3 - Rethinking East African Integration: From Economic to Political and from State to Civil Society
Africa Development,
Vol. 29 No. 2 (2004): Africa Development
Abstract
This essay takes cognizance of the fact that integration, which entails the establishment of some structural conformity, is an important variable in the process of development. It traces historical efforts at integrating East Africa since pre-colonial times, explaining the changing nature of social and economic relations. The paper argues that state-driven efforts to integrate Africa in the colonial and early post-independence period militated against local patterns of cooperation in the East African sub-region because these schemes emphasised economic development. In any renewed effort toward integration, the emphasis ought to be laid on political debates and the participation of civil society in new forms of integration. By allowing greater participation of individuals in sub regional constitutional amendments, the region could enhance regional citizenship, mutual co-existence and provide an impetus for greater economic development. Moreover, a bottom-up approach to the question of citizenship would guarantee self-respect and security among the peoples of the region, and also lead1 to long-term political and economic security.
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- Adar, K.G. and Ngunyi, M„ 1994, 'The Politics of Integration in East Africa Since Independence', in W.O. Oyugi, ed., Politics and Administration in East Africa, Nairobi, East African Educational Publishers. Amery, L. S„ 1953, My Political Life, Vol II, London, Hutchinson Publishing Group Ltd. Anyang'-Nyong'o, P., ed., 1990, Regional Integration in Africa: Unfinished Agenda, Nairobi, Academy Science Publishers. Banfield, J., 1968, 'Excerpt from 'The Structure of the East African Common Services Organization", in D. Rothchild, ed.. Politics of Integration: An East African Documentary, Nairobi, East African Publishing House. Cntnd. 1433, London, H.M.S.O., 1961, pp. 4-11. Gimode, E., 1996, 'Attempts at Economic Integration in East Africa: Memories, Problems and Prospects', Paper presented at the 4th Historical Association of Kenya Symposium at Kenyatta University, Nairobi, 6th-8th December Hazelwood, A.D., 1992, 'Economic Integration: Lessons for African Recovery and Development', in A. Adedeji et. al., eds., The Challenge of African Economic Recovery and Development, London, Frank Cass. Henn, S., 1924, 'Motion on Co-ordination of the East African Territories', House of Commons Debates (United Kingdom), Fifth Series, Vol. 172 , April 8th. Cols 351-353. Horton, M. and Middleton, J., 2000, The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society, Oxford, Blackwell Publishers. Kibwana, K., 1996, 'Towards the East African Constitution and State', in A. Bossert and S. B. Bossa, eds., Constitutionalism, Human Rights and Regional Integration: Proceedings of a Conference on 15th- 16th August 1996 in Mombasa, Kenya, Kampala, East African Law Society. Malkki, L. H., 1994, Purity and Exile: Violence, Memoiy, National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania, Chicago, Chicago University Press. Mamdani, M., 2001, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton, Princeton University Press. Mamdani, M., 1983, Imperialism and Fascism in Uganda, Nairobi, Heinemann. Mamdani, M., 1996, 'From Conquest to Consent as the Basis of State Formation', New Left Review 216, March/April, pp. 3-36. Mazrui, A.A., 1994, 'Development in a Multi-Cultural Context: Trends and Tensions', in I. Serageldin and J. Taboroff, eds., Culture and Development in Africa, Washington: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Mutere, A., 1996a, 'Unfinished Business', Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly Vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 5-7. Mutere, A., 1996b, 'Regional Cooperation and Anatomy of Conflict', Southern Africa Political and Economy Monthly Vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 8-9. Mutere, A., 1996c, 'Mediating and Keeping Peace', Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly Vol. 9 No. 7, pp. 10-12. Nyerere, J., 1984, 'President Nyerere's Speech and the Summit Meeting to Sign the Formal Winding Up of the E.A.C. Arusha: 14th May 1984', in The East African Community Mediation Agreement 1984, Arusha. Okoth, G.P., 1994, 'The Foreign Policy of Uganda Toward Kenya and Tanzania', in W.O. Oyugi, ed., Politics and Administration in East Africa, Nairobi. East African Educational Publishers. Ormsby-Gore, W. G., 1925, Report of the East Africa Commission. Cmnd. 2387. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, pp. 7-9. Rasheed, S. and Sarr, M.D.N., 1992, 'From the Lagos Plan of Action to the Thirteenth Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly", in A. Adedeji et al., eds., The Challenge of African Economic Recovery and Development, London, Frank Cass. Rothchild, D., 1968a, 'From Federation to Neo-Federalism', in D. Rothchild ed. Politics of Integration: An East African Documentary, Nairobi. East African Publishing House Rothchild, D., 1968b, 'Politics of Integration - The Second Attempt', in D. Rothchild ed., Politics ofIntegration: An East African Documentary, Nairobi, East African Publishing House. Salih, M. M. A. and Markakis, J., 1998, 'Introduction', in M. M. A. Salih and J. Markakis, eds., Ethnicity and the State in Eastern Africa, Uppsala, The Nordic Africa Institute. Secretariat of the Permanent Tripartite Commission for East African Co-operation. 1997. East African Co-operation Development Strategy [EAC/DS/4/97] (1997-2000). Shivji, I.G.., 1991, 'State and Constitutionalism: ANew Democratic Perspective', in I.G Shivji, ed., State and Constitutionalism: African Debate of Democracy, Harare, SAPES. Twagiramariya, C. and Turshen, M., 1998, 'Favors' to Give and 'Consenting' Victims: The Sexual Politics of Survival in Rwanda', in M. Turshen and C. Twagiramariya eds., What Women Do in Wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa, London, Zed Books Ltd. Wanjala, S., 1996, 'Salient Features of a Treaty on East African Co-operation', in A. Bossert and S. B. Bossa, eds.. Constitutionalism, Human Rights and Regional Integration: Proceedings of a Conference on 15th- 16th August 1996 in Mombasa, Kenya, Kampala, East African Law Society. Thisen, J.K., 1989, 'Alternative Approaches to Economic Integration in Africa',, Africa Development Vol. XIV, No. 1, pp. 19-60. Tindifa, S.B., 1996, 'Constitutionalism and Development', in K. Kibwana et al., eds., In Search of Freedom and Prosperity: Constitutional Reform in East Africa, Nairobi, Claripress Ltd. UNRISD, 1994, Social Integration: Approaches and Issues, Geneva, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Weggoro, N., 1997, 'The Way Ahead for the East African Cooperation', The East African No. 114, January 6-12, p. 3. Zeleza, P. T., 1993, A Modern Economic History of Africa: Volume I. The Nineteenth Centuiy, Dakar, Codesria Book Series
References
Adar, K.G. and Ngunyi, M„ 1994, 'The Politics of Integration in East Africa Since Independence', in W.O. Oyugi, ed., Politics and Administration in East Africa, Nairobi, East African Educational Publishers. Amery, L. S„ 1953, My Political Life, Vol II, London, Hutchinson Publishing Group Ltd. Anyang'-Nyong'o, P., ed., 1990, Regional Integration in Africa: Unfinished Agenda, Nairobi, Academy Science Publishers. Banfield, J., 1968, 'Excerpt from 'The Structure of the East African Common Services Organization", in D. Rothchild, ed.. Politics of Integration: An East African Documentary, Nairobi, East African Publishing House. Cntnd. 1433, London, H.M.S.O., 1961, pp. 4-11. Gimode, E., 1996, 'Attempts at Economic Integration in East Africa: Memories, Problems and Prospects', Paper presented at the 4th Historical Association of Kenya Symposium at Kenyatta University, Nairobi, 6th-8th December Hazelwood, A.D., 1992, 'Economic Integration: Lessons for African Recovery and Development', in A. Adedeji et. al., eds., The Challenge of African Economic Recovery and Development, London, Frank Cass. Henn, S., 1924, 'Motion on Co-ordination of the East African Territories', House of Commons Debates (United Kingdom), Fifth Series, Vol. 172 , April 8th. Cols 351-353. Horton, M. and Middleton, J., 2000, The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society, Oxford, Blackwell Publishers. Kibwana, K., 1996, 'Towards the East African Constitution and State', in A. Bossert and S. B. Bossa, eds., Constitutionalism, Human Rights and Regional Integration: Proceedings of a Conference on 15th- 16th August 1996 in Mombasa, Kenya, Kampala, East African Law Society. Malkki, L. H., 1994, Purity and Exile: Violence, Memoiy, National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania, Chicago, Chicago University Press. Mamdani, M., 2001, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton, Princeton University Press. Mamdani, M., 1983, Imperialism and Fascism in Uganda, Nairobi, Heinemann. Mamdani, M., 1996, 'From Conquest to Consent as the Basis of State Formation', New Left Review 216, March/April, pp. 3-36. Mazrui, A.A., 1994, 'Development in a Multi-Cultural Context: Trends and Tensions', in I. Serageldin and J. Taboroff, eds., Culture and Development in Africa, Washington: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Mutere, A., 1996a, 'Unfinished Business', Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly Vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 5-7. Mutere, A., 1996b, 'Regional Cooperation and Anatomy of Conflict', Southern Africa Political and Economy Monthly Vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 8-9. Mutere, A., 1996c, 'Mediating and Keeping Peace', Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly Vol. 9 No. 7, pp. 10-12. Nyerere, J., 1984, 'President Nyerere's Speech and the Summit Meeting to Sign the Formal Winding Up of the E.A.C. Arusha: 14th May 1984', in The East African Community Mediation Agreement 1984, Arusha. Okoth, G.P., 1994, 'The Foreign Policy of Uganda Toward Kenya and Tanzania', in W.O. Oyugi, ed., Politics and Administration in East Africa, Nairobi. East African Educational Publishers. Ormsby-Gore, W. G., 1925, Report of the East Africa Commission. Cmnd. 2387. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, pp. 7-9. Rasheed, S. and Sarr, M.D.N., 1992, 'From the Lagos Plan of Action to the Thirteenth Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly", in A. Adedeji et al., eds., The Challenge of African Economic Recovery and Development, London, Frank Cass. Rothchild, D., 1968a, 'From Federation to Neo-Federalism', in D. Rothchild ed. Politics of Integration: An East African Documentary, Nairobi. East African Publishing House Rothchild, D., 1968b, 'Politics of Integration - The Second Attempt', in D. Rothchild ed., Politics ofIntegration: An East African Documentary, Nairobi, East African Publishing House. Salih, M. M. A. and Markakis, J., 1998, 'Introduction', in M. M. A. Salih and J. Markakis, eds., Ethnicity and the State in Eastern Africa, Uppsala, The Nordic Africa Institute. Secretariat of the Permanent Tripartite Commission for East African Co-operation. 1997. East African Co-operation Development Strategy [EAC/DS/4/97] (1997-2000). Shivji, I.G.., 1991, 'State and Constitutionalism: ANew Democratic Perspective', in I.G Shivji, ed., State and Constitutionalism: African Debate of Democracy, Harare, SAPES. Twagiramariya, C. and Turshen, M., 1998, 'Favors' to Give and 'Consenting' Victims: The Sexual Politics of Survival in Rwanda', in M. Turshen and C. Twagiramariya eds., What Women Do in Wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa, London, Zed Books Ltd. Wanjala, S., 1996, 'Salient Features of a Treaty on East African Co-operation', in A. Bossert and S. B. Bossa, eds.. Constitutionalism, Human Rights and Regional Integration: Proceedings of a Conference on 15th- 16th August 1996 in Mombasa, Kenya, Kampala, East African Law Society. Thisen, J.K., 1989, 'Alternative Approaches to Economic Integration in Africa',, Africa Development Vol. XIV, No. 1, pp. 19-60. Tindifa, S.B., 1996, 'Constitutionalism and Development', in K. Kibwana et al., eds., In Search of Freedom and Prosperity: Constitutional Reform in East Africa, Nairobi, Claripress Ltd. UNRISD, 1994, Social Integration: Approaches and Issues, Geneva, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Weggoro, N., 1997, 'The Way Ahead for the East African Cooperation', The East African No. 114, January 6-12, p. 3. Zeleza, P. T., 1993, A Modern Economic History of Africa: Volume I. The Nineteenth Centuiy, Dakar, Codesria Book Series