2 - Negotiating the Use of Native Languages in Emerging Pluralistic and Independent Broadcast Systems in Africa
Corresponding Author(s) : Isaac Abeku Blankson
Revue africaine des médias,
Vol. 13 No 1 (2005): Revue africaine des médias, Volume 13, n° 1, 2005
Résumé
Depuis les réformes libérales et démocratiques qui ont eu lieu dans les pays Africains, des canaux de radiodiffusion indépendants et pluralistes concurrents, des chaînes radios en particulier, sont apparus et offrent une certaine diversité de chaînes et de programmes, ce qui constitue une première dans ces démocraties émergentes. Les radios indépendantes constituent le premier pas vers le discours civique et la prise de conscience socio-politique, mais sont également une force favorisant l’intégration et la responsabilité sociopolitique. Cependant, ces développements positifs ne doivent pas occulter l’observation selon laquelle ces radios africaines émergentes sont devenues un moyen de destruction des langues et cultures sociétales du continent. En effet, celles-ci ne sont pas ouvertes aux langues locales, mais privilégient les langues de leurs anciens colonisateurs européens. En se basant sur l’expérience des radios ghanéennes, cet article soulève d’importantes questions concernant la relation entre les langues locales africaines
et le développement d’un véritable système de radiodiffusion africain. Il remet en question l’idée selon laquelle le caractère multilingue des sociétés africaines dessert le principe de radiodiffusion. Il soutient qu’un véritable système africain de radiodiffusion permettant la participation des masses ne peut se développer que si les responsables africains de la radiodiffusion ainsi que les décideurs politiques s’attaquent au problème de la sous-représentation des langues locales dans ce milieu médiatique. Enfin, cette communication appelle à des efforts planifiés, afin de privilégier l’usage des langues locales africaines sur les langues euroimpérialistes dans le domaine de la radiodiffusion.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Anderson, B., 1983, Imagined Communities, London: Verso.
- Ansah, P.A.V., 1979, ‘Problems of Localizing Radio in Ghana’, Gazette, Vol. 25, No.1, pp. 1–16.
- Ansah, P.A.V., 1985, Broadcasting and National Development, Accra: Ghana Broadcasting Corporation.
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- Blankson, I. A., 2000, ‘Independent and Pluralistic Broadcasting Development in Ghana: Perceptions of Audiences in Accra’, unpublished PhD Thesis, Ohio University.
- Bonnah-Koomson, A., 1994, ‘Independent Broadcasting Stations in Rural Areas’, in K. Karikari, ed., Independent Broadcasting in Ghana: Implications and Challenges, Accra: Ghana University Press. pp.83–96.
- Bonnah-Koomson, A., ed., 1995, Prospects for Private Broadcasting in Ghana, University of Ghana, Accra: Gold-Type Limited.
- Bourgault, L.M., 1995, Mass Media in Sub-Saharan Africa, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Coleman, W.F. and Opoku, A.A., 1968, ‘Rural Radio Forum Project in Ghana’, An African Experiment in Radio Forums for Rural Development: Ghana, 1964/ 1965, Reports and Papers on Mass Communication, No. 51, Paris: UNESCO. pp. 7–15.
- Drijvers, J., 1992, ‘Community Broadcasting: A Manifesto for the Media Policy of Small European Countries’, Media, Culture and Society, Vol. 14, pp. 193–201. Fardon, R. and Furniss, G., eds.,
- , African Broadcast Cultures: Radio in Transition, Westport, CT: Praeger.
- Grant, A.E., 1994, ‘The Promise Fulfilled? An Empirical Analysis of Program Diver- sity on Television’, Journal of Media Economics, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 51–64.
- Gratz, T., 2000, ‘New Local Radio Stations in African Languages and Process of Political Transformation: The Case of Radio Rurale Locale Tanguieta in North- ern Benin’, in R. Fardon and G. Furniss, eds., African Broadcast Cultures: Radio in Transition, Westport, CT: Praeger. pp. 110–126.
- Gyimah-Boadi, E., 1999, ‘Ghana: The Challenges of Consolidating Democracy’, in R. Joseph, ed., State, Conflict and Democracy in Africa, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
- Heath, C.W., 1986, ‘Broadcasting in Kenya: Policy and Politics, 1928–1984’, unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana.
- Heath, C.W., 1999, ‘Negotiating Broadcasting Policy: Civil Society and Civic Discourse in Ghana’, Gazette, Vol. 61, No. 6, pp. 511–521.
- Heath, C.W., 2001, ‘Regional Radio: A Response by the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation to Decentralization and Competition’, Canadian Journal of Communication, Vol. 26, pp. 89–106.
- Kamin, D.J., 1996, ‘The New Multichannel World (An Asian Overview)’, Common wealth Broadcasters
- Association General Conference XXI Report, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, August 25–31.
- Karikari, K., ed., 1994, Independent Broadcasting in Ghana, Accra: Ghana Uni- versity Press.
- Kouega, J.P., 1999, ‘Some Major Speech Traits of Cameroon Media News in Eng- lish’, English Studies, Vol. 6, pp. 540–555.
- Kugblenu, J., 1974, ‘Broadcasting in Ghana’, in S. Head, ed., Broadcasting inAfrica: A Continental Survey of Radio and Television, Philadelphia: Temple Univer- sity Press.
- Kupe, T., 2002, Harmonizing Media Policy in Africa. (http://www.themedia.co.za/
- article.aspx?articleid=30947&area=/media_columnistundercurrent/). 25 January 2005.
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- Leonard, H., 1996, ‘Public Broadcasting in the Developing World’, Public Broad- casters International. Final Report of the PBI Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, June 12–15.
- Mazrui, A.A., 1996, ‘Perspective: The Muse of Modernity and the Quest for Development’, in P.G Altbach and S.M. Hassan, eds., The Muse of Modernity: Essays on Culture as Development in Africa, Trenton: Africa World Press. pp. 1–18.
- McQuail, D., 1993, Media Performance: Mass Communication and the Public Interest, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Mytton, G., 1983, Mass Communication in Africa, London: Edward Arnold. Nkansah-Kyeremateng, K., 1996, ‘The Akans of Ghana: Their History and Culture’, Accra: Sebewie Publishers.
- Owen, B.M., 1977, ‘Regulating Diversity: The Case of Radio Formats’, Journal of Broadcasting, Vol. 21, pp. 305–315.
- Reporters Without Borders, 2005. (http://www.rsf.org). 26 June 2006.
- Republic of Ghana, 1992, Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Tema: Ghana Publishing Corporation.
- Schlesinger, P., 1991, ‘Media, the Political Order and National Identity’, Media, Culture and Society, Vol. 13, pp. 297–308.
- School of Communication Studies, 1993, ‘Promotion of Privatization of Radio and Television Broadcasting in Ghana’, Report of a national conference held in GIMPA, Legon: University of Ghana, March 1–3.
- Schudson, M., 1994, ‘Culture and the Integration of National Societies’, in Diana Crane, ed., The Sociology of Culture, Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp. 63-81.
- Senghor, D., 1996, ‘Radio Stations in Africa: Issues of Dependency and Culture’, in P.G Altbach and S.M. Hassan, eds., The Muse of Modernity: Essays on Culture as Development in Africa, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. pp. 79–108.
- Servaes, J., and Wang, G., 1997, ‘Privatization and Commercialization of the West- ern-European and South East Asian Broadcasting Media’, Asian Journal of Communication, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 1 –11.
- Spitulnik, D., 1992, ‘Radio Time Sharing and the Negotiation of Linguistic Plural- ism in Zambia’, Pragmatics, Vol. 2, pp. 335–54.
- Straubhaar, J.D., 1995, ‘From PTTs to Privatization: Liberalization and Privatiza- tion in Eastern Europe and the Third World’, in B. Mody, J.M Bauer and J.D. Straubhaar, eds., Telecommunications Politics: Ownership and Control of the Information Highway in Developing Countries, Mahweh, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Thomsen, C.W., 1989, Cultural Transfer or Electronic Imperialism? Heidlberg: Carl Winter Universitatsverlag.
- Tomlinson, J., 1991, Cultural Imperialism, London: Printer.
- Tudesq, A.J., 1983, ‘La Radio en Afrique Noire’, in L. M. Bourgault, ed., Mass Media in Sub-Saharan Africa, Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 21–109.
- Ugboajah, F.O., ed., 1985, Mass Communication, Culture and Society in West Africa, Munich: Hans Zell.
- UNESCO, 1961, Mass Media in Developing Countries, Reports and Papers on Mass Communication, No.33, Paris: UNESCO.
- UNESCO, 1968, An African Experiment in Radio Forums for Rural Development: Ghana, 1964/1965,
- Reports and Papers on Mass Communication, No. 51, Paris: UNESCO.
- UNESCO, 1989, World Communication Report, Paris: UNESCO. UNESCO, 1992, World Communication Report, Paris: UNESCO UNESCO, 1996, World Communication Report, Paris: UNESCO White, D., 1996, ‘The New Multichannel World’, Commonwealth Broadcasters Association General Conference XXI Report, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, August 25–31.
Les références
Abdulkadir, M., 2000, ‘Popular Culture in Advertising: Nigerian Hausa Radio’, in R. Fardon and G. Furniss, eds., African Broadcast Cultures: Radio in Transition, Westport, CT: Praeger. pp.128–142.
Akan Dictionary Project, 2001, Project Christaller. (http://www.unizh.ch/afrling/ akandic.htm). October 23, 2003.
Amakyi, R., 1988, ‘Community FM Radio in Ghana’, Combroad, Vol. 79, June, pp. 15–17.
Anderson, B., 1983, Imagined Communities, London: Verso.
Ansah, P.A.V., 1979, ‘Problems of Localizing Radio in Ghana’, Gazette, Vol. 25, No.1, pp. 1–16.
Ansah, P.A.V., 1985, Broadcasting and National Development, Accra: Ghana Broadcasting Corporation.
Ansah, P.A.V., 1988, ‘Broadcasting and Multilingualism’, in E.G. Wedell, ed., Making Broadcasting Useful, the African Experience: The Development of Ra- dio and Television in Africa in the 1980s, Manchester: Manchester Univer- sity Press. pp. 47–65.
Ansu-Kyeremeh, K., 1995, ‘A Place of Culture in Independent and Pluralistic Broadcasting in Ghana’, in A. Bonnah-Koomson, ed., Prospects for Private Broadcasting in Ghana, University of Ghana, Accra: Gold-Type Limited. pp. 49–55. Blanco, S. and Bulck, J. V., 1995, ‘Regions vs. States and Cultures in the EC Media Policy Debate: Regional Broadcasting in Belgium and Spain’, Media, Culture and Society, Vol. 17, pp. 239–251.
Blankson, I. A., 2000, ‘Independent and Pluralistic Broadcasting Development in Ghana: Perceptions of Audiences in Accra’, unpublished PhD Thesis, Ohio University.
Bonnah-Koomson, A., 1994, ‘Independent Broadcasting Stations in Rural Areas’, in K. Karikari, ed., Independent Broadcasting in Ghana: Implications and Challenges, Accra: Ghana University Press. pp.83–96.
Bonnah-Koomson, A., ed., 1995, Prospects for Private Broadcasting in Ghana, University of Ghana, Accra: Gold-Type Limited.
Bourgault, L.M., 1995, Mass Media in Sub-Saharan Africa, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Coleman, W.F. and Opoku, A.A., 1968, ‘Rural Radio Forum Project in Ghana’, An African Experiment in Radio Forums for Rural Development: Ghana, 1964/ 1965, Reports and Papers on Mass Communication, No. 51, Paris: UNESCO. pp. 7–15.
Drijvers, J., 1992, ‘Community Broadcasting: A Manifesto for the Media Policy of Small European Countries’, Media, Culture and Society, Vol. 14, pp. 193–201. Fardon, R. and Furniss, G., eds.,
, African Broadcast Cultures: Radio in Transition, Westport, CT: Praeger.
Grant, A.E., 1994, ‘The Promise Fulfilled? An Empirical Analysis of Program Diver- sity on Television’, Journal of Media Economics, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 51–64.
Gratz, T., 2000, ‘New Local Radio Stations in African Languages and Process of Political Transformation: The Case of Radio Rurale Locale Tanguieta in North- ern Benin’, in R. Fardon and G. Furniss, eds., African Broadcast Cultures: Radio in Transition, Westport, CT: Praeger. pp. 110–126.
Gyimah-Boadi, E., 1999, ‘Ghana: The Challenges of Consolidating Democracy’, in R. Joseph, ed., State, Conflict and Democracy in Africa, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Heath, C.W., 1986, ‘Broadcasting in Kenya: Policy and Politics, 1928–1984’, unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana.
Heath, C.W., 1999, ‘Negotiating Broadcasting Policy: Civil Society and Civic Discourse in Ghana’, Gazette, Vol. 61, No. 6, pp. 511–521.
Heath, C.W., 2001, ‘Regional Radio: A Response by the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation to Decentralization and Competition’, Canadian Journal of Communication, Vol. 26, pp. 89–106.
Kamin, D.J., 1996, ‘The New Multichannel World (An Asian Overview)’, Common wealth Broadcasters
Association General Conference XXI Report, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, August 25–31.
Karikari, K., ed., 1994, Independent Broadcasting in Ghana, Accra: Ghana Uni- versity Press.
Kouega, J.P., 1999, ‘Some Major Speech Traits of Cameroon Media News in Eng- lish’, English Studies, Vol. 6, pp. 540–555.
Kugblenu, J., 1974, ‘Broadcasting in Ghana’, in S. Head, ed., Broadcasting inAfrica: A Continental Survey of Radio and Television, Philadelphia: Temple Univer- sity Press.
Kupe, T., 2002, Harmonizing Media Policy in Africa. (http://www.themedia.co.za/
article.aspx?articleid=30947&area=/media_columnistundercurrent/). 25 January 2005.
Lee, J.H. and Youn, S.M., 1995, ‘Industrial Structure, Government Control, and Network Television Programming: The Case of South Korea’, Asian Journal of Communication, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 52–70.
Leonard, H., 1996, ‘Public Broadcasting in the Developing World’, Public Broad- casters International. Final Report of the PBI Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, June 12–15.
Mazrui, A.A., 1996, ‘Perspective: The Muse of Modernity and the Quest for Development’, in P.G Altbach and S.M. Hassan, eds., The Muse of Modernity: Essays on Culture as Development in Africa, Trenton: Africa World Press. pp. 1–18.
McQuail, D., 1993, Media Performance: Mass Communication and the Public Interest, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Mytton, G., 1983, Mass Communication in Africa, London: Edward Arnold. Nkansah-Kyeremateng, K., 1996, ‘The Akans of Ghana: Their History and Culture’, Accra: Sebewie Publishers.
Owen, B.M., 1977, ‘Regulating Diversity: The Case of Radio Formats’, Journal of Broadcasting, Vol. 21, pp. 305–315.
Reporters Without Borders, 2005. (http://www.rsf.org). 26 June 2006.
Republic of Ghana, 1992, Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Tema: Ghana Publishing Corporation.
Schlesinger, P., 1991, ‘Media, the Political Order and National Identity’, Media, Culture and Society, Vol. 13, pp. 297–308.
School of Communication Studies, 1993, ‘Promotion of Privatization of Radio and Television Broadcasting in Ghana’, Report of a national conference held in GIMPA, Legon: University of Ghana, March 1–3.
Schudson, M., 1994, ‘Culture and the Integration of National Societies’, in Diana Crane, ed., The Sociology of Culture, Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp. 63-81.
Senghor, D., 1996, ‘Radio Stations in Africa: Issues of Dependency and Culture’, in P.G Altbach and S.M. Hassan, eds., The Muse of Modernity: Essays on Culture as Development in Africa, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. pp. 79–108.
Servaes, J., and Wang, G., 1997, ‘Privatization and Commercialization of the West- ern-European and South East Asian Broadcasting Media’, Asian Journal of Communication, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 1 –11.
Spitulnik, D., 1992, ‘Radio Time Sharing and the Negotiation of Linguistic Plural- ism in Zambia’, Pragmatics, Vol. 2, pp. 335–54.
Straubhaar, J.D., 1995, ‘From PTTs to Privatization: Liberalization and Privatiza- tion in Eastern Europe and the Third World’, in B. Mody, J.M Bauer and J.D. Straubhaar, eds., Telecommunications Politics: Ownership and Control of the Information Highway in Developing Countries, Mahweh, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Thomsen, C.W., 1989, Cultural Transfer or Electronic Imperialism? Heidlberg: Carl Winter Universitatsverlag.
Tomlinson, J., 1991, Cultural Imperialism, London: Printer.
Tudesq, A.J., 1983, ‘La Radio en Afrique Noire’, in L. M. Bourgault, ed., Mass Media in Sub-Saharan Africa, Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 21–109.
Ugboajah, F.O., ed., 1985, Mass Communication, Culture and Society in West Africa, Munich: Hans Zell.
UNESCO, 1961, Mass Media in Developing Countries, Reports and Papers on Mass Communication, No.33, Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO, 1968, An African Experiment in Radio Forums for Rural Development: Ghana, 1964/1965,
Reports and Papers on Mass Communication, No. 51, Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO, 1989, World Communication Report, Paris: UNESCO. UNESCO, 1992, World Communication Report, Paris: UNESCO UNESCO, 1996, World Communication Report, Paris: UNESCO White, D., 1996, ‘The New Multichannel World’, Commonwealth Broadcasters Association General Conference XXI Report, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, August 25–31.