3 - Rethinking East African Integration: From Economic to Political and from State to Civil Society
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 29 No 2 (2004): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Cet article reconnaît que l'intégration, qui correspond à la mise en place d'une certaine conformité structurelle, constitue une variable importante du processus de développement. Il décrit les tentatives historiques d'intégration de l'Afrique de l'Est depuis la période pré coloniale, en expliquant la nature changeante des relations socio-économiques. Cet article affirme également que les tentatives d'intégration de l'Afrique au cours de la période coloniale et de la période après indépendance, étaient défavorables à la coopération dans la sous-région est africaine, dirigée par l'État. Ces plans d'intégration insistaient sur le développement économique. Du fait que ces plans ont été un total échec, cet article propose une redéfinition de l'intégration. Dans le cadre d'un nouvel essai d'intégration, il faudrait accorder davantage d'importance aux débats politiques, et à la participation de la société civile. En permettant une plus grande participation des individus aux amendements constitutionnels sous-régionaux, cette région pourrait améliorer la citoyenneté régionale, la co-existence mutuelle, mais également favoriser le développement économique. En outre, une approche du bas vers le haut, en matière de citoyenneté, pourrait garantir le respect et la sécurité au sein des populations de cette région, ce qui, dans le long terme, favoriserait une certaine sécurité économique et politique.
Hannington Ochwada, African Studies Program, Indiana University, Woodbum Hall 221, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Adar, K.G. and Ngunyi, M„ 1994, 'The Politics of Integration in East Africa Since Independence', in W.O. Oyugi, ed., Politics and Administration in East Africa, Nairobi, East African Educational Publishers. Amery, L. S„ 1953, My Political Life, Vol II, London, Hutchinson Publishing Group Ltd. Anyang'-Nyong'o, P., ed., 1990, Regional Integration in Africa: Unfinished Agenda, Nairobi, Academy Science Publishers. Banfield, J., 1968, 'Excerpt from 'The Structure of the East African Common Services Organization", in D. Rothchild, ed.. Politics of Integration: An East African Documentary, Nairobi, East African Publishing House. Cntnd. 1433, London, H.M.S.O., 1961, pp. 4-11. Gimode, E., 1996, 'Attempts at Economic Integration in East Africa: Memories, Problems and Prospects', Paper presented at the 4th Historical Association of Kenya Symposium at Kenyatta University, Nairobi, 6th-8th December Hazelwood, A.D., 1992, 'Economic Integration: Lessons for African Recovery and Development', in A. Adedeji et. al., eds., The Challenge of African Economic Recovery and Development, London, Frank Cass. Henn, S., 1924, 'Motion on Co-ordination of the East African Territories', House of Commons Debates (United Kingdom), Fifth Series, Vol. 172 , April 8th. Cols 351-353. Horton, M. and Middleton, J., 2000, The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society, Oxford, Blackwell Publishers. Kibwana, K., 1996, 'Towards the East African Constitution and State', in A. Bossert and S. B. Bossa, eds., Constitutionalism, Human Rights and Regional Integration: Proceedings of a Conference on 15th- 16th August 1996 in Mombasa, Kenya, Kampala, East African Law Society. Malkki, L. H., 1994, Purity and Exile: Violence, Memoiy, National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania, Chicago, Chicago University Press. Mamdani, M., 2001, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton, Princeton University Press. Mamdani, M., 1983, Imperialism and Fascism in Uganda, Nairobi, Heinemann. Mamdani, M., 1996, 'From Conquest to Consent as the Basis of State Formation', New Left Review 216, March/April, pp. 3-36. Mazrui, A.A., 1994, 'Development in a Multi-Cultural Context: Trends and Tensions', in I. Serageldin and J. Taboroff, eds., Culture and Development in Africa, Washington: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Mutere, A., 1996a, 'Unfinished Business', Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly Vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 5-7. Mutere, A., 1996b, 'Regional Cooperation and Anatomy of Conflict', Southern Africa Political and Economy Monthly Vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 8-9. Mutere, A., 1996c, 'Mediating and Keeping Peace', Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly Vol. 9 No. 7, pp. 10-12. Nyerere, J., 1984, 'President Nyerere's Speech and the Summit Meeting to Sign the Formal Winding Up of the E.A.C. Arusha: 14th May 1984', in The East African Community Mediation Agreement 1984, Arusha. Okoth, G.P., 1994, 'The Foreign Policy of Uganda Toward Kenya and Tanzania', in W.O. Oyugi, ed., Politics and Administration in East Africa, Nairobi. East African Educational Publishers. Ormsby-Gore, W. G., 1925, Report of the East Africa Commission. Cmnd. 2387. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, pp. 7-9. Rasheed, S. and Sarr, M.D.N., 1992, 'From the Lagos Plan of Action to the Thirteenth Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly", in A. Adedeji et al., eds., The Challenge of African Economic Recovery and Development, London, Frank Cass. Rothchild, D., 1968a, 'From Federation to Neo-Federalism', in D. Rothchild ed. Politics of Integration: An East African Documentary, Nairobi. East African Publishing House Rothchild, D., 1968b, 'Politics of Integration - The Second Attempt', in D. Rothchild ed., Politics ofIntegration: An East African Documentary, Nairobi, East African Publishing House. Salih, M. M. A. and Markakis, J., 1998, 'Introduction', in M. M. A. Salih and J. Markakis, eds., Ethnicity and the State in Eastern Africa, Uppsala, The Nordic Africa Institute. Secretariat of the Permanent Tripartite Commission for East African Co-operation. 1997. East African Co-operation Development Strategy [EAC/DS/4/97] (1997-2000). Shivji, I.G.., 1991, 'State and Constitutionalism: ANew Democratic Perspective', in I.G Shivji, ed., State and Constitutionalism: African Debate of Democracy, Harare, SAPES. Twagiramariya, C. and Turshen, M., 1998, 'Favors' to Give and 'Consenting' Victims: The Sexual Politics of Survival in Rwanda', in M. Turshen and C. Twagiramariya eds., What Women Do in Wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa, London, Zed Books Ltd. Wanjala, S., 1996, 'Salient Features of a Treaty on East African Co-operation', in A. Bossert and S. B. Bossa, eds.. Constitutionalism, Human Rights and Regional Integration: Proceedings of a Conference on 15th- 16th August 1996 in Mombasa, Kenya, Kampala, East African Law Society. Thisen, J.K., 1989, 'Alternative Approaches to Economic Integration in Africa',, Africa Development Vol. XIV, No. 1, pp. 19-60. Tindifa, S.B., 1996, 'Constitutionalism and Development', in K. Kibwana et al., eds., In Search of Freedom and Prosperity: Constitutional Reform in East Africa, Nairobi, Claripress Ltd. UNRISD, 1994, Social Integration: Approaches and Issues, Geneva, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Weggoro, N., 1997, 'The Way Ahead for the East African Cooperation', The East African No. 114, January 6-12, p. 3. Zeleza, P. T., 1993, A Modern Economic History of Africa: Volume I. The Nineteenth Centuiy, Dakar, Codesria Book Series
Les références
Adar, K.G. and Ngunyi, M„ 1994, 'The Politics of Integration in East Africa Since Independence', in W.O. Oyugi, ed., Politics and Administration in East Africa, Nairobi, East African Educational Publishers. Amery, L. S„ 1953, My Political Life, Vol II, London, Hutchinson Publishing Group Ltd. Anyang'-Nyong'o, P., ed., 1990, Regional Integration in Africa: Unfinished Agenda, Nairobi, Academy Science Publishers. Banfield, J., 1968, 'Excerpt from 'The Structure of the East African Common Services Organization", in D. Rothchild, ed.. Politics of Integration: An East African Documentary, Nairobi, East African Publishing House. Cntnd. 1433, London, H.M.S.O., 1961, pp. 4-11. Gimode, E., 1996, 'Attempts at Economic Integration in East Africa: Memories, Problems and Prospects', Paper presented at the 4th Historical Association of Kenya Symposium at Kenyatta University, Nairobi, 6th-8th December Hazelwood, A.D., 1992, 'Economic Integration: Lessons for African Recovery and Development', in A. Adedeji et. al., eds., The Challenge of African Economic Recovery and Development, London, Frank Cass. Henn, S., 1924, 'Motion on Co-ordination of the East African Territories', House of Commons Debates (United Kingdom), Fifth Series, Vol. 172 , April 8th. Cols 351-353. Horton, M. and Middleton, J., 2000, The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society, Oxford, Blackwell Publishers. Kibwana, K., 1996, 'Towards the East African Constitution and State', in A. Bossert and S. B. Bossa, eds., Constitutionalism, Human Rights and Regional Integration: Proceedings of a Conference on 15th- 16th August 1996 in Mombasa, Kenya, Kampala, East African Law Society. Malkki, L. H., 1994, Purity and Exile: Violence, Memoiy, National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania, Chicago, Chicago University Press. Mamdani, M., 2001, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton, Princeton University Press. Mamdani, M., 1983, Imperialism and Fascism in Uganda, Nairobi, Heinemann. Mamdani, M., 1996, 'From Conquest to Consent as the Basis of State Formation', New Left Review 216, March/April, pp. 3-36. Mazrui, A.A., 1994, 'Development in a Multi-Cultural Context: Trends and Tensions', in I. Serageldin and J. Taboroff, eds., Culture and Development in Africa, Washington: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Mutere, A., 1996a, 'Unfinished Business', Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly Vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 5-7. Mutere, A., 1996b, 'Regional Cooperation and Anatomy of Conflict', Southern Africa Political and Economy Monthly Vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 8-9. Mutere, A., 1996c, 'Mediating and Keeping Peace', Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly Vol. 9 No. 7, pp. 10-12. Nyerere, J., 1984, 'President Nyerere's Speech and the Summit Meeting to Sign the Formal Winding Up of the E.A.C. Arusha: 14th May 1984', in The East African Community Mediation Agreement 1984, Arusha. Okoth, G.P., 1994, 'The Foreign Policy of Uganda Toward Kenya and Tanzania', in W.O. Oyugi, ed., Politics and Administration in East Africa, Nairobi. East African Educational Publishers. Ormsby-Gore, W. G., 1925, Report of the East Africa Commission. Cmnd. 2387. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, pp. 7-9. Rasheed, S. and Sarr, M.D.N., 1992, 'From the Lagos Plan of Action to the Thirteenth Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly", in A. Adedeji et al., eds., The Challenge of African Economic Recovery and Development, London, Frank Cass. Rothchild, D., 1968a, 'From Federation to Neo-Federalism', in D. Rothchild ed. Politics of Integration: An East African Documentary, Nairobi. East African Publishing House Rothchild, D., 1968b, 'Politics of Integration - The Second Attempt', in D. Rothchild ed., Politics ofIntegration: An East African Documentary, Nairobi, East African Publishing House. Salih, M. M. A. and Markakis, J., 1998, 'Introduction', in M. M. A. Salih and J. Markakis, eds., Ethnicity and the State in Eastern Africa, Uppsala, The Nordic Africa Institute. Secretariat of the Permanent Tripartite Commission for East African Co-operation. 1997. East African Co-operation Development Strategy [EAC/DS/4/97] (1997-2000). Shivji, I.G.., 1991, 'State and Constitutionalism: ANew Democratic Perspective', in I.G Shivji, ed., State and Constitutionalism: African Debate of Democracy, Harare, SAPES. Twagiramariya, C. and Turshen, M., 1998, 'Favors' to Give and 'Consenting' Victims: The Sexual Politics of Survival in Rwanda', in M. Turshen and C. Twagiramariya eds., What Women Do in Wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa, London, Zed Books Ltd. Wanjala, S., 1996, 'Salient Features of a Treaty on East African Co-operation', in A. Bossert and S. B. Bossa, eds.. Constitutionalism, Human Rights and Regional Integration: Proceedings of a Conference on 15th- 16th August 1996 in Mombasa, Kenya, Kampala, East African Law Society. Thisen, J.K., 1989, 'Alternative Approaches to Economic Integration in Africa',, Africa Development Vol. XIV, No. 1, pp. 19-60. Tindifa, S.B., 1996, 'Constitutionalism and Development', in K. Kibwana et al., eds., In Search of Freedom and Prosperity: Constitutional Reform in East Africa, Nairobi, Claripress Ltd. UNRISD, 1994, Social Integration: Approaches and Issues, Geneva, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Weggoro, N., 1997, 'The Way Ahead for the East African Cooperation', The East African No. 114, January 6-12, p. 3. Zeleza, P. T., 1993, A Modern Economic History of Africa: Volume I. The Nineteenth Centuiy, Dakar, Codesria Book Series