1 - The Semantics of Peace and the Role of the Print Media in the 2007-2008 Post-election Violence in Kenya
Corresponding Author(s) : Benson Oduor Ojwang
Revue africaine des médias,
Vol. 17 No 1-2 (2009): Revue africaine des médias, Volume 17, n° 1 & 2, 2009
Résumé
Les élections controversées de décembre 2007 au Kenya ont été à la source de plusieurs meurtres, blessures, déplacements forcés et en masse de refugiés et de la destabilisation généralisée du tissu socio-économique. Le programme de réhabilitation appelée alors « opération rudi nyumbani », en dépit d’une série d’appels à la paix, a été entaché d’irrégularités et de voix discordantes venant des politiciens, de l’église, des résidents des zones déchirées par les conflitsethniques aussi bien que des victimes des affrontements. A la fin, la réconciliation volontaire à travers la réintégration a été promue et le programme été nommé cette fois-ci « opération karibu nyumbani ». L’auteur de cet article fait une analyse des conséquences des messages de paix et de conflit inhérents aux discours des grands politiciens tels que rapportés par les journaux, notamment The Daily Nation, The Standard, Sunday Nation et Sunday Standard. Cet article étudie en particulier le choix du langage des médias dans le but d’influencer les espoirs, les craintes, les attentes et les déceptions qu’ont engendrés les messages de paix, ceci tout en fournissant un programme par lequel le public pouvait suivre et évaluer le processus de paix. Il devient clair que la presse kenyane vacillait entre deux positions, celui du maintien et de la menace de la paix, dépendant de l’humeur politique et publique du moment.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
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- Ainslie, R., 1996, The Press in Africa: Communications Past and Present, Lon- don: Africana
- Publishing Company.
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- Daily Nation, 2009, April 7, ‘Justice Minister Resigns from Coalition Government’, p.2.
- Daily Nation, 2009, April 25, ‘Sex Boycott Ill Timed’, p.18.
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- London: Longman.
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- Oriang’, L., 2008, ‘It is Time to End the Madness and Demand our Country Back’, Daily Nation, April 11, p.10.
- Orwa, P., 2008, ‘MPs Not Doing Much to Help IDPs’, The Standard, Decem- ber 25, p.19.
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- Okech, K., 2009, ‘Skewed Mourning Won’t Heal Kenya’, The Standard, May 21, p.15.
- Shinar, D., 2003, ‘The Peace Process in Cultural Conflict: The Role of the Media’, Conflict and Communication Online, 2(1) Retrieved on April 10, 2009 from http://www.cco.regener-online.de
- Sunday Standard, 2008, February 10, ‘It is Make or Break’, p.1.
- Sunday Standard, 2008, January 20, ‘Naivasha Killings were Planned’, p.24.
- Sunday Standard, 2008, February 3, ‘Raila Says ODM Committed to Talks Despite Kibaki Remarks’, p.11.
- Sunday Standard, 2009, May 3, ‘Fight against state repression demands eternal vigilance’, p.8.
- Tehranian, M., 1993, ‘Ethnic Discourse and New World Disorder: A Communica- tion Perspective’, in C. Roach, ed., Communication and Culture in War and Peace (pp.215-230). London: Sage.
- The Standard, 2009, May 4, ‘Kibaki Calls for Restraint in Public Utterances’, p.6.
- The Standard, 2009, January 12, ‘Cracks in Coalition Government’, p. 4.
- The Standard, 2008, November 12, ‘Vice President Kalonzo Calls for a Patriotic Media’, p.21.
- The Standard, 2008, December 14, ‘Calls for Fresh Elections’, p.3.
- The Standard, 2008, May 12, ‘Politics at the Centre of Amnesty Debate’, p.3.
- The Standard, 2008, January 22, ‘Annan in Shuttle Diplomacy’, p.12.
- Tumber, H. and Prentoulis, M., 2003, ‘Journalists Under Fire: Subcultures, Objec- tivity and Emotional Literacy’, in D.K. Thussu and D. Freedman, eds., War and the Media: Reporting Conflict, (pp.215-230), London: Sage.
- Van Dijk, T.A., 1988, News as Discourse, Lon: Lawrence Erlbaum.
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Les références
Ahmednasir, A., 2009, ‘The Kibaki-Raila Row is Personal and not About What is Good for Kenya’, The Sunday Standard, May 3, p. 13.
Ainslie, R., 1996, The Press in Africa: Communications Past and Present, Lon- don: Africana
Publishing Company.
Azar, E., Jureidini, P., and McLaurin, R., 1978, ‘Protracted Social Conflict: Theory and Practice in the Middle East’, Journal of Palestine Studies, 8:41-60.
Baldwin, D., 2005, ‘The Semantics of Peace in the Bible’, Retrieved March 26, 2009 from http://zianet.com/godisgood/semantics.html
Bar-Tal, D., and Antebi, D., 1992, ‘Beliefs about Negative Intentions of the World – A Study of the Israeli Siege Mentality’, Journal of Political Psychology, 13(4): 633-645.
Blumer, J.C., and Gurevitch, M., 1997, ‘Media Change and Social Change – Link- ages and Junctures’, in J.Curran and M.Gurevitch, eds., Mass Media and Society: (2ⁿᵈ ed)., London: Edward Arnold, pp.120-134.
Bratic, V., 2005, ‘Media Effects During Violent Conflict: Evaluating Media Contri- butions to Peace Building’, Conflict and Communication 4 (2): 21-32.
Buri, E., 2008, ‘New Crown Won’t Glitter Till We Settle IDPs’, Sunday Nation, March 30, p.18. Daily Nation, 2008, February 17, ‘All Eyes on Annan-led Talks’ p. 23.
Daily Nation, 2008, January 3, ‘Save our Beloved Country’, p. 23.
Daily Nation, 2008, February 3, ‘High Hopes as Negotiations Kick Off’, p.1.
Daily Nation, 2008, January 1, ‘Kenyans Appeal to Raila, Kibaki’, p.1.
Daily Nation, 2008, April 14, ‘Cabinet for Peace’, p.1.
Daily Nation, 2008, April 11, ‘Cabinet a Balancing Act for Kibaki, Raila’, p.3.
Daily Nation, 2009, April 7, ‘Justice Minister Resigns from Coalition Government’, p.2.
Daily Nation, 2009, April 25, ‘Sex Boycott Ill Timed’, p.18.
De Fleur, M.L. and Ball Rokeach, S.J., 1989, Theories of Mass Communication.
London: Longman.
Dolan, G., 2008, ‘Amnesty Debate a Dishonest Ruse’, Daily Nation, June 11, p. 11. Fis e, J., 1992, ‘British Cultural Studies and Television’, in R.C. Allen, ed., Channels of Discourse Reassembled, London: Routedlge, pp.284-326.
Fowler, R., 1991, Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press.
London: Routledge.
Galtung, J., 1968, ‘Peace’, in D.L.Sills, ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Vol. II, New York: Macmillan and The Free Press.
Galtung, J., 1974, ‘Peace Research: Past Experiences and Future Perspectives’, in Horizons of African Diplomacy , eds., T.Yashpal and D. Chandarana, Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Hachten, W., 1992, Muffled Drums: The News Media in Africa. Ames.
Haugerud, A., 1995, The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya, Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press.
Herman, M., 1996, Intelligence Power in Peace and War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Isiakhorida, G., 2009, June 12, ‘Unending Cycle of Conflict to Hurt IDPs’, Daily Nation, June 12, p.27.
Karlberg, M., 2005, ‘The Power of Discourse and the Discourse of Power: Pursu- ing Peace Through Discourse Intervention’, International Journal of Peace Studies, 10 (1): 36.
Kamichore, M., 2009, ‘Why Some Leaders Must Resign if Kenya is to Experience a Rebirth’, Daily Nation, January 14, p.17.
Kenya National Commission on Human Rights, 2006, Report on the 2005 Refer- endum in Kenya, Nairobi: City Press.
Kwayera, J., 2009, ‘Dispute Exposes Folly of Delaying Reforms’, The Sunday Standard, May 3, p.17. Mandelzis, L., 2007, ‘Representations of Peace in News Discourse: Viewpoints and Opportunities for Peace Journalism’, Conflict and Communication online 6 (1), Retrieved April 10, 2009 from
http://www.cco.regener-online.de Mogekwu, M., 2005, ‘Media and Peace Building in Africa – The Imperative of a Reorientation’, Journal of African Social Sciences and Humanities Studies 1(1): 79-98.
Mburu, S., 2008, ‘State Officials in Row Over Violence’, Sunday Nation, January 20, p.21.
Musau, S., 2008, ‘Take Annan-led Talks Seriously as We Are Not Yet Out of the Woods’, Daily Nation, September 12, 2008:12.
Mwalulu, J., 2009, ‘Crimes of Genocide or Crimes Against Humanity?’, Daily Na- tion, February 17, p.11.
Namunane, B., 2009, ‘Audit Finds Little Faith in Coalition’, Sunday Nation, February 15, p.16.
Ndegwa, A., 2009, ‘Brace for New Challenges, Media Warned’, The Standard, January 5, 2009, p.16.
Ngumbao, K., 2008, ‘Coast MPs Call for Peace and Justice’, The Standard, Febru- ary 6, p.16.
Odunga, P., 2009, ‘What is the Way Forward in Hague Debate?’, Daily Nation, June 15.
Okanga, D., 2008, ‘Minister Donates Food to IDPs’, The Standard, December 25, p. 10.
Okelo, R., 2009, ‘Kenyan Media Need to Set the Agenda on National Healing and Reconciliation’, The Sunday Standard, May 3, p.13.
Onyango, D., 2009, ‘Fragile Peace: Monument for Victims of Church Fire Rekin- dles’ Hostility Between Groups’, Daily Nation, May 21, 2009 p.14.
Oriang’, L., 2008, ‘It is Time to End the Madness and Demand our Country Back’, Daily Nation, April 11, p.10.
Orwa, P., 2008, ‘MPs Not Doing Much to Help IDPs’, The Standard, Decem- ber 25, p.19.
Otieno, J., 2008, ‘Grandstanding and Acrimony Turned Into Patriotism’, Daily Nation, April 14, p.12.
Okech, K., 2009, ‘Skewed Mourning Won’t Heal Kenya’, The Standard, May 21, p.15.
Shinar, D., 2003, ‘The Peace Process in Cultural Conflict: The Role of the Media’, Conflict and Communication Online, 2(1) Retrieved on April 10, 2009 from http://www.cco.regener-online.de
Sunday Standard, 2008, February 10, ‘It is Make or Break’, p.1.
Sunday Standard, 2008, January 20, ‘Naivasha Killings were Planned’, p.24.
Sunday Standard, 2008, February 3, ‘Raila Says ODM Committed to Talks Despite Kibaki Remarks’, p.11.
Sunday Standard, 2009, May 3, ‘Fight against state repression demands eternal vigilance’, p.8.
Tehranian, M., 1993, ‘Ethnic Discourse and New World Disorder: A Communica- tion Perspective’, in C. Roach, ed., Communication and Culture in War and Peace (pp.215-230). London: Sage.
The Standard, 2009, May 4, ‘Kibaki Calls for Restraint in Public Utterances’, p.6.
The Standard, 2009, January 12, ‘Cracks in Coalition Government’, p. 4.
The Standard, 2008, November 12, ‘Vice President Kalonzo Calls for a Patriotic Media’, p.21.
The Standard, 2008, December 14, ‘Calls for Fresh Elections’, p.3.
The Standard, 2008, May 12, ‘Politics at the Centre of Amnesty Debate’, p.3.
The Standard, 2008, January 22, ‘Annan in Shuttle Diplomacy’, p.12.
Tumber, H. and Prentoulis, M., 2003, ‘Journalists Under Fire: Subcultures, Objec- tivity and Emotional Literacy’, in D.K. Thussu and D. Freedman, eds., War and the Media: Reporting Conflict, (pp.215-230), London: Sage.
Van Dijk, T.A., 1988, News as Discourse, Lon: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Wolsfeld, G., 1997, Media and Political Conflict: News from the Middle East, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wamwere, K., 2009, ‘Only Elections Will End this Paralysis’, Sunday Standard, May 3, p.11.