6 - ‘Surviving like a Bird’: Livelihood Coping Strategies in an Informal Settlement of Windhoek, Namibia
Revue africaine de sociologie,
Vol. 24 No 1 (2020): Revue africaine de sociologie
Résumé
Cette étude a été réalisée pour étudier différents types de moyens de subsistance durables dans un village informel de Windhoek, en Namibie, et pour identifi r et décrire les mécanismes d ’adaptation de ces ménages. L’étude a utilisé une recherche mixte utilisant des plans descriptifs et exploratoires. Les données quantitatives ont été collectées à l’aide de questionnaires, tandis que les données qualitatives ont été collectées au moyen d’entretiens approfondis avec sept chefs de ménage. Un échantillon de 150 ménages a été sélectionné au hasard pour permettre une représentation de la population. L’approche statistique descriptive a été utilisée dans l’analyse des données, à l’aide du progiciel statistique pour les sciences sociales (SSPS version 23). Une analyse qualitative des données a été effectuée par une analyse thématique du contenu des données transcrites. L’étude a révélé que les gens migrent vers la ville à la recherche d’un emploi. Le facteur le plus important pour déterminer une expérience positive dans l’établissement informel était de savoir si une personne avait un emploi ou non. En outre, un lien social réciproque solide entre les zones rurales et urbaines a été trouvé. La pratique des résidents des zones urbaines qui envoient une partie de leurs envois de fonds dans les zones rurales a une retombée positive sur l’économie rurale, d’où la majorité des migrants sont originaires. Il a également été établi que les ménages ruraux des zones rurales d’envoi fournissaient des produits agricoles pour soutenir les moyens de subsistance de ces habitants informels urbains. Le groupe le plus précaire et le plus vulnérable était les femmes âgées sans emploi dirigées par une seule personne, ce qui indique clairement la nature sexospécifique de la pauvreté. Sur la base des résultats de l’étude, divers types de moyens de subsistance et de stratégies d’adaptation ont été identifiés à partir de l’étude, à savoir le transfert alimentaire rural-urbain, les activités du secteur informel, le réseau social et les envois de fonds.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Alcock,GG.(2015) Kasinomics:AnAfricanInformalEconomyandPeoplewhoInhabitedthem.Johannesburg: Tracey Macdonald.
- Baum, F. (2008). The ew Public Health. Third Edition. Oxford: Oxford University.
- Biko,H.(2019).Africareimagined:Reclaimingasenseofabundanceandprosperity.Johannesburg:Jonathan Ball.
- Botes L, Arntz T, Booysen F, Burger P, Pelser A. and Moses J. (2001). Payment of municipal services. [For the Joint Centre for Political and Economic Studies and Nathan Associates sponsored by USAID] Centre for Development Support: Bloemfontein.
- Brandell, J.R. (2010). Theo y and practice in clinical social work. California: SAGE. Charman, A. and Petersen, L. (2014). Informal micro-enterprises in a township context:A spatial analysis of business dynamics in five Cape Town localities. REDI3x3 Cape Town: Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation.
- Cresswell, J.W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th ed. Los Angeles: SAGE.
- Ellesberg, M. and Heise, L. (2005). Researching violence against women: A practical guide for researchers and activists. Washington D.C: World Health Organisation, PATH.
- Fourie,F.(2018). TheSouth African Informal Sector: Creating Jobs Reducing Poverty. HSRC: Pretoria.
- Frayne, B. (2004). Migration and urban survival strategies in Windhoek, Namibia. The International Development Research Centre, 15(4), 133 -158.
- Frayne, B. (2007). Migration and the changing social economy of Windhoek, Namibia.Development Southern Africa, 24(1), 91-108.
- Grobler, W. (2015). Urban food insecurity: A case for conditional cash grants? Unpublished Inaugural Lecture, School of economic Sciences, North-West University, Vaal, 12 November 2015.
- Gukurume, S. (2012). Protracted struggles for basic social services and amenities in Zimbabwe’s informal settlements. International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, 3(3),976 - 1195.
- Indongo, N., Angombe, S. and Nickanor, N. (2013). Urbanisation in Namibia-Views from semi-formal and informal settlements.
- Windhoek: University of Namibia.
- Lincoln, Y. and Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. London, UK, Sage Publication.
- Magalhaes, F. and Eduardo, R. (2012). Facing the Challenges of Informal Settlements in Urban Centers: The Re-urbanization of Manaus, Brazil. Washington, D.C: Inter-American Development Bank.
- Maritz E. (2020). Personal communication during presentation at the UNDP Offices in Windhoek Namibia, 12 March 2020.
- Mazibuko, S.G. (2010). Development of pro-poor tourism: The livelihood strategies of Amazizi in Northern Drakensberg, KwaZulu-Natal. Unpublished.
- Mhalanga, E. (2012). Adaptive or coping livelihood strategy: Bulawayo’s community gardens. Unpublished.
- Ministry of Health and Social Services. (2010). Namibia Global Fund Programme TB Annual Report. Windhoek: Ministry of Health and Social Services.
- Ministry of Health and Social Services. (2014). The Namibian Demographic and Health Survey 2013.Windhoek: Ministry of Health and Social Services. Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Creation. (2017). Namibian Informal Economy Caste Study Report 2016/17. Windhoek: Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment.
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- Namibia Statistic Agency. (2012). Namibia 2011 Population and Housing Census Main Report. Windhoek: Government printers. Namibia
- Statistic Agency. (2016). Namibia Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2015/2016 Report. Windhoek: Government printers.
- Namibia Statistic Agency. (2019). Labour Force Survey Report of Namibia, 2018.Windhoek: Government printers.
- Newaya, T. P. (2010). Rapid urbanization and its influence on the growth of informal settlements in Windhoek, Namibia. Unpublished.
- Ndiweni, K.J., Mashonganyika, J., Ncube, N. and Dube, N. (2014). Informal economy as a source of livelihood in Zimbabwean urban
- areas: A Case study of Bulawayo Metropolitan Province. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, 4(1), 1 - 8.
- Niikondo, A. (2010). Migrants to cities and towns in Namibia. What their interests are?Windhoek: Polytechnic of Namibia.
- Pope, C.S. and Mays, N. (1995). Qualitative Research: Reaching the parts other methods cannot reach: Introduction to Qualitative Methods in Health Services Research. British Medical Journal, 311:42-45.Ricci, L. (2011). Peri-urban livelihood and adaptive capacity: the case of Dar es Salaam.
- Paper presented at the 5th AESOP young academics network meeting 2011, the Netherlands.
- Schurink, W., Fouche, C. and Delport, C.S.L. (2011). Qualitative data analysis and interpretation. In De Vos, A.S., Strydom, H., Fouche, C.B. and Delport, C.S.L. (2009). Research at grass roots: For the social sciences and human professionals (fourth sedition). Pretoria: Van Schaik.
- Soudien, C., Reddy, V,. & Woolard, I. (eds.) (2019). Poverty and Inequality: Diagnosis, Prognosis Responses. Cape Town: Human Science Research Council.
- Taukuheke, S. (2010). A study on poverty alleviation in the informal settlement communities in Windhoek: a case study of Babylon community. Unpublished.
- United Nations Human Settlement Programme. (2012). 2012 UN-Habitat Report. Nairobi: United Nations.
- Retrieved from http://www.unhabitat.biz/unhabitata- annual-report-2012/.pdf
- Westoby, P. (2014). Theo ising the Practice of Community Development: A South African Perspective. Surrey, UK: Ashgate.
- World Bank. (2018). World Development Indicators. World Bank: Washington, D.C., ted States.
Les références
Alcock,GG.(2015) Kasinomics:AnAfricanInformalEconomyandPeoplewhoInhabitedthem.Johannesburg: Tracey Macdonald.
Baum, F. (2008). The ew Public Health. Third Edition. Oxford: Oxford University.
Biko,H.(2019).Africareimagined:Reclaimingasenseofabundanceandprosperity.Johannesburg:Jonathan Ball.
Botes L, Arntz T, Booysen F, Burger P, Pelser A. and Moses J. (2001). Payment of municipal services. [For the Joint Centre for Political and Economic Studies and Nathan Associates sponsored by USAID] Centre for Development Support: Bloemfontein.
Brandell, J.R. (2010). Theo y and practice in clinical social work. California: SAGE. Charman, A. and Petersen, L. (2014). Informal micro-enterprises in a township context:A spatial analysis of business dynamics in five Cape Town localities. REDI3x3 Cape Town: Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation.
Cresswell, J.W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th ed. Los Angeles: SAGE.
Ellesberg, M. and Heise, L. (2005). Researching violence against women: A practical guide for researchers and activists. Washington D.C: World Health Organisation, PATH.
Fourie,F.(2018). TheSouth African Informal Sector: Creating Jobs Reducing Poverty. HSRC: Pretoria.
Frayne, B. (2004). Migration and urban survival strategies in Windhoek, Namibia. The International Development Research Centre, 15(4), 133 -158.
Frayne, B. (2007). Migration and the changing social economy of Windhoek, Namibia.Development Southern Africa, 24(1), 91-108.
Grobler, W. (2015). Urban food insecurity: A case for conditional cash grants? Unpublished Inaugural Lecture, School of economic Sciences, North-West University, Vaal, 12 November 2015.
Gukurume, S. (2012). Protracted struggles for basic social services and amenities in Zimbabwe’s informal settlements. International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, 3(3),976 - 1195.
Indongo, N., Angombe, S. and Nickanor, N. (2013). Urbanisation in Namibia-Views from semi-formal and informal settlements.
Windhoek: University of Namibia.
Lincoln, Y. and Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. London, UK, Sage Publication.
Magalhaes, F. and Eduardo, R. (2012). Facing the Challenges of Informal Settlements in Urban Centers: The Re-urbanization of Manaus, Brazil. Washington, D.C: Inter-American Development Bank.
Maritz E. (2020). Personal communication during presentation at the UNDP Offices in Windhoek Namibia, 12 March 2020.
Mazibuko, S.G. (2010). Development of pro-poor tourism: The livelihood strategies of Amazizi in Northern Drakensberg, KwaZulu-Natal. Unpublished.
Mhalanga, E. (2012). Adaptive or coping livelihood strategy: Bulawayo’s community gardens. Unpublished.
Ministry of Health and Social Services. (2010). Namibia Global Fund Programme TB Annual Report. Windhoek: Ministry of Health and Social Services.
Ministry of Health and Social Services. (2014). The Namibian Demographic and Health Survey 2013.Windhoek: Ministry of Health and Social Services. Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Creation. (2017). Namibian Informal Economy Caste Study Report 2016/17. Windhoek: Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment.
Namibia Housing Action Group. (2015). Namibia Housing Action Group Mid-term oek: Namibia Housing Action Group.
Namibia Statistic Agency. (2012). Namibia 2011 Population and Housing Census Main Report. Windhoek: Government printers. Namibia
Statistic Agency. (2016). Namibia Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2015/2016 Report. Windhoek: Government printers.
Namibia Statistic Agency. (2019). Labour Force Survey Report of Namibia, 2018.Windhoek: Government printers.
Newaya, T. P. (2010). Rapid urbanization and its influence on the growth of informal settlements in Windhoek, Namibia. Unpublished.
Ndiweni, K.J., Mashonganyika, J., Ncube, N. and Dube, N. (2014). Informal economy as a source of livelihood in Zimbabwean urban
areas: A Case study of Bulawayo Metropolitan Province. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, 4(1), 1 - 8.
Niikondo, A. (2010). Migrants to cities and towns in Namibia. What their interests are?Windhoek: Polytechnic of Namibia.
Pope, C.S. and Mays, N. (1995). Qualitative Research: Reaching the parts other methods cannot reach: Introduction to Qualitative Methods in Health Services Research. British Medical Journal, 311:42-45.Ricci, L. (2011). Peri-urban livelihood and adaptive capacity: the case of Dar es Salaam.
Paper presented at the 5th AESOP young academics network meeting 2011, the Netherlands.
Schurink, W., Fouche, C. and Delport, C.S.L. (2011). Qualitative data analysis and interpretation. In De Vos, A.S., Strydom, H., Fouche, C.B. and Delport, C.S.L. (2009). Research at grass roots: For the social sciences and human professionals (fourth sedition). Pretoria: Van Schaik.
Soudien, C., Reddy, V,. & Woolard, I. (eds.) (2019). Poverty and Inequality: Diagnosis, Prognosis Responses. Cape Town: Human Science Research Council.
Taukuheke, S. (2010). A study on poverty alleviation in the informal settlement communities in Windhoek: a case study of Babylon community. Unpublished.
United Nations Human Settlement Programme. (2012). 2012 UN-Habitat Report. Nairobi: United Nations.
Retrieved from http://www.unhabitat.biz/unhabitata- annual-report-2012/.pdf
Westoby, P. (2014). Theo ising the Practice of Community Development: A South African Perspective. Surrey, UK: Ashgate.
World Bank. (2018). World Development Indicators. World Bank: Washington, D.C., ted States.