10 - Gendered Epidemics and Systems of Power in Africa: A Feminist Perspective on Public Health Governance
Corresponding Author(s) : Ravayi Marindo
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 42 No 1 (2017): Afrique et développement: Numéro spécial sur la gouvernance de la santé en Afrique : état des lieux
Résumé
Cet article porte sur les systèmes de pouvoir et la manière dont différents systèmes de pouvoir – mondial, local, patriarcal et familial – sont interconnectés et créent une vulnérabilité aux maladies épidémiques et infectieuses chez ceux qui ont moins de pouvoir, essentiellement les femmes rurales pauvres aux ressources limitées. L’argument principal est que pour comprendre les épidémies à dimension genrée en Afrique, nous devons examiner les systèmes de pouvoir qui créent et perpétuent les vulnérabilités des femmes africaines aux niveaux local, national et mondial. L’article se sert d’études de cas tirées de publications d’histoires d’épidémies, et les interprète à partir d’un cadre d’analyse féministe et de pouvoir. Les résultats indiquent qu’alors qu’une maladie ou une épidémie affecte un groupe d’individus, des facteurs systémiques concernant la gouvernance responsable et le rôle de la politique et des stratégies nationales, le rôle des systèmes mondiaux qui contrôlent la production et le partage des connaissances, ainsi que le patriarcat et la culture, contribuent tous à créer un environnement qui accroît la vulnérabilité des femmes aux épidémies. L’article conclut en préconisant le renforcement des moyens pratiques qui peuvent rendre le pouvoir hiérarchique moins attrayant et la distribution équitable du pouvoir plus attrayant. Étant donné que les systèmes de pouvoir actuels ne peuvent pas être éliminés, il est impératif qu’ils soient remis en question et transformés. L’article comporte diverses limites. Il s’appuie sur un petit nombre d’études de cas et bien que la documentation se réfère au genre, l’analyse porte essentiellement sur les femmes. Cependant, en dépit de ces limites, l’article vise à contribuer au débat scientifique en cours sur la gouvernance de la santé publique en Afrique, ainsi qu’au domaine en expansion de l’épidémiologie féministe africaine.
Ravayi Marindo, Curtin School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western Australia. Email: Ravayi.marindo@curtin.edu.au
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Allen, A., 2014, ‘Feminist Perspectives on Power’, Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy in, Zalta,
- E.N., ed., http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/feminist- power/.
- Anker, M., 2007, Addressing Sex and Gender in Epidemic Prone Infectious Diseases, Geneva: World
- Health Organization.
- Carastathis, A., 2014, ‘The Concept of Intersectionality in Feminist Theory’, Philosophy Compass 9
- (5): 304-14.
- Crenshaw, K., 1993, ‘Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence against
- Women of Color’, Stanford Law Review 43: 1241-99.
- de Beauvoir, S., 1997 [1949], The Second Sex, London: Vintage.
- Delgado, R. and Stafencic J., 2001, Critical Race Theory. An Introduction, New York and London: New
- York University Press.
- Eisenberg, A., 1994, ‘Communicating with Patients of the Opposite Sex’, Dynamic
- Chiropractic 12 (9), www.dynamicchiropractic.com.
- Africa Development, Volume XLII, No. 1, 2017
- Fanon, F., 2005 [1961], The Wretched of the Earth, translated by Richard Philcox, New York: Grove
- Press.
- Foucault, M., 2000, Power, edited by James D. Faubion and translated by Robert Hurley et al., in
- Essential Works of Foucault 1954-1984. Volume Three, New York: The New World Press.
- Gaidzanwa, R., 1992, ‘Bourgeois Theories of Gender and Feminism and their shortcomings with
- reference to Southern African countries’, in R. Meena, ed., Gender in Southern Africa: Conceptual
- and theoretical Issues, Harare: SAPES Books.
- Govender, V. and Penn-Kekana, 2007, ‘Gender biases and discrimination: a review of health care
- interpersonal interactions’, background paper to Women and Gender Equity Knowledge Network (WGEKN).
- Hartman, B., 2009, ‘The “New” Population Control Craze: Retro, Racist, Wrong Way to Go’,
- http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/2009fall/2009fall_hartmann.php.
- Hill-Collins, P., 2008, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge Consciousness and Politics of
- Empowerment, New York and London: Routledge.
- Imam, A., Mama, A. and Sow, F., 1997, Engendering African Social Sciences, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Kaufert, P., 1988, ‘Through Women’s Eyes. The case for feminist Epidemiology’, Health Sharing,
- winter, 10-13.
- Ladson-Billings, G., 1998, ‘Just What Is Critical Race Theory and What Is It Doing in a Nice Field
- Like Education?’, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 11 (1).
- Lukes, S., 2005, Power: A Radical View, 2nd expanded edition, London: Macmillan. Maathai, W., 2003,
- The Green Belt: Sharing the Approach and the Experience, New York:
- Lantern Books.
- Marindo-Ranganai, R., 1996, ‘Using Participatory Methods to Establish Community Based Information
- Systems. A Zimbabwe Case’, in De Koning, K. and Martin, M., Eds, Participatory Research Methods in
- Health. Issues and Experiences, London: Zed Books.
- McFadden, P., 2001, ‘Cultural Practice as Gendered Exclusion. Experiences from Southern Africa’, in
- Discussing Women’s Empowerment, Theory and Practice, SIDA Studies No. 3.
- Michalopous, S. and Papaioannous, E., 2011, ‘Divide and Rule or Rule of the Divided? Evidence from
- Africa’, NBER Working Paper Series 17184, http://www.nber.org/ papers/w17184, Cambridge MA.
- Morrock, R., ‘Heritage of Strife: The Effects of Colonialist “Divide and Rule” upon the Colonized
- Peoples’, Science and Society 37 (2):129-51.
- Obadina, T., 2005, Africa’s Crisis of Governance, African Economic Analysis, http://www.
- AfricanEcomincAnalysis.org.
- Ogundipe-Leslie, M., 1985, ‘Women in Nigeria’, in Badejo, D.L., ed., Women in Nigeria Today,
- London: Zed Books.
- Population Reference Bureau, 2012, Gender Based Violence and HIV/AIDS in
- Africa,www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2011/gender-based-violence-hiv.aspx, accessed 10 January
- Marindo: Gendered Epidemics and Systems of Power in Africa 219
- Rathgeber, E.M. and Vlassoff, C., 1993, ‘Gender and Tropical Diseases’, Social Science and Medicine
- (4): 513-20.
- Rich, A., 1996, ‘Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence’, in Jackson, S. and Scott, S.,
- Feminism and Sexuality: A Reader, New York NY: Columbia University Press.
- Russell, B., 1938, Power. A New Social Analysis, London: George Allen and Unwin. Yuen-man Siu,. J,
- , ‘Communicating under Medical Patriarchy: Gendered Doctor
- Patient Communication between Female Patients with Overactive Bladder and Male Urologists in Hong
- Kong’, BMC Women’s Health 15 (44).
- Sisulu, E., 2002, Walter and Albertina Sisulu: In Our Lifetime, Cape Town: David Phillip Publishers
- and New African Books.
- Tsikata, D., 1997, ‘Gender, Equality and the State in Ghana’, in Imam, A., Mama, A. and Sow, F.
- Engendering African Social Sciences, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Vlassoff, C., 2007, ‘Gender Differences in Determinants and Consequences of health and Illness’,
- Journal of Health Population Nutrition 25 (1) 47-61.
- World Bank, 2005, Gender and HIV/AIDS in Sub Saharan Africa: Putting Gender on the Map. Briefing
- Notes on Critical Gender Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa,http://
- siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTABOUTUS/Resources/GenderAIDS.pdf, accessed 12 January 2016.
- Zimbabwe Daily, 2015, ‘Mbuya Nehanda’s Second Chimurenga Prophecy’, 31 October.
Les références
Adichie, C.N., 2007, Half of a Yellow Sun, London: Fourth Estate.
Allen, A., 2014, ‘Feminist Perspectives on Power’, Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy in, Zalta,
E.N., ed., http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/feminist- power/.
Anker, M., 2007, Addressing Sex and Gender in Epidemic Prone Infectious Diseases, Geneva: World
Health Organization.
Carastathis, A., 2014, ‘The Concept of Intersectionality in Feminist Theory’, Philosophy Compass 9
(5): 304-14.
Crenshaw, K., 1993, ‘Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence against
Women of Color’, Stanford Law Review 43: 1241-99.
de Beauvoir, S., 1997 [1949], The Second Sex, London: Vintage.
Delgado, R. and Stafencic J., 2001, Critical Race Theory. An Introduction, New York and London: New
York University Press.
Eisenberg, A., 1994, ‘Communicating with Patients of the Opposite Sex’, Dynamic
Chiropractic 12 (9), www.dynamicchiropractic.com.
Africa Development, Volume XLII, No. 1, 2017
Fanon, F., 2005 [1961], The Wretched of the Earth, translated by Richard Philcox, New York: Grove
Press.
Foucault, M., 2000, Power, edited by James D. Faubion and translated by Robert Hurley et al., in
Essential Works of Foucault 1954-1984. Volume Three, New York: The New World Press.
Gaidzanwa, R., 1992, ‘Bourgeois Theories of Gender and Feminism and their shortcomings with
reference to Southern African countries’, in R. Meena, ed., Gender in Southern Africa: Conceptual
and theoretical Issues, Harare: SAPES Books.
Govender, V. and Penn-Kekana, 2007, ‘Gender biases and discrimination: a review of health care
interpersonal interactions’, background paper to Women and Gender Equity Knowledge Network (WGEKN).
Hartman, B., 2009, ‘The “New” Population Control Craze: Retro, Racist, Wrong Way to Go’,
http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/2009fall/2009fall_hartmann.php.
Hill-Collins, P., 2008, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge Consciousness and Politics of
Empowerment, New York and London: Routledge.
Imam, A., Mama, A. and Sow, F., 1997, Engendering African Social Sciences, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Kaufert, P., 1988, ‘Through Women’s Eyes. The case for feminist Epidemiology’, Health Sharing,
winter, 10-13.
Ladson-Billings, G., 1998, ‘Just What Is Critical Race Theory and What Is It Doing in a Nice Field
Like Education?’, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 11 (1).
Lukes, S., 2005, Power: A Radical View, 2nd expanded edition, London: Macmillan. Maathai, W., 2003,
The Green Belt: Sharing the Approach and the Experience, New York:
Lantern Books.
Marindo-Ranganai, R., 1996, ‘Using Participatory Methods to Establish Community Based Information
Systems. A Zimbabwe Case’, in De Koning, K. and Martin, M., Eds, Participatory Research Methods in
Health. Issues and Experiences, London: Zed Books.
McFadden, P., 2001, ‘Cultural Practice as Gendered Exclusion. Experiences from Southern Africa’, in
Discussing Women’s Empowerment, Theory and Practice, SIDA Studies No. 3.
Michalopous, S. and Papaioannous, E., 2011, ‘Divide and Rule or Rule of the Divided? Evidence from
Africa’, NBER Working Paper Series 17184, http://www.nber.org/ papers/w17184, Cambridge MA.
Morrock, R., ‘Heritage of Strife: The Effects of Colonialist “Divide and Rule” upon the Colonized
Peoples’, Science and Society 37 (2):129-51.
Obadina, T., 2005, Africa’s Crisis of Governance, African Economic Analysis, http://www.
AfricanEcomincAnalysis.org.
Ogundipe-Leslie, M., 1985, ‘Women in Nigeria’, in Badejo, D.L., ed., Women in Nigeria Today,
London: Zed Books.
Population Reference Bureau, 2012, Gender Based Violence and HIV/AIDS in
Africa,www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2011/gender-based-violence-hiv.aspx, accessed 10 January
Marindo: Gendered Epidemics and Systems of Power in Africa 219
Rathgeber, E.M. and Vlassoff, C., 1993, ‘Gender and Tropical Diseases’, Social Science and Medicine
(4): 513-20.
Rich, A., 1996, ‘Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence’, in Jackson, S. and Scott, S.,
Feminism and Sexuality: A Reader, New York NY: Columbia University Press.
Russell, B., 1938, Power. A New Social Analysis, London: George Allen and Unwin. Yuen-man Siu,. J,
, ‘Communicating under Medical Patriarchy: Gendered Doctor
Patient Communication between Female Patients with Overactive Bladder and Male Urologists in Hong
Kong’, BMC Women’s Health 15 (44).
Sisulu, E., 2002, Walter and Albertina Sisulu: In Our Lifetime, Cape Town: David Phillip Publishers
and New African Books.
Tsikata, D., 1997, ‘Gender, Equality and the State in Ghana’, in Imam, A., Mama, A. and Sow, F.
Engendering African Social Sciences, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Vlassoff, C., 2007, ‘Gender Differences in Determinants and Consequences of health and Illness’,
Journal of Health Population Nutrition 25 (1) 47-61.
World Bank, 2005, Gender and HIV/AIDS in Sub Saharan Africa: Putting Gender on the Map. Briefing
Notes on Critical Gender Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa,http://
siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTABOUTUS/Resources/GenderAIDS.pdf, accessed 12 January 2016.
Zimbabwe Daily, 2015, ‘Mbuya Nehanda’s Second Chimurenga Prophecy’, 31 October.