3 - The Scramble for the Partition of the Northern Region of Ghana: Conflict and the Quest for the Coterminality of Cultural and Political Boundaries
African Sociological Review,
Vol. 24 No. 1 (2020): African Sociological Review
Abstract
The Northern Region was not only the largest administrative region in Ghana, but it was also almost one-third of the landmass of Ghana. Since 1960 there have been calls from various constituencies for it to be split into two or more manageable regions for rapid development. Eventually, the New Patriotic Party’s (NPP) government put in place mechanisms to create new regions out of three – including the Northern Region – of the existing ten regions. As the Commission of Inquiry (CoI) began its consultations with the traditional authorities and other stakeholders, a scramble ensued between two kingdoms in the then Northern Region to ensure that their cultural boundaries were coterminous with the political boundaries of the regions to be created. Thispaper disseminates the findin s of a qualitative research work that took place between October 2017 and June 2018 in the then Northern Region, Ghana. TheresearchaimedatinvestigatingthepoliticsandconflictsthataccompaniedDagbon’s and Gonja’s claim of non-cession of their territories to the new regions to be created. After establishing the interconnectedness between territory, sovereignty, and identity, the study unearths how the Dagbon chieftaincy conflict shaped the various perspectives on the regional reorganization (RR) in Dagbon and how the regional reorganization (RR) revitalized the minority question in Gonjaland. Drawing on internal self-determination, it concludes with a note that underscores the importance of kingdoms when it comes to territories and their demarcations in modern states in Africa.
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- Abudu, Samata Gundo Naa 2017. Letter – Request for Appointment with H. E. Nana Addo Darkwa Akufo-Addo, President of the Republic of Ghana, 2 November.
- Asante, Nana Bediatuo (2017). Letter - Re: Request for Appointment with H. E. Nana Addo Darkwa Akufo-Addo, 15 December.
- Ackrén, M (2009). Conditions for Different Autonomy Regimes in the World: A Fuzzy-Set Application.
- Åbo Akademis Förlag: Åbo Akademi University Press.
- Amenumey, D. E. K. (2011). Ghana: A Concise History from Pre-Colonial Times to the 20th Century. Accra: Woeli Publishing Services.
- Appadurai, A. (1996) Sovereignty without territoriality: notes for a postnational geography’. In Yager, P (ed). The Geography of Identity. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
- Awedoba, A.K. (2009). An Ethnographic Study of Northern Ghanaian Conflicts: Towards a Sustainable Peace. Accra: Sub-Saharan Publishers.
- Bening, R. B. (1972). Theregional boundaries of Ghana 1874-1972. Research Review, 8(1), 20-57.
- Bening, R. B. (1999). Ghana: Regional boundaries and national integration. Accra: Ghana Bohugu M. A. S (2017). Re: Petition for the Creation of North-East Region. Nalerigu.
- Bolaji, M. H. A. (2016). Beneath politicization: the unacknowledged constitutional crisis in the Dagbon succession conflict in Ghana. TheJournal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial w, 48(2), 273-301.
- Bolaji, M. H. A. (2018). ‘A Checkered Legal Pluralism and the Dagbon Succession Conflict:
- Modernity and Tradition as Inharmonious Bedfellows?’ In M. H. A. Bolaji and A. A. Apusigah (eds.), Critical Notes on Northern Ghana’s Development: History, Geography, Institutions, Politics and Development in Contention, New York: Nova Publication Publishers, 111-134.
- Brukum, N. J. K. (1998). Underdevelopment and the Dilemma of Independence: Northern Ghana in National Politics: 1946-1956. Research Review. 14(1), 16-32.
- Citinews (2018, April 17). Mamprusi Chiefs in Gonjaland back creation of North East Region, Citinews.https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Mamprusi-Chiefs-in Gonjaland-back-creation-of-North- East-Region-643796.
- Coalition of Eastern Corridor Youth (COECY) (2017). Petition on Recent Dagbon Traditional Council Meeting and the Uneasy Squabbles among Concerned Citizen of the Eastern Corridor.
- Yendi Concerned Citizens of Eastern Dagbon (2018). Petition on the Resolve of the Dagbon Traditional Council not to Cede Dagbon Land for the Creation of a new Region.
- Yendi Connor, W (1994). Ethno nationalism: TheQuest for Understanding. Princeton University Press.
- Dagbon & Nanung Traditional Councils (2018, January 10). Submission of Joint Dagbon- Nanung Memorandum to the Commission of Inquiry into the Creation of New Regions. Tamale.
- Dagbon Traditional Council (2017, December 23) Press Release: TheDagbon Traditional Council Meets on Regional Reorganisation. Tamale.
- Denkyira, Kwabena (2017) Letter - Re: Request for Appointment with H. E. Nana Addo Darkwa Akufo-Addo, President of the Republic of Ghana, 19 December.
- Ekeh, P. P. (1975). Colonialism and the two publics in Africa: A theoretical statement. Comparative studies in society and history. 17(1), 91-112.
- Frimpong, E. D. (2008, June 26). Brobbey Commission recommends creation of six new regions. Graphic: https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/brobbey-commission-recommends-creation-of-six-new-regions.html [6 May 2018].
- Ghana. (1992). Constitution of the Republic of Ghana. Accra: Ghana Publishing Corporation.
- Giddens, A. (1985), The ation-State and Violence, Cambridge: Polity Press. Guibernau, M. (1996), Nations without States: Political Communities in a Global Age. Cambridge: Polity, p. 14.
- Harvey, W. B. (2015). Law and social change in Ghana. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Hassan, N (2018, January 8). Chiefs and Elders petition for the inclusion of Kpandai District in the ‘Proposed Oti Region’. Modern Ghana. https://www.modernghana.com/news/829311/chiefs-and-elders-petition-for-the- inclusion-of-kpandai-dist.html [6 May 2018].
- Ismail, Z. (2018, January 19). Tampulma/Gonja conflict: Over 5000 Tampulmas return to horrific spectacle. 3news: http://3news.com/tampulma-gonja-conflict-5000-tampulmas-return-horrific spectaclen/ [19/05/2018].
- Hutchinson, J, and Smith, A. D. (1996), Ethnicity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Kassim, A. (2009, November 5). Partitioning Ghana’s Northern Region. Rural Media Network (RUMNET). https://rumnet.wordpress.com/2009/11/05/partitioning-ghanas-northern-region/ [5 May 2018].
- Kedourie, E. (1960). Nationalism. New York: Praeger.
- Kparia-Tina (2018). Petition against Mohamadu Musah A.K.A.Kadichara’s Recognition as Paramouncy of Tampulma in the Wasipe Traditional Area. Kparia Tina’s Palace Ladouceur, P. A. (1979). Chiefs and Politicians: the politics of regionalism in northern Ghana. London, Longman.
- Latif, A. (2017, November 28). A Brief History of Tampulma Ethnic Group in Ghana. Modern Ghana. https://www.modernghana.com/news/819401/a-brief-history-of-tampulma-ethnic-group-in ghana.html [10 May 2018].
- MacGaffey, W. (2006). Death of a king, death of a kingdom? Social pluralism and succession to high office in Dagbon, northern Ghana. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 44(1), 79-99.
- Mackenzie, J. (2005). The Partition of Africa: And European Imperialism 1880-1900. Routledge.
- Mamdani, M. (1996). Citizen and Subject: The Legacy of Late Colonialism in Contemporary Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Musah, M. (2017). Tampulma Ethnic Group’s Request to Belong to the Same Region with the Mamprugu Traditional Kingdoms – A Petition to the President. Kadichari- Tina Palace.
- Naatogmah,A.K.(2017,December,25).Ex-Minister slams Dagbon chiefs,backs Eastern Corridor Region, Citifmonline.com. http://citifmonline.com/2017/12/25/ex-minister-slams-dagbon-chiefs-backs-eastern-corridor-region/Naatogmah, A. K. (2016, April 2). Tampulmas to sue Gonjaland Traditional Council. Citifmonline.http://citifmonline.com/2016/04/02/tampulmas-to-sue-gonjaland-traditional-council/ [ 15 May 2018].
- Naatogmah,A.K.(2017 December 24).You can’t use our lands for Eastern Corridor region – Dagbon Chiefs. Citifmonline.com: https://citifmonline.com/2017/12/24/you-cant-use-our-lands-foreastern-corridor-region-dagbon-chiefs/ [accessed 26th December 2017].
- National Democratic Congress (NDC) (2016). Manifesto: Changing Lives: Transforming Ghana. CODEO Ghana: http://www.codeoghana.org/assets/ downloadables/2016-Manifesto.pdf [accessed 26th December 2017].
- New Patriotic Party (NPP) Manifesto for Election (2016): CHANGE Creating Prosperity & Equal Opportunity for All. CODEO Ghana: http://www.codeoghana.org/assets/downloadables/npp_2016 _manifesto.compressed.pdf [accessed on 24th December 2017].
- Nootens, G. (2006). Liberal nationalism and the sovereign territorial ideal 1. Nations and Nationalism, 12(1), 35-50.
- Paasi, A. (1999). The political geography of boundaries at the end of the millennium: challenges of the de-territorializing world. Curtains of Iron and Gold: Reconstructing Borders and Scales of Interaction, 9-24.
- Regional News (2018, April 17). Mamprusi Chiefs in Gonjaland back creation of North East Region, https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/regional/Mamprusi-Chiefs-in-Gonjaland-back-creation-of-North-East- Region-643796 [6 June 2018].
- Smith, A. D. (2000). Nationalism: Theo y, Ideology and History, Cambridge: Polity Press. Staniland, M. (1975). The Lions of Dagbon: political change in northern Ghana (No. 16). Cambridge [Eng.]; New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Tampulma Youth Association (TYA) (2018, March 31). Setting the Records Straight: A Press Release by the Tampulma Youth Association in Rebuttal to the Press Release by Certain Individuals from
- Lingbinsi Daboya. https://www.modernghana.com/news/846414/tampulma-youth-assocaitions rebuttal-to-the-a-press-release. html [20 May 2018].
- Tanko, E. (2018a, January 15). Two Killed In Renewed Gonja, Tampulma Clashes. Star FM Online. https://www.a1radioonline.com/13884/two-killed-in-renewed- gonja-tampulmaclashes/index.html [5 May 2018].
- Tanko, E. (2018b January 21). Setbacks slim chances for a Gonjaland Region. Star FM Online. http://starrfmonline.com/2018/01/21/setbacks-slim-chances- gonjaland-region/ [7 May 2018].
- The Chereponi Regent (2018). Petition to the President by the Chiefs and People of the Chereponi Traditional Area against the Curving of Chereponi District as a Part of the North-East Region. Chereponi.
- Thornberry, P. (1993). “The Democratic or Internal Aspects of Self-Determination with Some Remarks on Federalism”, in C. Tomuschat (ed.), Modern Law of Self- Determination, pp. 101 – 138.
- Three News, (2018 January 26). Gonja-Tampulma conflict: Gonja Traditional Council to visit Dissah, Salelg. 3news: http://3news.com/gonja-tampulma-conflict-gonja-traditional-council-visit-dissah-salelgu/ [accessed on 5 May 2018].
- Weber, M. (1946). “Politics as a Vocation.” In From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, translated by H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. Oxford University Press.
- Yahaya, A. B. (2016). Ethnic Identity, Social Inequality, and Land Disputes in the Kpandai District of Ghana. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 6(5):109-118.
References
Abudu, Samata Gundo Naa 2017. Letter – Request for Appointment with H. E. Nana Addo Darkwa Akufo-Addo, President of the Republic of Ghana, 2 November.
Asante, Nana Bediatuo (2017). Letter - Re: Request for Appointment with H. E. Nana Addo Darkwa Akufo-Addo, 15 December.
Ackrén, M (2009). Conditions for Different Autonomy Regimes in the World: A Fuzzy-Set Application.
Åbo Akademis Förlag: Åbo Akademi University Press.
Amenumey, D. E. K. (2011). Ghana: A Concise History from Pre-Colonial Times to the 20th Century. Accra: Woeli Publishing Services.
Appadurai, A. (1996) Sovereignty without territoriality: notes for a postnational geography’. In Yager, P (ed). The Geography of Identity. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
Awedoba, A.K. (2009). An Ethnographic Study of Northern Ghanaian Conflicts: Towards a Sustainable Peace. Accra: Sub-Saharan Publishers.
Bening, R. B. (1972). Theregional boundaries of Ghana 1874-1972. Research Review, 8(1), 20-57.
Bening, R. B. (1999). Ghana: Regional boundaries and national integration. Accra: Ghana Bohugu M. A. S (2017). Re: Petition for the Creation of North-East Region. Nalerigu.
Bolaji, M. H. A. (2016). Beneath politicization: the unacknowledged constitutional crisis in the Dagbon succession conflict in Ghana. TheJournal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial w, 48(2), 273-301.
Bolaji, M. H. A. (2018). ‘A Checkered Legal Pluralism and the Dagbon Succession Conflict:
Modernity and Tradition as Inharmonious Bedfellows?’ In M. H. A. Bolaji and A. A. Apusigah (eds.), Critical Notes on Northern Ghana’s Development: History, Geography, Institutions, Politics and Development in Contention, New York: Nova Publication Publishers, 111-134.
Brukum, N. J. K. (1998). Underdevelopment and the Dilemma of Independence: Northern Ghana in National Politics: 1946-1956. Research Review. 14(1), 16-32.
Citinews (2018, April 17). Mamprusi Chiefs in Gonjaland back creation of North East Region, Citinews.https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Mamprusi-Chiefs-in Gonjaland-back-creation-of-North- East-Region-643796.
Coalition of Eastern Corridor Youth (COECY) (2017). Petition on Recent Dagbon Traditional Council Meeting and the Uneasy Squabbles among Concerned Citizen of the Eastern Corridor.
Yendi Concerned Citizens of Eastern Dagbon (2018). Petition on the Resolve of the Dagbon Traditional Council not to Cede Dagbon Land for the Creation of a new Region.
Yendi Connor, W (1994). Ethno nationalism: TheQuest for Understanding. Princeton University Press.
Dagbon & Nanung Traditional Councils (2018, January 10). Submission of Joint Dagbon- Nanung Memorandum to the Commission of Inquiry into the Creation of New Regions. Tamale.
Dagbon Traditional Council (2017, December 23) Press Release: TheDagbon Traditional Council Meets on Regional Reorganisation. Tamale.
Denkyira, Kwabena (2017) Letter - Re: Request for Appointment with H. E. Nana Addo Darkwa Akufo-Addo, President of the Republic of Ghana, 19 December.
Ekeh, P. P. (1975). Colonialism and the two publics in Africa: A theoretical statement. Comparative studies in society and history. 17(1), 91-112.
Frimpong, E. D. (2008, June 26). Brobbey Commission recommends creation of six new regions. Graphic: https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/brobbey-commission-recommends-creation-of-six-new-regions.html [6 May 2018].
Ghana. (1992). Constitution of the Republic of Ghana. Accra: Ghana Publishing Corporation.
Giddens, A. (1985), The ation-State and Violence, Cambridge: Polity Press. Guibernau, M. (1996), Nations without States: Political Communities in a Global Age. Cambridge: Polity, p. 14.
Harvey, W. B. (2015). Law and social change in Ghana. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hassan, N (2018, January 8). Chiefs and Elders petition for the inclusion of Kpandai District in the ‘Proposed Oti Region’. Modern Ghana. https://www.modernghana.com/news/829311/chiefs-and-elders-petition-for-the- inclusion-of-kpandai-dist.html [6 May 2018].
Ismail, Z. (2018, January 19). Tampulma/Gonja conflict: Over 5000 Tampulmas return to horrific spectacle. 3news: http://3news.com/tampulma-gonja-conflict-5000-tampulmas-return-horrific spectaclen/ [19/05/2018].
Hutchinson, J, and Smith, A. D. (1996), Ethnicity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kassim, A. (2009, November 5). Partitioning Ghana’s Northern Region. Rural Media Network (RUMNET). https://rumnet.wordpress.com/2009/11/05/partitioning-ghanas-northern-region/ [5 May 2018].
Kedourie, E. (1960). Nationalism. New York: Praeger.
Kparia-Tina (2018). Petition against Mohamadu Musah A.K.A.Kadichara’s Recognition as Paramouncy of Tampulma in the Wasipe Traditional Area. Kparia Tina’s Palace Ladouceur, P. A. (1979). Chiefs and Politicians: the politics of regionalism in northern Ghana. London, Longman.
Latif, A. (2017, November 28). A Brief History of Tampulma Ethnic Group in Ghana. Modern Ghana. https://www.modernghana.com/news/819401/a-brief-history-of-tampulma-ethnic-group-in ghana.html [10 May 2018].
MacGaffey, W. (2006). Death of a king, death of a kingdom? Social pluralism and succession to high office in Dagbon, northern Ghana. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 44(1), 79-99.
Mackenzie, J. (2005). The Partition of Africa: And European Imperialism 1880-1900. Routledge.
Mamdani, M. (1996). Citizen and Subject: The Legacy of Late Colonialism in Contemporary Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Musah, M. (2017). Tampulma Ethnic Group’s Request to Belong to the Same Region with the Mamprugu Traditional Kingdoms – A Petition to the President. Kadichari- Tina Palace.
Naatogmah,A.K.(2017,December,25).Ex-Minister slams Dagbon chiefs,backs Eastern Corridor Region, Citifmonline.com. http://citifmonline.com/2017/12/25/ex-minister-slams-dagbon-chiefs-backs-eastern-corridor-region/Naatogmah, A. K. (2016, April 2). Tampulmas to sue Gonjaland Traditional Council. Citifmonline.http://citifmonline.com/2016/04/02/tampulmas-to-sue-gonjaland-traditional-council/ [ 15 May 2018].
Naatogmah,A.K.(2017 December 24).You can’t use our lands for Eastern Corridor region – Dagbon Chiefs. Citifmonline.com: https://citifmonline.com/2017/12/24/you-cant-use-our-lands-foreastern-corridor-region-dagbon-chiefs/ [accessed 26th December 2017].
National Democratic Congress (NDC) (2016). Manifesto: Changing Lives: Transforming Ghana. CODEO Ghana: http://www.codeoghana.org/assets/ downloadables/2016-Manifesto.pdf [accessed 26th December 2017].
New Patriotic Party (NPP) Manifesto for Election (2016): CHANGE Creating Prosperity & Equal Opportunity for All. CODEO Ghana: http://www.codeoghana.org/assets/downloadables/npp_2016 _manifesto.compressed.pdf [accessed on 24th December 2017].
Nootens, G. (2006). Liberal nationalism and the sovereign territorial ideal 1. Nations and Nationalism, 12(1), 35-50.
Paasi, A. (1999). The political geography of boundaries at the end of the millennium: challenges of the de-territorializing world. Curtains of Iron and Gold: Reconstructing Borders and Scales of Interaction, 9-24.
Regional News (2018, April 17). Mamprusi Chiefs in Gonjaland back creation of North East Region, https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/regional/Mamprusi-Chiefs-in-Gonjaland-back-creation-of-North-East- Region-643796 [6 June 2018].
Smith, A. D. (2000). Nationalism: Theo y, Ideology and History, Cambridge: Polity Press. Staniland, M. (1975). The Lions of Dagbon: political change in northern Ghana (No. 16). Cambridge [Eng.]; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tampulma Youth Association (TYA) (2018, March 31). Setting the Records Straight: A Press Release by the Tampulma Youth Association in Rebuttal to the Press Release by Certain Individuals from
Lingbinsi Daboya. https://www.modernghana.com/news/846414/tampulma-youth-assocaitions rebuttal-to-the-a-press-release. html [20 May 2018].
Tanko, E. (2018a, January 15). Two Killed In Renewed Gonja, Tampulma Clashes. Star FM Online. https://www.a1radioonline.com/13884/two-killed-in-renewed- gonja-tampulmaclashes/index.html [5 May 2018].
Tanko, E. (2018b January 21). Setbacks slim chances for a Gonjaland Region. Star FM Online. http://starrfmonline.com/2018/01/21/setbacks-slim-chances- gonjaland-region/ [7 May 2018].
The Chereponi Regent (2018). Petition to the President by the Chiefs and People of the Chereponi Traditional Area against the Curving of Chereponi District as a Part of the North-East Region. Chereponi.
Thornberry, P. (1993). “The Democratic or Internal Aspects of Self-Determination with Some Remarks on Federalism”, in C. Tomuschat (ed.), Modern Law of Self- Determination, pp. 101 – 138.
Three News, (2018 January 26). Gonja-Tampulma conflict: Gonja Traditional Council to visit Dissah, Salelg. 3news: http://3news.com/gonja-tampulma-conflict-gonja-traditional-council-visit-dissah-salelgu/ [accessed on 5 May 2018].
Weber, M. (1946). “Politics as a Vocation.” In From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, translated by H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. Oxford University Press.
Yahaya, A. B. (2016). Ethnic Identity, Social Inequality, and Land Disputes in the Kpandai District of Ghana. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 6(5):109-118.