5 - Exploring Intersections: The Language Question Again!
Corresponding Author(s) : Ato Kwamena Onoma
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 33 No 1 (2008): Afrique et développement: Special Issue The Politics of Knowledge Production in Africa - Nurturing the Fourth Generation
Résumé
Beaucoup de pays africains, depuis le début des années 1990 ont entrepris la transition vers un régime démocratique. Les limites des effets d’autonomisation de beaucoup de ces transitions ont cependant été notées, malgré le fait que beaucoup de gens ont enfin l’occasion de voter dans des élections compétitives pluralistes, Cet article souligne que l’utilisation continue de l’anglais, du français et du portugais dans les activités étatiques et académiques a réduit les effets d’autonomisation de ces transitions démocratiques. L’utilisation de ces langues limite davantage la capacité de nombreux Africains, qui ne les maîtrisent pas bien, de participer à deux moments importants qui définissent les possibilités et les limites du processus de prise de décision démocratique. Premièrement, cela limite leur capacité de participer à des discours qui déterminent quels aspects de la réalité sociale devraient être soumis à la prise de décision démocratique et quels aspects devraient être isolés de la participation populaire. Deuxièmement, cela réduit la capacité de beaucoup de gens de contribuer à des discours qui définissent les moyens adéquats de contester tous les éléments d’économies politiques inclus dans l’espace démocratique. Les institutions internationales politico-économiques et les communautés épistémiques externes ont eu une influence excessive sur ces deux moments de la prise de décision. L’article souligne que des générations de chercheurs africains ont collaboré à ce processus de désautonomisation en refusant de prendre une position concertée et déterminée contre le rôle dominant du français, de l’anglais et du portugais sur le continent. A cause de ce rôle, nous devrions considérer la recherche africaine comme une force visant à se créer une place dans un espace discursif et pratique fermé, plutôt qu’une force radicale visant à éliminer la fermeture d’espaces pratiques et discursifs en général.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Achebe, C., 1975, Morning Yet on Creation Day: Essays, London: Heinemann Educational.
- Achebe, C., 1988, Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays, 1965-1987, London: Heinemann.
- Ake, C., 1979, Social Science as Imperialism, Ibadan: Ibadan University Press. Ake, C., 1992, The Feasibility of Democracy in Africa, Ibadan: Credu.
- Ake, C., 1994, Democratization of Disempowerment in Africa, Lagos: Malthouse Press.
- Amin, S., 1977, Imperialism and Unequal Development, New York: Monthly Review Press.
- Armah, A. K., 1979, The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born; A Novel, New York: Collier Books.
- Bayart, J-.F., 1993, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, London and New York: Longman.
- Bohannan, P. and Curtin, P. D., 1988, Africa and Africans. Prospect Heights, Ill., Waveland Press.
- Davidson, B., 1984, Africa in History: Themes and Outlines, London: Paladin.
- Diouf, M., 1994, ‘The Intelligentsia in the Democratic Transition’, in M. Mamdani & M. Diouf, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Ellis, S., 1999, The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War, London: Hurst.
- Gikandi, S., 2000, ‘Travelling Theory: Ngugi’s Return to English’, Research in African Literatures, Vol. 31, no. 2.
- Gilroy, P., 2000, Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line, Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
- Hagan, G., 1994, ‘Academic Freedom and National Responsibility in an African State: Ghana’, in M. Mamdani & M. Diouf, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Herbst, J. and Olukoshi, A., 1994, ‘Nigeria: Economic and Political Reforms at Cross Purposes’, in Stephan Haggard and Steven B. Webb, eds., Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment, London: Oxford University Press.
- Hountondji, P. J., 2002, The Struggle for Meaning: Reflections on Philosophy, Culture, and Democracy in Africa, Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies.
- Human Rights Watch, 1991, Academic Freedom and Human Rights Abuses in Africa, New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.
- Ihonvbere, J., 1996, ‘Where is the Third Wave? A Critical Evaluation of Africa’s Non-transition to Democracy’, Africa Today, Vol. 43, no. 4.
- Imam, A. and Mama, A., 1994, ‘The Role of Africa Academics in Limiting and Expanding Academic Freedom’, in M. Mamdani & M. Diouf, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Irele, A., 1992, ‘In Praise of Alienation’, in V. Y. Mudimbe, ed., The Surreptitious Speech: Présence Africaine and the Politics of Otherness, 1947-1987, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Ki-Zerbo, J., 1981, ‘General Introduction,’ in J. Ki-Zerbo, ed., Unesco General History of Africa: Methodology and Africa’s Prehistory, Paris: Unesco.
- Ki-Zerbo, J., 1995, ‘The Need for Creative Organization Approaches’, in M. Mamdani & M. Diouf, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Mafeje, A., 1994, ‘African Intellectuals: An Inquiry into their Genesis and Social Options’, in M. Mamdani & M. Diouf, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Mamdani, M., 1996, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
- Mamdani, M. and Diouf, M., eds., 1994, Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Mamdani, M., 1994, ‘The Intelligentsia, the State and Social Movements in Africa, in M. Mamdani & M. Diouf, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
- Menang, T., 2001, ‘Which Language(s) of African Literature: A Reappraisal’, Trans. Internet-Zeitschrift fur Kulturwissenschaften, 11.
- Mkandawire, T., 1997, ‘The Social Sciences in Africa: Breaking Local Barriers and Negotiating International Presence’, African Studies Review, Vol. 40, no. 2.
- Mkandawire, T. and Solubo, C., 2003, ‘Introduction: Towards the Broadening of Development Policy Dialogue for Africa’, in T. Mkandawire and C. Solubo, ed., African Voices on Structural Adjustment, Trenton, NJ.: Africa World Press.
- Mphalele, E., 1963, ‘Polemics: The Dead End of African Literature’, Transition, 11.
- Naim, M., 1985, Latin America’s Journey to the Market: From Macroeconomic Shocks to Institutional Therapy, San Francisco, California: International Center for Economic Growth Publication.
- Nkrumah, K., 1970, Africa Must Unite, New York: International Publishers.
- Nkrumah, K., 1964, ‘Address Delivered to Mark the Opening of the First International’, in L. Brown and M. Crowder, eds., The Proceedings of the First International Congress of Africanists, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
- Onimode, B., 1989, The IMF, the World Bank, and the African debt, New Jersey: Zed Books.
- Olukoshi, A. and Nyamnjoh, F. B., 2003, ‘Editorial’, CODESRIA Bulletin, no. 1.
- Prah, K. K., 1995, African Languages for the Mass Education of Africans, Bonn: German Foundation for International Development Education Science and Documentation Centre.
- Rathbone, R., 2000, Nkrumah & the Chiefs: The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana, 1951-60, Athens: Ohio University Press.
- Said, E., 2003, ‘The Other America’, Al-Ahram Weekly, 63, March 20-26.
- Sall, E., 2001, ‘The Money Game—Too Poor to Be Free,’ Unesco Courier, 54, 11.
- Shivji, I. G., 1993, Intellectuals at the Hill: Essays and Talks, 1969-1993, Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.
- Soyinka, W., 1963, ‘Polemics: The Dead End of African Literature’, Transition, 11.
- Wali, O., 1963, ‘The Dead End of African Literature’, Transition, 10.
- wa Thiong’o, N., 1982, Devil on the Cross, London: Heinemann.
- wa Thiong’o, N., 1986, Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature, Portsmouth, N.H.: James Currey.
- wa Thiong’o, N., 1998, Penpoints, Gunpoints, and Dreams: Toward a Critical Theory of the Arts and the State in Africa, New York: Clarendon Press.
- World Bank, 1997, World Development Report 1997: The State in a Changing World, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
- Yankah, K., 1996, ‘Displaced Academies and the Quest for a New World Academic Order’, Africa Today, Vol. 42, no. 3.
- Zeleza, P. T., 1997, Manufacturing African Studies and Crises, Dakar: CODESRIA."
Les références
Achebe, C., 1975, Morning Yet on Creation Day: Essays, London: Heinemann Educational.
Achebe, C., 1988, Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays, 1965-1987, London: Heinemann.
Ake, C., 1979, Social Science as Imperialism, Ibadan: Ibadan University Press. Ake, C., 1992, The Feasibility of Democracy in Africa, Ibadan: Credu.
Ake, C., 1994, Democratization of Disempowerment in Africa, Lagos: Malthouse Press.
Amin, S., 1977, Imperialism and Unequal Development, New York: Monthly Review Press.
Armah, A. K., 1979, The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born; A Novel, New York: Collier Books.
Bayart, J-.F., 1993, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, London and New York: Longman.
Bohannan, P. and Curtin, P. D., 1988, Africa and Africans. Prospect Heights, Ill., Waveland Press.
Davidson, B., 1984, Africa in History: Themes and Outlines, London: Paladin.
Diouf, M., 1994, ‘The Intelligentsia in the Democratic Transition’, in M. Mamdani & M. Diouf, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Ellis, S., 1999, The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War, London: Hurst.
Gikandi, S., 2000, ‘Travelling Theory: Ngugi’s Return to English’, Research in African Literatures, Vol. 31, no. 2.
Gilroy, P., 2000, Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line, Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Hagan, G., 1994, ‘Academic Freedom and National Responsibility in an African State: Ghana’, in M. Mamdani & M. Diouf, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Herbst, J. and Olukoshi, A., 1994, ‘Nigeria: Economic and Political Reforms at Cross Purposes’, in Stephan Haggard and Steven B. Webb, eds., Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment, London: Oxford University Press.
Hountondji, P. J., 2002, The Struggle for Meaning: Reflections on Philosophy, Culture, and Democracy in Africa, Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies.
Human Rights Watch, 1991, Academic Freedom and Human Rights Abuses in Africa, New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.
Ihonvbere, J., 1996, ‘Where is the Third Wave? A Critical Evaluation of Africa’s Non-transition to Democracy’, Africa Today, Vol. 43, no. 4.
Imam, A. and Mama, A., 1994, ‘The Role of Africa Academics in Limiting and Expanding Academic Freedom’, in M. Mamdani & M. Diouf, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Irele, A., 1992, ‘In Praise of Alienation’, in V. Y. Mudimbe, ed., The Surreptitious Speech: Présence Africaine and the Politics of Otherness, 1947-1987, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ki-Zerbo, J., 1981, ‘General Introduction,’ in J. Ki-Zerbo, ed., Unesco General History of Africa: Methodology and Africa’s Prehistory, Paris: Unesco.
Ki-Zerbo, J., 1995, ‘The Need for Creative Organization Approaches’, in M. Mamdani & M. Diouf, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Mafeje, A., 1994, ‘African Intellectuals: An Inquiry into their Genesis and Social Options’, in M. Mamdani & M. Diouf, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Mamdani, M., 1996, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Mamdani, M. and Diouf, M., eds., 1994, Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Mamdani, M., 1994, ‘The Intelligentsia, the State and Social Movements in Africa, in M. Mamdani & M. Diouf, eds., Academic Freedom in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Menang, T., 2001, ‘Which Language(s) of African Literature: A Reappraisal’, Trans. Internet-Zeitschrift fur Kulturwissenschaften, 11.
Mkandawire, T., 1997, ‘The Social Sciences in Africa: Breaking Local Barriers and Negotiating International Presence’, African Studies Review, Vol. 40, no. 2.
Mkandawire, T. and Solubo, C., 2003, ‘Introduction: Towards the Broadening of Development Policy Dialogue for Africa’, in T. Mkandawire and C. Solubo, ed., African Voices on Structural Adjustment, Trenton, NJ.: Africa World Press.
Mphalele, E., 1963, ‘Polemics: The Dead End of African Literature’, Transition, 11.
Naim, M., 1985, Latin America’s Journey to the Market: From Macroeconomic Shocks to Institutional Therapy, San Francisco, California: International Center for Economic Growth Publication.
Nkrumah, K., 1970, Africa Must Unite, New York: International Publishers.
Nkrumah, K., 1964, ‘Address Delivered to Mark the Opening of the First International’, in L. Brown and M. Crowder, eds., The Proceedings of the First International Congress of Africanists, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Onimode, B., 1989, The IMF, the World Bank, and the African debt, New Jersey: Zed Books.
Olukoshi, A. and Nyamnjoh, F. B., 2003, ‘Editorial’, CODESRIA Bulletin, no. 1.
Prah, K. K., 1995, African Languages for the Mass Education of Africans, Bonn: German Foundation for International Development Education Science and Documentation Centre.
Rathbone, R., 2000, Nkrumah & the Chiefs: The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana, 1951-60, Athens: Ohio University Press.
Said, E., 2003, ‘The Other America’, Al-Ahram Weekly, 63, March 20-26.
Sall, E., 2001, ‘The Money Game—Too Poor to Be Free,’ Unesco Courier, 54, 11.
Shivji, I. G., 1993, Intellectuals at the Hill: Essays and Talks, 1969-1993, Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.
Soyinka, W., 1963, ‘Polemics: The Dead End of African Literature’, Transition, 11.
Wali, O., 1963, ‘The Dead End of African Literature’, Transition, 10.
wa Thiong’o, N., 1982, Devil on the Cross, London: Heinemann.
wa Thiong’o, N., 1986, Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature, Portsmouth, N.H.: James Currey.
wa Thiong’o, N., 1998, Penpoints, Gunpoints, and Dreams: Toward a Critical Theory of the Arts and the State in Africa, New York: Clarendon Press.
World Bank, 1997, World Development Report 1997: The State in a Changing World, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
Yankah, K., 1996, ‘Displaced Academies and the Quest for a New World Academic Order’, Africa Today, Vol. 42, no. 3.
Zeleza, P. T., 1997, Manufacturing African Studies and Crises, Dakar: CODESRIA."