4 - Challenges for the Opposition and Democratisation in Tanzania: A View from the Opposition
Corresponding Author(s) : Lennart Wohlgemuth
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 37 No 2 (2012): Afrique et développement
Résumé
A partir de 1990, un retour massif à des formes libéralisées de la politique à eu lieu. Ceci a été en grande partie centré autour du démantèlement des régimes de parti unique, de l’élimination d’un grand nombre de gouvernements dirigés ou dominés par des militaires, de l’adoption de cadres de politique multi-partisane, de l’introduction d’une presse indépendante, de la restitution de certaines libertés fondamentales aux populations des pays concernés, et de l’organisation d’élections, multipartites. Ce développement était si répandu et impressionnant qu’il fut perçu par de nombreux observateurs comme le début de la deuxième libération de l’Afrique (Olukoshi 1998; Gyimah-Boadi 2004; Mkandawire 2006). Les gains potentiels que les populations devaient tirer de la libéralisation de leurs espaces politiques nationaux furent sapés depuis les années 1980 par les conditions fixées par des fournisseurs externes des ressources essentielles, mais aussi par les défis intérieurs à l’instar de la faiblesse des institutions, de la société civile et de la presse, ainsi qu’une absence d’une culture de démocratie multi-partisane et d’une pauvreté généralisée. Encore pire, la promesse que l’opposition a jadis représentée dans de nombreux pays africains comme porteuse des espoirs et des aspirations des peuples s’est fortement estompée. Il existe plusieurs facteurs qui ont concouru dans une grande mesure à fragiliser et, dans certains cas, discréditer l’opposition dans l’expérience de politique multi-partisane en cours de l’Afrique.
Ceci est une évolution de grande portée qui doit être examinée plus en profondeur, d’autant plus que le développement d’une opposition saine et vigoureuse constitue une partie majeure d’un cadre démocratique. Nous verrons dans cet article, comment la situation en Tanzanie à évolué au cours des 17 dernières années d’expérience multi-partisane à travers un entretien plutôt unique mené avec Professeur Ibrahim Lipumba, leader d’un des plus importants partis d’opposition en Tanzanie. .
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Abrahamsen, R., 2000, Disciplining Democracy: Development Discourse and Good Governance in Africa, London: Zed Books.
- Ake, C., 1996, Is Africa democratizing? Port Harcourt: Centre for Advanced Social Science, pp. 27.
- Ake, C., 2000, The Feasibility of Democracy in Africa. Dakar, Oxford: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa; African Books Collective distributor.
- Ayers, A., 2006, ‘Demystifying Democratisation: The Global Constitution of (Neo)Liberal Polities in Africa ‘ Third world quarterly 27(2).
- Basedau, M., Erdmann, G., et al., eds, 2007, Votes, Money and Violence: Political Parties and Elections in Sub-Saharan Africa. Uppsala, Scottsville, South Africa: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet; University of Kwasulu-Natal Press.
- Bratton, M., 1998, ‘Second Elections in Africa.’ Journal of Democracy 9(3).
- Bratton, M., 2004,. ‘The ‘Alternation Effect’ in Africa.’ Journal of Democracy 15(4).
- Bratton, M. and van de Walle N., 1997, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Commonwealth Observer Group, 2001, The Elections in Zanzibar, United
- Republic of Tanzania, 29 October 2000: The Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group, London: Commonwealth Secretariat, pp. viii, 50 .
- Ewald, J., 1996, ‘Tanzania och Sydafrika. Demokratisering på vems villkor?’ Demokratins utmaningar. B. Kaufman: Göteborg, Peace and Development Studies, Göteborg University.
- Ewald, J., 2001, ‘The Interface between Democracy and Economic Change. The Case of Structural Adjustment and Democracy in Tanzania’, in Närman, A. and Ewald, J. Göteborg University in Africa. Africa at Göteborg University. Göteborg: Centre for Africa Studies, Göteborg University.
- Ewald, J., 2010, The challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania. In K. Havnevik & A.C. Isinika (Eds.), Tanzania in transition: from Nyerere to Mkapa (pp. 284 s.). Dar es Salaam, Uppsala: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers; Nordiska Afrikainstitutet
- Ewald, J., 2011, Challenges for the Consolidation of the Democratisation Process in Tanzania. Moving towards consolidation 50 years after independence?, Göteborg: Göteborg University, Peace and Development Studies. School of Global Studies. (available on internet-id: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/27960)
- Gyimah-Boadi, E., ed., 2004, Democratic Reform in Africa. The Quality of Progress. Boulder; London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Lindberg, S.I., 2009, Democratization by Elections : A New Mode of Transition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Lumumba-Kasongo, T., ed., 2006, Liberal Democracy and Its Critics in Africa. Political Dysfunction and the Struggle for Social Progress. London: Zed Books.
- Mbaku, J.M. and Ihonvbere, J.O., 2006, Multiparty Democracy and Political Change : Constraints to Democratization in Africa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
- Melber, H., 2003, Limits to liberation in Southern Africa : The Unfinished Business of Democratic Consolidation, Cape Town, South Africa: HSRC Press.
- Menocal, R.A., Fritz, V. et al., 2008,. ‘Hybrid Regimes and the Challenges of Deepening and Sustaining Democracy in Developing Countries.’ South African Journal of International Affairs 15(1), pp. 29-40.
- Mkandawire, T., 2006,. Disempowering New Democracies and the Persistence of Poverty, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Devlopment, p 26.
- Mmuya, M., 1998, Tanzania Political Reform in Eclipse. Crises and Cleavages in Political Parties. Dar es Salaam: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
- Mukandala, R., Mushi, S.S. et al., 2005, ‘The Political Economy of Tanzania’, Consultancy Report, Dar es Salaam: World Bank.
- Olukoshi, A.O., 1998, The Politics of Opposition in Contemporary Africa. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
- Ottaway, M., 2003, Democracy Challenged: The Rise of Semi-authoritarianism, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
- Rakner, L. and van de Walle, N., 2009, ‘Democratization by Elections? Opposition weakness in Africa.’ Journal of Democracy 20(3).
- Randall, V. and Svåsand, L., 2002, ‘Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Africa ‘ Democratisation 9(3).
- Salih, M.A.M., ed., 2003. African Political Parties: Evolution, Institutionalism and Governance. London: Pluto.
- Salih, M.A.M. and Nordlund, P., 2007, Political Parties in Africa: Challenges for Sustained Multiparty Democracy: Africa Regional Report Based on Research and Dialogue with Political Parties,. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA).
- Tar, U.A., 2009, ‘The Politics of Neoliberal Democracy in Africa : State and Civil Society in Nigeria’, International Library of African Studies ; 22: xvi, pp. 269 s.
- Tordoff, W., 2002, Government and Politics in Africa. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
- Törnquist, O., 2006, ‘Assessing Democracy from Below: A Framework and Indonesian Pilot Study.’ Democratisation 13(2).
- Villalón, L.A. and VonDoepp, P., 2005, The Fate of Africa’s Democratic Experiments : Elites and Institutions, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Ware, A., 1996, Political Parties and Party Systems, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
- Wohlgemuth, L., 2003, ‘Interview with Ibrahim Lipumba.’ News from the Nordic Africa Institute (2).
- Zuern, E., 2009, ‘Democratization as Liberation: Competing African Perspectives on Democracy.’ Democratization 16(3), pp 585 - 603.
- Interviews with Ibrahim Lipumba, 2001, 2003, 2006 and 2010. One published (Wohlgemuth 2003)
Les références
Abrahamsen, R., 2000, Disciplining Democracy: Development Discourse and Good Governance in Africa, London: Zed Books.
Ake, C., 1996, Is Africa democratizing? Port Harcourt: Centre for Advanced Social Science, pp. 27.
Ake, C., 2000, The Feasibility of Democracy in Africa. Dakar, Oxford: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa; African Books Collective distributor.
Ayers, A., 2006, ‘Demystifying Democratisation: The Global Constitution of (Neo)Liberal Polities in Africa ‘ Third world quarterly 27(2).
Basedau, M., Erdmann, G., et al., eds, 2007, Votes, Money and Violence: Political Parties and Elections in Sub-Saharan Africa. Uppsala, Scottsville, South Africa: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet; University of Kwasulu-Natal Press.
Bratton, M., 1998, ‘Second Elections in Africa.’ Journal of Democracy 9(3).
Bratton, M., 2004,. ‘The ‘Alternation Effect’ in Africa.’ Journal of Democracy 15(4).
Bratton, M. and van de Walle N., 1997, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Commonwealth Observer Group, 2001, The Elections in Zanzibar, United
Republic of Tanzania, 29 October 2000: The Report of the Commonwealth Observer Group, London: Commonwealth Secretariat, pp. viii, 50 .
Ewald, J., 1996, ‘Tanzania och Sydafrika. Demokratisering på vems villkor?’ Demokratins utmaningar. B. Kaufman: Göteborg, Peace and Development Studies, Göteborg University.
Ewald, J., 2001, ‘The Interface between Democracy and Economic Change. The Case of Structural Adjustment and Democracy in Tanzania’, in Närman, A. and Ewald, J. Göteborg University in Africa. Africa at Göteborg University. Göteborg: Centre for Africa Studies, Göteborg University.
Ewald, J., 2010, The challenges for the democratisation process in Tanzania. In K. Havnevik & A.C. Isinika (Eds.), Tanzania in transition: from Nyerere to Mkapa (pp. 284 s.). Dar es Salaam, Uppsala: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers; Nordiska Afrikainstitutet
Ewald, J., 2011, Challenges for the Consolidation of the Democratisation Process in Tanzania. Moving towards consolidation 50 years after independence?, Göteborg: Göteborg University, Peace and Development Studies. School of Global Studies. (available on internet-id: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/27960)
Gyimah-Boadi, E., ed., 2004, Democratic Reform in Africa. The Quality of Progress. Boulder; London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Lindberg, S.I., 2009, Democratization by Elections : A New Mode of Transition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lumumba-Kasongo, T., ed., 2006, Liberal Democracy and Its Critics in Africa. Political Dysfunction and the Struggle for Social Progress. London: Zed Books.
Mbaku, J.M. and Ihonvbere, J.O., 2006, Multiparty Democracy and Political Change : Constraints to Democratization in Africa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Melber, H., 2003, Limits to liberation in Southern Africa : The Unfinished Business of Democratic Consolidation, Cape Town, South Africa: HSRC Press.
Menocal, R.A., Fritz, V. et al., 2008,. ‘Hybrid Regimes and the Challenges of Deepening and Sustaining Democracy in Developing Countries.’ South African Journal of International Affairs 15(1), pp. 29-40.
Mkandawire, T., 2006,. Disempowering New Democracies and the Persistence of Poverty, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Devlopment, p 26.
Mmuya, M., 1998, Tanzania Political Reform in Eclipse. Crises and Cleavages in Political Parties. Dar es Salaam: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
Mukandala, R., Mushi, S.S. et al., 2005, ‘The Political Economy of Tanzania’, Consultancy Report, Dar es Salaam: World Bank.
Olukoshi, A.O., 1998, The Politics of Opposition in Contemporary Africa. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
Ottaway, M., 2003, Democracy Challenged: The Rise of Semi-authoritarianism, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Rakner, L. and van de Walle, N., 2009, ‘Democratization by Elections? Opposition weakness in Africa.’ Journal of Democracy 20(3).
Randall, V. and Svåsand, L., 2002, ‘Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Africa ‘ Democratisation 9(3).
Salih, M.A.M., ed., 2003. African Political Parties: Evolution, Institutionalism and Governance. London: Pluto.
Salih, M.A.M. and Nordlund, P., 2007, Political Parties in Africa: Challenges for Sustained Multiparty Democracy: Africa Regional Report Based on Research and Dialogue with Political Parties,. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA).
Tar, U.A., 2009, ‘The Politics of Neoliberal Democracy in Africa : State and Civil Society in Nigeria’, International Library of African Studies ; 22: xvi, pp. 269 s.
Tordoff, W., 2002, Government and Politics in Africa. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
Törnquist, O., 2006, ‘Assessing Democracy from Below: A Framework and Indonesian Pilot Study.’ Democratisation 13(2).
Villalón, L.A. and VonDoepp, P., 2005, The Fate of Africa’s Democratic Experiments : Elites and Institutions, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Ware, A., 1996, Political Parties and Party Systems, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
Wohlgemuth, L., 2003, ‘Interview with Ibrahim Lipumba.’ News from the Nordic Africa Institute (2).
Zuern, E., 2009, ‘Democratization as Liberation: Competing African Perspectives on Democracy.’ Democratization 16(3), pp 585 - 603.
Interviews with Ibrahim Lipumba, 2001, 2003, 2006 and 2010. One published (Wohlgemuth 2003)