7 - Cinema and Wage Labour in Colonial Kenya
Corresponding Author(s) : Samson Kaunga Ndanyi
Afrika Zamani,
No 27 (2019): Afrika Zamani: Revue annuelle d’histoire africaine
Résumé
Au début des années 1920, la première génération de nationalistes africains du Kenya colonial rejette le capitalisme et appelle à son abolition. Les « agitateurs », demandent « que les femmes et les filles soient exemptées du travail obligatoire et de la fiscalité ». Des « émeutes » contre les deux piliers du capitalisme (le travail et les impôts) éclatent à Nairobi, et les agitateurs paient cher l'agitation, certains de leur vie. Réagissant rapidement et violemment contre une assemblée non organisée de petits salariés, le gouvernement britannique au Kenya transforme la rencontre en bain de sang en tirant sur des hommes et des femmes qui, de son propre aveu, étaient armés de bâtons. Les conséquences sont rapides et immédiates. Premièrement, elles contraignent l'administration coloniale de Nairobi à répondre à une communauté internationale inquiète et qui questionne l'usage excessif de la force. Deuxièmement, elles incitent les décideurs politiques à remplacer la force par une « approche douce ». Cet article retrace une histoire du travail utilisant des films pédagogiques produits à Londres pour les colonies, y compris le Kenya, pour mettre en lumière le croisement du travail salarié et des programmes culturels pour les Africains.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Ambler, C., 2011, ‘Projecting the Modern Colonial State: The Mobile Cinema in Kenya’, in L. Grieveson and C. MacCabe, eds, Film and the End of Empire, London: British Film Institute.
- Beake, C., 1948, ‘The Commercial Entertainment Film and Its Effect on Colonial Peoples’, in The Film in Colonial Development: A Report of a Conference, London: British Film Institute.
- Branch, D., 2009, Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War, and Decolonization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Burns, J., 2000, ‘Watching Africans watch films: theories of spectatorship in British Colonial Africa’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 20 (2): 197–211.
- Burns, J., 2002, Flickering Shadows: Cinema and Identity in Colonial Zimbabwe, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
- Diawara, M., 1987, ‘Sub-Saharan African film production: technological paternalism’, Jump Cut 32: 61–65.
- Druick, Z., 2012, ‘At the margins of cinema history: mobile cinema in the British Empire’, Public 40: 119–125.
- Elkins, C., 2005, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya, New York, NY: Henry Holt Company.
- Fanon, F. 1963, The Wretched of the Earth, New York: Grove Press.
- Freire, P., 1968, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (trans. M.B. Ramos), New York: Seabury Press.
- Githuku, N. K., 2015, Mau Mau Crucible of War: Statehood, National Identity, and Politics of Postcolonial Kenya, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
- Hondo, M., 1996, ‘What is Cinema for Us?’, in I. Bakari and C. Mbye, eds, African Experiences of Cinema, London: British Film Institute.
- Kitching, G., 1980, Class and Economic Change in Kenya: The Making of an African Petite-Bourgeoisie, 1905–1970, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Koster, M. M., 2016, The Power of the Oath: Mau Mau Nationalism in Kenya, 1952–1960, Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
- Larkin, B., 2008, Signal and Noise: Media, Infrastructure, and Urban Culture in Nigeria, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Maxon, R., 2011, Britain and Kenya’s Constitutions, 1950–1960, Amherst, NY: Cambria Press.
- Mboya, T. 1963, ‘African socialism’, Transition 8: 17–19.
- Morel, E. D., 1969, The Black Man’s Burden: The White Man in Africa from the Fifteenth Century to World War I, New York and London: Modern Reader.
- Ngugi wa Thiong’o, 1964, Weep Not, Child, Oxford: Macmillan.
- Ngugi wa Thiong’o and Ngugi wa Mirii, 1982, I will Marry When I Want, Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
- Ochieng’, W. R. and Ogot, B. A., eds, 1995, Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940–93, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
- Parsons, N., 2004, The Kanye Cinema Experiment, 1944–1946, Web Publishers (1–16).
- Rodney, W., 1972, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Washington, DC: Howard University Press.
- Sellers, W., 1941, ‘The production of films for primitive people’, Journal of the British Kinematograph Society 10 (3): 104–13.
- Smyth, R., 1983, ‘Movies and Mandarins: The Official Film and British Colonial Africa’, in J. Curran and V. Porter, eds, British Cinema History, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books.
- Smyth, R., 2011, ‘Images of Empire on Shifting Sands: The Colonial Film Unit in West Africa in the Post-war Period’, in L. Grieveson and C. MacCabe, eds, Film and the End of Empire, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Thuku, H., 1970, Harry Thuku: An Autobiography, Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
- Ukadike, F., 1994, Black African Cinema, Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Les références
Ambler, C., 2011, ‘Projecting the Modern Colonial State: The Mobile Cinema in Kenya’, in L. Grieveson and C. MacCabe, eds, Film and the End of Empire, London: British Film Institute.
Beake, C., 1948, ‘The Commercial Entertainment Film and Its Effect on Colonial Peoples’, in The Film in Colonial Development: A Report of a Conference, London: British Film Institute.
Branch, D., 2009, Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War, and Decolonization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Burns, J., 2000, ‘Watching Africans watch films: theories of spectatorship in British Colonial Africa’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 20 (2): 197–211.
Burns, J., 2002, Flickering Shadows: Cinema and Identity in Colonial Zimbabwe, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
Diawara, M., 1987, ‘Sub-Saharan African film production: technological paternalism’, Jump Cut 32: 61–65.
Druick, Z., 2012, ‘At the margins of cinema history: mobile cinema in the British Empire’, Public 40: 119–125.
Elkins, C., 2005, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya, New York, NY: Henry Holt Company.
Fanon, F. 1963, The Wretched of the Earth, New York: Grove Press.
Freire, P., 1968, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (trans. M.B. Ramos), New York: Seabury Press.
Githuku, N. K., 2015, Mau Mau Crucible of War: Statehood, National Identity, and Politics of Postcolonial Kenya, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Hondo, M., 1996, ‘What is Cinema for Us?’, in I. Bakari and C. Mbye, eds, African Experiences of Cinema, London: British Film Institute.
Kitching, G., 1980, Class and Economic Change in Kenya: The Making of an African Petite-Bourgeoisie, 1905–1970, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Koster, M. M., 2016, The Power of the Oath: Mau Mau Nationalism in Kenya, 1952–1960, Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
Larkin, B., 2008, Signal and Noise: Media, Infrastructure, and Urban Culture in Nigeria, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Maxon, R., 2011, Britain and Kenya’s Constitutions, 1950–1960, Amherst, NY: Cambria Press.
Mboya, T. 1963, ‘African socialism’, Transition 8: 17–19.
Morel, E. D., 1969, The Black Man’s Burden: The White Man in Africa from the Fifteenth Century to World War I, New York and London: Modern Reader.
Ngugi wa Thiong’o, 1964, Weep Not, Child, Oxford: Macmillan.
Ngugi wa Thiong’o and Ngugi wa Mirii, 1982, I will Marry When I Want, Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Ochieng’, W. R. and Ogot, B. A., eds, 1995, Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940–93, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
Parsons, N., 2004, The Kanye Cinema Experiment, 1944–1946, Web Publishers (1–16).
Rodney, W., 1972, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Washington, DC: Howard University Press.
Sellers, W., 1941, ‘The production of films for primitive people’, Journal of the British Kinematograph Society 10 (3): 104–13.
Smyth, R., 1983, ‘Movies and Mandarins: The Official Film and British Colonial Africa’, in J. Curran and V. Porter, eds, British Cinema History, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books.
Smyth, R., 2011, ‘Images of Empire on Shifting Sands: The Colonial Film Unit in West Africa in the Post-war Period’, in L. Grieveson and C. MacCabe, eds, Film and the End of Empire, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Thuku, H., 1970, Harry Thuku: An Autobiography, Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
Ukadike, F., 1994, Black African Cinema, Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.