5 - Neoliberalism and the Changing Role of Universities in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Research and Development
Corresponding Author(s) : Daniel N. Sifuna
Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique,
Vol. 12 No 2 (2014): Revue de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique: Numéro spécial sur Liberté académique en Afrique
Résumé
Avec quelques exemples précis tirés d’universités kenyanes, cet article passe en revue le rôle de l’université africaine post indépendance dans la recherche et le développement et l’effet du néo-libéralisme et le finance- ment de ces activités. It a été établi que depuis leur création pendant l’ère coloniale, la mission académique des universités en Afrique était essen- tiellement celle des universités partout dans le monde ; enseigner et faire avancer la connaissance par une recherche désintéressée et maintenir des normes d’enseignement à un niveau qui pourrait clairement être mis en relation avec ceux établis dans d’autres pays. Suite à la réalisation des indépendances, les universités furent désignées sous le vocable « univer- sités de développement », ce qui voulait dire, qu’il était attendu d’elles d’entreprendre la recherche et de participer au développement de leur pays respectif. La plupart des universités essayèrent de diverses manières d’amener plus loin l’idée de l’université de développement, mais du fait de structures internes inhérentes, ainsi que du climat politique prévalent, celle-ci manqua d’émerger en tant qu’ « université de développement ». Cependant, de tels défis à l’université de développement ne réduisirent pas le rôle central des universités africaines dans la recherche et le dével- oppement. Il est demandé aux universités africaines, comme aux autres partout dans le monde, de répondre à une variété de besoins et de remplir beaucoup d’objectifs ; et ceci n’est une question de demande externe, mais l’engagement multidimensionnel enraciné dans les traditions des universités elles-mêmes et de la profession académique. Il est démontré que l’idéologie néolibérale qui exigeait un retrait significatif de l’Etat de l’offre social à travers des réductions drastiques des dépenses publiques dans l’enseignement supérieur. Cette réduction dans le financement a eu des effets profonds sur la quantité et la qualité de la recherche dans la plupart des universités africaines. Le manque de recherche virtuel a une sérieuse implication sur le rôle de l’université qui est caractérisé par la spécialisation disciplinaire et la recherche de base, ce qui veut dire que les universités en Afrique perdent de plus en plus sur leur rôle de producteurs et dissémina- teurs de connaissances de recherche pour le développement de leurs pays.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Altbach, P. G. and Salmi, J., 2011, ‘Introduction’. In: P. Altbach and J. Salmi, eds, The Road to Academic Excellence: The Making of World-Class Research Universities, Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
- Ashby, E., 1965, Universities: British, Indian and African, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
- Brown, L., 1992, ‘Higher Education and the Reality of Interdependence’, International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 87-94.
- Burns, D. G., 1965, African Education: An Introductory Survey of Education in Com- monwealth Countries, London: Oxford University Press.
- Byaruhanga, M., 2002, ‘The Paradox of Curriculum Innovation and Implementation in a Liberalized Higher Education System in Uganda: A Challenge to Makerere University’. Paper presented at the 10th General Assembly of COSDESRIA, International Conference Centre, Kampala 8-12 December.
- Coleman, J. S. and Court, D., 1993, University Development in the Third World: The Rockefeller Foundation Experience, Oxford: Pergamon Press.
- Court, D., 1983, ‘Educational Research Environment in Kenya’, In: S. Shaeffer and J. A. Nkinyangi, eds, Educational Research Environments in the Developing Countries, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre Daily Nation, 13 January, 2015.
- Kiamba, C., (2004) ‘Privately Sponsored Students and Other Income Generating Activities at the University of Nairobi’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 53-74.
- Mazrui, A., 1992, ‘The African University as a Multinational Corporation; Problems of Penetration and Dependency’, Harvard Educational Review, Vol. 45, No.2.
- Mazrui, A., 1992, ‘Towards Diagnosing and Treating Cultural Dependency: The Case of the African University’, International Journal of Educational Development, Vol.12, No.2, pp.95-111.
- Munene, I. and Otieno, W., 2008, ‘Changing the Course: Equity Effects and Institu- tional Risks and Policy Shift in Financing Higher Education in Kenya’, Higher Education, Vol. 55, pp. 461-479.
- Nafukho, F. M., 2004, ‘The Market Model of Financing State Universities in Kenya: Some Innovative Lessons’. In: P. T. Zeleza and A. Olukoshi, eds, African Uni- versities in the Twenty-first Century, Pretoria: UNISA Press, Vol. 1, pp. 126-139.
- Nkinyangi, J. A., 1981, ‘The Origins of Student Disturbances in Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya, Institute of Development Studies, University of Nairobi’, Working Paper No. 378.
- Nkinyangi, J. A., 1983, ‘Educational Research Environment in Kenya in S. Shaeffer and J. A. Nkinyangi, eds, Educational Research Environments in the Developing Countries, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
- Nyerere, J. K., 1966, ‘The University’s Role in the Development of New Countries’. In: J. K. Nyerere, Freedom and Socialism: A Selection from Writings and Speeches, 1965-1967, Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press.
- Puplampu, K. P., 2005, ‘National Development and African Universities: A Theoreti- cal and Sociopolitical Analysis.’ In: A. A. Abdi and A. Cleghorn, eds. Issues in African Education: Sociological Perspectives, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Republic of Kenya, 1973, Development Plan 1974-1978, Nairobi: Government Printer. Republic of Kenya. 1986, Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1986: Economic Management for Renewed Growth, Nairobi: Government Printer.
- Republic of Kenya, 1988, Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1988: Education and Manpower Development for the Next Decade and Beyond, Nairobi: Government Printer.
- Sawyer, A., 2004, ‘African Universities and the Challenge of Research Capacity Development, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 211-240.
- Shabani, J., 1996, Research Management in African Universities, Accra: Association of African Universities.
- Sibal, K., 2011, ‘Preface’. In: P. Altbach and J. Salmi, eds, The Road to Academic Excellence: The Making of World-Class Research Universities, Washington D. C.: World Bank.
- Sifuna, D. N. and Sawamura, N., 2010, Challenges of Quality Education in Sub-Sa- haran African Countries, New York: Nova Science Publishers.
- Smith, R., 2007, ‘Conceptions of the University and Demands of Contemporary Societies. In: D. Bridges, P. Juceviciene, R. Jucevicius, T. McLaughlin and J. Stankeviciute, eds, Higher Education and National Development: Universities and Societies in Transition, London: Routledge.
- UNESCO, 1962, Conference on the Development of Higher Education in Africa, Paris: UNESCO.
- University of Nairobi, 2013. Annual Report, 2012, Nairobi: University of Nairobi. Wangenge-Ouma,G., 2008, ‘Globalization and Higher Education Funding Policy Shifts in Kenya’, Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 215-229.
- Wangenge-Ouma, G., 2008, ‘Higher Education Marketization and Its Discontents: The Case of Quality in Kenya’, Higher Education, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 457-471
- Wangnge-Ouma, G. and Nafukho, F. M., 2011, ‘Responses to Conditions of Decline: The Case of Kenya’s Public Universities, Africa Education Review, Vol. 8, No.1, pp. 169-188.
- Watson, T.and Furley, O. W., 1978, A History of Education in East Africa, New York: NOK Publishers Woodhall, M., 2003, ‘Financing and Economics of Education in Africa’. in: D. Teferra and P. G. Altbach, eds, African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
- World Bank, 1986, Financing Education in Developing Countries: An Exploration of Policy Options, Washington D C:World Bank.
- World Bank, 1988, Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Policies for Adjustment, Revi- talization and Expansion, Washington D. C.: World Bank.
- World Bank, 1994, Higher Education: The Lessons of Experience, Washington D. C.: World Bank.
- World Bank, 2002, Constructing Knowledge Societies: New Challenges for Tertiary Education, Washington D. C.: World Bank.
- World Bank, 2008, Accelerating Catch-Up: Tertiary Education for Growth in Sub- Saharan Africa, Washington D. C.: World Bank.
- Yesufu, T. M., 1973, Creating the African University: Emerging issues in the 1970’s, Ibadan, Nigeria: Oxford University Press.
Les références
Altbach, P. G. and Salmi, J., 2011, ‘Introduction’. In: P. Altbach and J. Salmi, eds, The Road to Academic Excellence: The Making of World-Class Research Universities, Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
Ashby, E., 1965, Universities: British, Indian and African, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Brown, L., 1992, ‘Higher Education and the Reality of Interdependence’, International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 87-94.
Burns, D. G., 1965, African Education: An Introductory Survey of Education in Com- monwealth Countries, London: Oxford University Press.
Byaruhanga, M., 2002, ‘The Paradox of Curriculum Innovation and Implementation in a Liberalized Higher Education System in Uganda: A Challenge to Makerere University’. Paper presented at the 10th General Assembly of COSDESRIA, International Conference Centre, Kampala 8-12 December.
Coleman, J. S. and Court, D., 1993, University Development in the Third World: The Rockefeller Foundation Experience, Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Court, D., 1983, ‘Educational Research Environment in Kenya’, In: S. Shaeffer and J. A. Nkinyangi, eds, Educational Research Environments in the Developing Countries, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre Daily Nation, 13 January, 2015.
Kiamba, C., (2004) ‘Privately Sponsored Students and Other Income Generating Activities at the University of Nairobi’, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 53-74.
Mazrui, A., 1992, ‘The African University as a Multinational Corporation; Problems of Penetration and Dependency’, Harvard Educational Review, Vol. 45, No.2.
Mazrui, A., 1992, ‘Towards Diagnosing and Treating Cultural Dependency: The Case of the African University’, International Journal of Educational Development, Vol.12, No.2, pp.95-111.
Munene, I. and Otieno, W., 2008, ‘Changing the Course: Equity Effects and Institu- tional Risks and Policy Shift in Financing Higher Education in Kenya’, Higher Education, Vol. 55, pp. 461-479.
Nafukho, F. M., 2004, ‘The Market Model of Financing State Universities in Kenya: Some Innovative Lessons’. In: P. T. Zeleza and A. Olukoshi, eds, African Uni- versities in the Twenty-first Century, Pretoria: UNISA Press, Vol. 1, pp. 126-139.
Nkinyangi, J. A., 1981, ‘The Origins of Student Disturbances in Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya, Institute of Development Studies, University of Nairobi’, Working Paper No. 378.
Nkinyangi, J. A., 1983, ‘Educational Research Environment in Kenya in S. Shaeffer and J. A. Nkinyangi, eds, Educational Research Environments in the Developing Countries, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
Nyerere, J. K., 1966, ‘The University’s Role in the Development of New Countries’. In: J. K. Nyerere, Freedom and Socialism: A Selection from Writings and Speeches, 1965-1967, Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press.
Puplampu, K. P., 2005, ‘National Development and African Universities: A Theoreti- cal and Sociopolitical Analysis.’ In: A. A. Abdi and A. Cleghorn, eds. Issues in African Education: Sociological Perspectives, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Republic of Kenya, 1973, Development Plan 1974-1978, Nairobi: Government Printer. Republic of Kenya. 1986, Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1986: Economic Management for Renewed Growth, Nairobi: Government Printer.
Republic of Kenya, 1988, Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1988: Education and Manpower Development for the Next Decade and Beyond, Nairobi: Government Printer.
Sawyer, A., 2004, ‘African Universities and the Challenge of Research Capacity Development, Journal of Higher Education in Africa, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 211-240.
Shabani, J., 1996, Research Management in African Universities, Accra: Association of African Universities.
Sibal, K., 2011, ‘Preface’. In: P. Altbach and J. Salmi, eds, The Road to Academic Excellence: The Making of World-Class Research Universities, Washington D. C.: World Bank.
Sifuna, D. N. and Sawamura, N., 2010, Challenges of Quality Education in Sub-Sa- haran African Countries, New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Smith, R., 2007, ‘Conceptions of the University and Demands of Contemporary Societies. In: D. Bridges, P. Juceviciene, R. Jucevicius, T. McLaughlin and J. Stankeviciute, eds, Higher Education and National Development: Universities and Societies in Transition, London: Routledge.
UNESCO, 1962, Conference on the Development of Higher Education in Africa, Paris: UNESCO.
University of Nairobi, 2013. Annual Report, 2012, Nairobi: University of Nairobi. Wangenge-Ouma,G., 2008, ‘Globalization and Higher Education Funding Policy Shifts in Kenya’, Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 215-229.
Wangenge-Ouma, G., 2008, ‘Higher Education Marketization and Its Discontents: The Case of Quality in Kenya’, Higher Education, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 457-471
Wangnge-Ouma, G. and Nafukho, F. M., 2011, ‘Responses to Conditions of Decline: The Case of Kenya’s Public Universities, Africa Education Review, Vol. 8, No.1, pp. 169-188.
Watson, T.and Furley, O. W., 1978, A History of Education in East Africa, New York: NOK Publishers Woodhall, M., 2003, ‘Financing and Economics of Education in Africa’. in: D. Teferra and P. G. Altbach, eds, African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
World Bank, 1986, Financing Education in Developing Countries: An Exploration of Policy Options, Washington D C:World Bank.
World Bank, 1988, Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Policies for Adjustment, Revi- talization and Expansion, Washington D. C.: World Bank.
World Bank, 1994, Higher Education: The Lessons of Experience, Washington D. C.: World Bank.
World Bank, 2002, Constructing Knowledge Societies: New Challenges for Tertiary Education, Washington D. C.: World Bank.
World Bank, 2008, Accelerating Catch-Up: Tertiary Education for Growth in Sub- Saharan Africa, Washington D. C.: World Bank.
Yesufu, T. M., 1973, Creating the African University: Emerging issues in the 1970’s, Ibadan, Nigeria: Oxford University Press.