of Emerging Countries, Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse.
Africa Investment Report, 2016, Analyse Africa, Data.Trends.Intelligence, www. analyseAfrica.com.
Ajefu, E., 2017, ‘Nigeria will be out of recession in 2018, all things being equal –Statistician-General’, Economic Confidential 10 (126), June, p. 10.
Alemika, E. O., 2015, ‘Prevalence, pattern and consequences of insecurity in Nigerian cities’, Annals of the Social Science Academy of Nigeria 20: 16–46.
Alemika, E.O., Amucheazi, E., Oyebode, A.B. and Yahaya, A.D., 2010, Traditional Rulers in Nigeria, Ibadan: Safari Books.
Alubo, O., 2006, Ethnic Conflicts and Citizenship Crises in the Central Region, Ibadan. Programme on Ethnic and Federal Studies.
Amaefule, E., 2017, ‘Nigeria’s debt rises by N7.1tn in two years’, The Punch 41 (21), 452, p. 21.
Ameh, J., 2017, ‘Presidency not wrong by delayed budget signing – Rep’, The Punch 41 (21,451), 53.
Ameh, J., Baiyewu, L. and Dauda, P., 2017, ‘Insecurity: lawmakers dump official vehicle number plates’, Saturday Punch 7387 (1886), p. 3.
Asu, F., 2017, ‘Nigeria lags behind 16 African countries in oil governance’, The Punch 41 (21,4698), p. 28.
Bello, N., 2017, ‘It’s time to restructure Nigeria, says Babangida’, The Guardian 33 (14,060), pp.6.
Budgeti, T., 2016, 2017 Budget: A Review of Proposed 2017 Budget, Lagos: Budgeti T., Castells, M., 1997,The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. II – The Power of Identity, Oxford: Blackwell.
Ekpo, O. 2017, ‘Much ado about Nigeria’s recovery and growth’, TELL Magazine, 3 July, p. 51.
Eric, M., Umeh, K. and Akpa, N., 2017, ‘Agitations reflective of rot in polity, says Sultan’, The Guardian 33 (14,061), pp. 1, 6.
Eteng, G.B., 2016, ‘Contemporary security challenges in Nigeria’, African Journal for Security and Development 2 (2): 35–50.
Ferguson, J., 2006, Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order, Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.
Gofwen, R.I., 2004, Religious Conflicts in Northern Nigeria and Nation Building: The Throes of Two Decades 1980-2000, Kaduna: Human Rights Monitor.
Hussein, K., Gnisci, D. and Wanjiru, J., 2004, ‘Security and human security: an overview of concepts and initiatives. What implications for West Africa?’, Issues Paper OECD: SAH/D (2004)547.
Hobbes, T., 1968, Leviathan, Aylesbury, England: Penguin.
Jibrin, A.D., 2016, ‘Governance and the challenge of leadership in Nigeria’, National Sustainable Development Review 1 (1): 146–57.
Loader, I., 2000, ‘Plural policing and democratic governance’, Social and Legal Studies 9: 323–45.
Odekunle, F., 2010, ‘Internal Security and Development, in E.E.O. Alemika, M. Haruna and B. Yusuf, eds, Police, Security and Democratic Governance in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd.
Odekunle, F., 2014, ‘Emplacing the culture of transparency and accountability in tertiary institutions in Nigeria for development’, Annals of the Social Science Academy of Nigeria, 18, 19: 61.
Oguamanam, C., 2016, Herder’s Republic: Nigeria at Cusp of Another Security Crisis, Ottawa: Ottawa University Press.
Ogundiran, A., ed., 2005, Precolonial Nigeria: Essays in Honour of Toyin Falola, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Okafor, J.I., Apeh, P.E. and Madugu, U., 2015, Book Review: Human Development Report (2014). Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience, New York: UNDP.
Olugbile, S., 2017, ‘PDP governors back APC’s counterparts’ call for restructuring’, The Punch 41 (21,467), p. 9.
Onu, F.O., Onuche, O.I. and Onaji, O.E., 2016, ‘Internal security crisis and the state of Nigeria’s economy: towards a workable solution’, Jos Journal of Social Issues 9 (1): 85–92.
Meagher, K., 2012, ‘The strength of weak states? non-state security forces and hybrid governance in Africa’, Development and Change 34 (5): 1073–101.
Minti, T.C., 2016, ‘International terrorism and implications for Nigeria’, African Journal for Security and Development 2 (2): 7–22.
Hussaini, K.S., 2016, ‘Homegrown terrorism: the Boko Haram insurgency’, African Journal for Security and Development 2 (2): 23–34.
Sawyer, S., 2014, ‘CFR backgrounders: Boko Haram’, http://www.cfr.org/nigeria/bokoharam/p25739, accessed 8 March 2015.
Schmelzle, C., 2011, ‘Evaluating governance: effectiveness and legitimacy in areas of limited statehood’, SFB – Governance Working Paper Series No. 26.
Schneier, B., 2006, Beyond fear: Thinking sensibly about security in an uncertain world. New York: Springer.
Sesay, A. and Kayode, O., 2016, ‘Regionalisation and the new security challenges in West Africa: a focus on initiatives to combat human trafficking’, African Journal for Security and Development (2): 64–82.
Shearing, C. D., 1992, ‘The relation between public and private policing’, Crime and Justice, 15: 399-434.
Soyinka, A., 2015, ‘Will Jonathan return?’, TELL Magazine, 26 January, pp. 19–24. Suchi, 2013, ‘Commercial policing industry in Nigeria: growth, services and regulation’, draft research paper presented at the 2013 Session of the Democratic Governance Institute of CODESRIA, held 5–23 August, Dakar, Senegal.
Suchi, P.M., 2014, ‘Non-state policing in Karu, North-Central Nigeria: understanding the basis for the legitimacy of vigilante groups’, Violence and Development Project Papers No.14, pp. 1–29.
Suchi, P.M., 2016a, ‘Insecurity and vigilantism in Karu, North-Central Nigeria: community members’ perceptions of Nyanya Gwandar vigilante group’, Jos Journal of Social Issues 9 (1): 34–47.
Suchi, P.M., 2016b, ‘Recent Political Development in Nigeria: Implications for Democracy, Economic Sovereignty and Development’, in D. Tamen, P.M. Suchi and M.J. Onobe, eds, Nigeria: Journeying in Socio-economic and Political Development, Abuja: Topaz Publishing House.
Tamuno, T., 2012, Stakeholders at War in Nigeria: From Lord Lugard to President Goodluck Jonathan, Vol. 1, Ibadan: Stirling-Horden Publishers.
UNDP, 1994, Human Development Report, New Dimensions of Human Security, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
World Bank Report, 2000, Voices of the Poor: Crying out for Change, World Bank: New York. World Development Report, 2011, Conflict, security and development, Washington, DC: World Bank.