7 - The Internet as Public Sphere: A Zimbabwean Case Study (1999-2008)
Corresponding Author(s) : Kudakwashe Manganga
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 37 No 1 (2012): Afrique et développement: Special Issue onThe African Public Sphere:Concepts, Histories, Voices and Processes
Résumé
L’émergence du Mouvement pour le changement démocratique (MDC) sur l’arène politique du Zimbabwe en 1999 et des journaux indépendants ont fourni aux Zimbabwéens des espaces publics comme une alternative aux médias contrôlés par l’Etat. Grâce à ce nouveau phénomène, les populations ont un moyen d’articuler leurs protestations contre la détérioration de la situation économique et politique du pays. Cependant, depuis 2002, les lois sur l’Accès à l’information, la Loi sur la Protection de l’information privée (AIPPA) et la Loi sur l’Ordre public et la sécurité (POSA) ont permis au gouvernement d’exercer son emprise sur la libre circulation des informations. Ceci a contraint les Zimbabwéens à recourir à Internet pour véhiculer leurs opinions politiques sans crainte de représailles de la part de l’Etat. Cet article met en lumière les traits principaux, les problèmes, et les perspectives de cet espace public du cyber.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Alexander, K., 2006, ‘The Future of Democratic Politics in Zimbabwe’, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, http://www.ijr.org.za/transitionaljustice/zimbabwe-monitor/debate, 8 October 2008.
- ‘Comment: A Dream Deferred’, (2008). The Financial Gazette, October 23-29. 8. Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition, 2004, Analysis of the Implications of the Proposed Amendments of the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, 25 June.
- ‘Daily News Wins Damages Against Zimbabwe State Officials’, Zimonline, 30 July 2004.
- Ferber, P., Foltz, F. and Pugliese, R., 2004, ‘Cyberdemocracy Vs Egovernment: The Degree of Interactivity on State Legislative Websites’, Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Institute of Technology, Chicago, 01-05 September.
- Government of Zimbabwe, 2007, Interception of Communications Act. Harare: GOZ.
- Government of Zimbabwe, 2002, Access to Information and the Protection of Privacy Act. Harare: GOZ.
- Government of Zimbabwe, 2002 Public Order and Security Act. Harare: GOZ. Habermas, J., 1989, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Internet World Stats, 2004, ‘Zimbabwe Internet Usage and Marketing Report’, http://www.internetworldstats.com/af/zw.htm, 2 March 2009.
- Internet’, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet, 13 October 2008.
- InfoSec News, 2006, ‘Internet Use in Zimbabwe Limited’, http://www.bernama.com.my/berna/v3/news.php?=192201, 10 January 2009.
- Kole, E. S., ‘Cyberdemocracy: A Condition, not an Outcome. Turning the Internet into a Tool for Civil Society Development, Democracy and Women’s Empo- werment’, http://www.xs4all.nl/~ekole/public/cyberdem.html, 24 June 2008.
- Kwinjeh, G., 2005, ‘Third Force or Counter Revolutionary Claptrap?’ http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/thirdforce4.12475.html, 4 April 2005. Labuschagne, P., 2003, ‘Revisiting Civil Society in Africa’, African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific 2003 Conference Proceedings-Africa on a Global Stage.
- Masunungure, E., 2004, ‘Travails of Opposition Politics in Zimbabwe Since Independence’, Harold-Barry, D (ed). Zimbabwe: The Past is the Future, Harare: Weaver.
- Media of Zimbabwe, 2009, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/media_of_Zimbabwe, 2 March.
- MISA-Zimbabwe, 2004, Press Statement, 3 August.
- ‘New Zimbabwe Newspaper Faces Government Ban’, http://www.afrol.com, 30 July 2008."
- Ndlovu, R., 2009, ‘ICT Guide- Zimbabwe’, http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/march23_2009html, 23 March.
- Ndlovu, R., 2008 ‘Public Sphere’, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sphere , 19 June.
- Sachikonye, L., 2000b, ‘Just Victory’, SAPEM, 6 July.
- SADC, 2002, ‘SADC Parliamentary Forum Election Observation Mission, 2002, Zimbabwe Presidential Elections 9-10 March’, Harare, 13 March).
- Saunders, R., 1997, ‘The Press and Popular Organizations in Zimbabwe: A Frayed Alliance’, Third Quarterly, vol. 17. no. 1.
- Tomaselli, K. G., 2009, ‘Repositioning African Media studies: thoughts and Provocations’, Journal of African Media Studies, vol. 1, no.1. (9-21).
- Raftopoulos, B., 2004, ‘Current Politics in Zimbabwe: Confronting the Crisis’, in Harold-Barry, D, ed,. Zimbabwe: The Past is the Future, Harare: Weaver.
- Raftopoulos, B., 2001, ‘The New Constitution: What Next?’, Agenda. Special Edition, vol 4, no 1. (1-1).
- Raftopoulos, B., 2005, ‘The Zimbabwean Crisis and Challenges for the Left’, Public Lecture, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 23 June.
- Waldahl, R., 2004, Politics and Persuasion: Media Coverage of Zimbabwe’s 2000 Elections, Harare: Weaver Press.
- Zimbabwe Election Support Network (ZESN), 2000, Report on the 2000 Parliamentary Elections, Harare: Zimbabwe."
Les références
Alexander, K., 2006, ‘The Future of Democratic Politics in Zimbabwe’, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, http://www.ijr.org.za/transitionaljustice/zimbabwe-monitor/debate, 8 October 2008.
‘Comment: A Dream Deferred’, (2008). The Financial Gazette, October 23-29. 8. Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition, 2004, Analysis of the Implications of the Proposed Amendments of the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, 25 June.
‘Daily News Wins Damages Against Zimbabwe State Officials’, Zimonline, 30 July 2004.
Ferber, P., Foltz, F. and Pugliese, R., 2004, ‘Cyberdemocracy Vs Egovernment: The Degree of Interactivity on State Legislative Websites’, Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Institute of Technology, Chicago, 01-05 September.
Government of Zimbabwe, 2007, Interception of Communications Act. Harare: GOZ.
Government of Zimbabwe, 2002, Access to Information and the Protection of Privacy Act. Harare: GOZ.
Government of Zimbabwe, 2002 Public Order and Security Act. Harare: GOZ. Habermas, J., 1989, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Internet World Stats, 2004, ‘Zimbabwe Internet Usage and Marketing Report’, http://www.internetworldstats.com/af/zw.htm, 2 March 2009.
Internet’, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet, 13 October 2008.
InfoSec News, 2006, ‘Internet Use in Zimbabwe Limited’, http://www.bernama.com.my/berna/v3/news.php?=192201, 10 January 2009.
Kole, E. S., ‘Cyberdemocracy: A Condition, not an Outcome. Turning the Internet into a Tool for Civil Society Development, Democracy and Women’s Empo- werment’, http://www.xs4all.nl/~ekole/public/cyberdem.html, 24 June 2008.
Kwinjeh, G., 2005, ‘Third Force or Counter Revolutionary Claptrap?’ http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/thirdforce4.12475.html, 4 April 2005. Labuschagne, P., 2003, ‘Revisiting Civil Society in Africa’, African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific 2003 Conference Proceedings-Africa on a Global Stage.
Masunungure, E., 2004, ‘Travails of Opposition Politics in Zimbabwe Since Independence’, Harold-Barry, D (ed). Zimbabwe: The Past is the Future, Harare: Weaver.
Media of Zimbabwe, 2009, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/media_of_Zimbabwe, 2 March.
MISA-Zimbabwe, 2004, Press Statement, 3 August.
‘New Zimbabwe Newspaper Faces Government Ban’, http://www.afrol.com, 30 July 2008."
Ndlovu, R., 2009, ‘ICT Guide- Zimbabwe’, http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/march23_2009html, 23 March.
Ndlovu, R., 2008 ‘Public Sphere’, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sphere , 19 June.
Sachikonye, L., 2000b, ‘Just Victory’, SAPEM, 6 July.
SADC, 2002, ‘SADC Parliamentary Forum Election Observation Mission, 2002, Zimbabwe Presidential Elections 9-10 March’, Harare, 13 March).
Saunders, R., 1997, ‘The Press and Popular Organizations in Zimbabwe: A Frayed Alliance’, Third Quarterly, vol. 17. no. 1.
Tomaselli, K. G., 2009, ‘Repositioning African Media studies: thoughts and Provocations’, Journal of African Media Studies, vol. 1, no.1. (9-21).
Raftopoulos, B., 2004, ‘Current Politics in Zimbabwe: Confronting the Crisis’, in Harold-Barry, D, ed,. Zimbabwe: The Past is the Future, Harare: Weaver.
Raftopoulos, B., 2001, ‘The New Constitution: What Next?’, Agenda. Special Edition, vol 4, no 1. (1-1).
Raftopoulos, B., 2005, ‘The Zimbabwean Crisis and Challenges for the Left’, Public Lecture, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 23 June.
Waldahl, R., 2004, Politics and Persuasion: Media Coverage of Zimbabwe’s 2000 Elections, Harare: Weaver Press.
Zimbabwe Election Support Network (ZESN), 2000, Report on the 2000 Parliamentary Elections, Harare: Zimbabwe."