10 -  The Food Security, Employment and Migration Nexus in Zimbabwe Post-land Reform: A Gender Perspective

Newman Tekwa

doi:10.57054/ad.v47i3.2681

Numéro

Vol. 47 No 3 (2022): Afrique et développement: Numéro spécial sur Changement agraire, sécurité alimentaire, migration et développement durable au Sénégal et au Zimbabwe

Issue Published : décembre 11, 2022

10 - The Food Security, Employment and Migration Nexus in Zimbabwe Post-land Reform: A Gender Perspective

https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i3.2681

Newman Tekwa

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-7073

Afrique et développement, Vol. 47 No 3 (2022): Afrique et développement: Numéro spécial sur Changement agraire, sécurité alimentaire, migration et développement durable au Sénégal et au Zimbabwe
Article Published : février 5, 2022

Résumé

Dans de nombreux pays en développement, les graves inégalités dans la répartition des actifs demeurent un important facteur d’insécurité alimentaire des ménages, du chômage élevé, de la pauvreté et, en fin de compte, de l’exode rural. Pourtant, la capacité de maintien d’emplois dans l’agriculture et son impact

dans la lutte contre la migration campagnes-villes, y compris internationale, ont fait leurs preuves dans de nombreux contextes. Au Zimbabwe, le programme de réforme agraire de 2000 a permis à entre 12 et 18 pour cent des femmes d’accéder de plein droit à la terre. En utilisant une approche de politique sociale transformatrice, le document revisite la réforme agraire en tant qu’instrument de politique sociale dans l’amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire des ménages et des revenus des ruraux, et a ouvert de nouvelles opportunités d’emploi pour ses bénéficiaires en comparaison de ménages non bénéficiaires de la réforme agraire. Je souligne le lien entre migration et politique sociale, et plaide pour la réforme agraire en tant que ralentisseur non seulement à la migration campagnes-villes, mais aussi internationale. Les données recueillies grâce à une approche ethnographique à méthodes mixtes, mêlant entretiens approfondis et enquêtes, et analysée à l’aide d’une combinaison de méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives indiquent que l’accès aux terres agricoles et à l’eau peut, non seulement réduire, mais également inverser les flux, y compris de la migration internationale pour des raisons économiques. Cela suggère que l’agrarisation continue, dans le contexte zimbabwéen, demeure une voie plausible pour relever le triple défi de l’insécurité alimentaire des ménages, du chômage et de l’émigration.

Mots-clés

sécurité alimentaire des ménages pauvreté chômage migration réforme agraire Zimbabwe

[1]

Tekwa, N. 2022. 10 - The Food Security, Employment and Migration Nexus in Zimbabwe Post-land Reform: A Gender Perspective. Afrique et développement. 47, 3 (févr. 2022), 223–251. DOI:https://doi.org/10.57054/ad.v47i3.2681.

Télécharger la référence bibliographique

Les références

Adesina, J., 2009, Social policy in sub-Saharan Africa: A glance in the rear-view mirror, International Journal of Social Welfare, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 37–51.
Adesina, J., 2011, Beyond the social protection paradigm: Social policy in Africa’s development, Canadian Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 454–470.
African Development Bank (AfDB), 2016, Jobs for youth in Africa: Catalysing youth opportunity across Africa, African Development Bank, South Africa.
Amanor-Wilks, D-E., 2009, Land, labour and gendered livelihoods in a ‘peasant’ and a ‘settler’ economy, Feminist Africa, Issue 12, pp. 31–50.
Ataç, I. and Rosenberger, S., 2019, Social Policies as a Tool of Migration Control, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 1–10.
Ba, C. O., Bourgoin, J. and Diop, D., 2017, The fluidity of internal migration as an answer to local constraints, in Mercandalli, S. and Losch, B., eds, 2017, Rural Africa in motion. Dynamics and drivers of migration South of the Sahara, Rome: FAO and CIRAD, pp. 32–33.
Borras, S., and Franco, C., 2010, Contemporary discourses and contestations around pro-poor land policies and land governance, Journal of Agrarian Change, Vol. 10, pp. 1–32.
Bracking, S., and Sachikonye, L., 2006, Remittances, Poverty Reduction and the Informalisation of the Household Well-being in Zimbabwe, Working Paper No 45, Global Poverty Research Group, Oxford.
Bryceson, D. F., 2002a, The scramble in Africa: Reorienting rural livelihoods, World Development, Vol. 30, pp. 725–739.
Bryceson, D. F., 2002b, Multiplex livelihoods in rural Africa: Recasting the terms and conditions of gainful employment, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 40, pp. 1–28.
Burgess, R., 2001, Land and Welfare: Theory and Evidence from China, Department of Economics and STICERD, London School of Economics.
Chipenda, C. and Tom, T., 2019, The generational question after land reform in Zimbabwe: A social reproductive perspective, African Journal of Economic Management Studies, Vol, 2.
Chiweshe, M. K., 2015 Women and emergence of grassroots institutions on post- Fast Track Land Reform farms in Zimbabwe, Journal of Gender, Agriculture and Food Security, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 40–53.
Choithani, C., 2018, Understanding the linkages between migration and household food security in India, Geographical Research, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 192–205.
De Jager, N. and Musuva, C., 2016, The influx of Zimbabweans into South Africa: A crisis of governance that spills over, Africa Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 15–30. Dzingirai, V., Egger, E-V., Landau, L., Litchfield, J., Mutopo, P. and Nyikahadzoi, K., 2015, Migration out of poverty in Zimbabwe, Working Paper 29 September 2015, Migrating Out of Poverty Research Programme Consortium.
FAO, IFAD, IOM and WFP, 2018, The linkages between migration, agriculture, food security and rural development, Rome.
Africa Development, Volume XLVII, No. 3, 2022
Hebinck, P., 2018, De-/re-agrarianisation: Global perspectives, Journal of Rural Studies, May, Editorial.
Knoll, A., Rampa, F., Torres, C., Molina, P. B. and Cascone, N., 2017, The nexus between food and nutrition security, and migration: Clarifying the debate and charting a way forward, European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) Discussion Paper No. 212, May 2017.
Laborde, D., Bizikova, L., Lallemant, T. and Smaller, C., 2017, What is the link between hunger and migration? International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Lowder, S., Skoet, J. and Raney, T., 2016, The number, size, and distribution of farms, smallholder farms, and family farms worldwide, World Development, Vol. 87, pp. 16–29.
Manamere, K. T., 2014, Majoni-joni – wayward criminals or a good catch? African Diaspora, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 89–113.
Milone, P.and Ventura, F., 2010, Networking the Rural, the Future of Green Regions in Europe, Assen: Royal Van Gorcum.
Mkandawire, T., 2004, Introduction. Social policy in a development context, in Mkandawire, T., ed., Social policy in a development context, Basingstoke: UNRISD/Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1–33.
Mkandawire, T., 2007, Transformative social policy and innovation in developing countries, The European Journal of Development Research, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 13–29. Mkandawire, T., 2014, Lessons from the social policy and development of South Korea: An interrogation, in Yi, I. and Mkandawire, T., eds, Learning from the South Korean developmental success: Effective developmental cooperation and synergistic institutions and policies, Basingstoke: UNRISD/Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 11–30.
Moyo, S., 2011, Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe, Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 493–531.
Moyo, S., Chambati, W.,Murisa,T.,Siziba, D., Dangwa, C., Mujeyi, K. and Nyoni, N., 2009, Fast track land reform baseline study in Zimbabwe: Trends and tendencies, 2005/06, Harare: African Institute for Agrarian Studies.
Moyo, S. and Makumbe, J., 2000, The Socioeconomic Environment and NGOs, in Moyo, S., Makumbe, J. and Raftopoulos, B., eds, NGOs, The State and Politics, Harare: SAPES Books, pp 7–20.
Mutopo, P., 2014, ‘Belonging and rural livelihoods: Women’s access to land and non- permanent
mobility at Merrivale Farm, Mwenezi District.’ Erdkunde, Vol. 68, No. 3 (July–September 2014), pp. 197–207.
Mutopo, P., Manjengwa, J. and Chiweshe, M., 2014, Shifting gender dimensions and rural livelihoods after Zimbabwe fast track land reform programme, Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 45–61.
Potts, D., 2010, Internal migration in Zimbabwe: The impact of livelihood destruction in rural and urban Areas, in Crush, J. and Tevera, D., eds, Zimbabwe’sExodus: Crisis, Migration and Survival, Cape Town: SAMP Publication.
Tekwa: The Food Security, Employment and Migration Nexus in Zimbabwe 251
Poulton, C. Davies, R., Matshe, I. and Urey, I., 2002, A review of Zimbabwe’s agricultural economic policies: 1980 –2000, ADU Working Paper, 02/01 March 2002.
Raftopoulos, B., 2011, A Study on Migration and Remittances in Matebeleland, Zimbabwe, Cape Town: Solidarity Peace Trust.
Rawal, V., 2008, Ownership holdings of land in rural India: putting the record straight, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 43, No. 10, pp. 43–47.
Sadiddin, A., Cattaneo, A., Cirillo, M. and Miller, M., 2019, Food insecurity as a determinant of international migration: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa, Food Security, Vol. 11, pp. 515–530.
Scoones, I., Marongwe, N., Mavedzenge, B., Murimbarimba, F., Mahenehene, J. and Sukume, C., 2010, Zimbabwe’s land reform: Myths and realities, Harare: Weaver Press.
Scoones, I., Marongwe, N., Mavedzenge, B., Murimbarimba, F., Mahenehene, J. and Sukume, C., 2012, Livelihoods after Land Reform in Zimbabwe: Understanding Processes of Rural Differentiation, Journal of Agrarian Change, Vol. 12, pp. 503–527.
Sibanda, V. and Makwata, R., 2017, Zimbabwe Post Independence Economic Policies: A Critical Review, Saarbrucken: Lambert Academic Publishing.
Stone, G. V., 2010, Malthus, Agribusiness, and the Death of the Peasantry, Current Anthropology, Vol. 42, No. 4.
Tavuyanago, B., 2017, ‘Our fathers and grandfathers were born here...’: Shangaan eviction experiences from the Gonarezhou National Park, 1957–1968, Historia, Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 46–67.
Tekwa, N., 2020, Gender, land reform and welfare outcomes. A case study of Chiredzi district, Zimbabwe, PhD thesis, University of South Africa, Pretoria.
Tekwa, N., and Tekwa, H., 2022, Gender, household food security and neoliberal decimation of the grain producing peasantry in Zimbabwe, in Mazwi, F. Helliker K. and Mudimu G. T., eds, Capital Penetration and the Peasantry in Southern and Eastern Africa – Neoliberal Restructuring, Heidelberg: Springer Nature.
Tom, T., 2020, The wider vision of social policy: An analysis of the transformative role of the fast track land reform programme in Zvimba District, Zimbabwe, PhD Thesis, University of South Africa.
Van der Ploeg, J. D., 2017, Differentiation: Old controversies, new insights, Journal of Peasant Studies, pp. 1–36.
Utete, C. M. B., 2003, Report of the Presidential Land Review Committee, under the Chairmanship of Dr Charles M.B. Utete, Volumes 1 and 2: Main report to His Excellency the President of The Republic of Zimbabwe, Presidential Land Review Committee (PLRC), Harare.
Zhou, G., 2000, Public enterprise sector reforms in Zimbabwe: A macro analytical approach, Zambezia, Vol. 27, No 2, pp. 195–219.

Les références

Adesina, J., 2009, Social policy in sub-Saharan Africa: A glance in the rear-view mirror, International Journal of Social Welfare, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 37–51.

Adesina, J., 2011, Beyond the social protection paradigm: Social policy in Africa’s development, Canadian Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 454–470.

African Development Bank (AfDB), 2016, Jobs for youth in Africa: Catalysing youth opportunity across Africa, African Development Bank, South Africa.

Amanor-Wilks, D-E., 2009, Land, labour and gendered livelihoods in a ‘peasant’ and a ‘settler’ economy, Feminist Africa, Issue 12, pp. 31–50.

Ataç, I. and Rosenberger, S., 2019, Social Policies as a Tool of Migration Control, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 1–10.

Ba, C. O., Bourgoin, J. and Diop, D., 2017, The fluidity of internal migration as an answer to local constraints, in Mercandalli, S. and Losch, B., eds, 2017, Rural Africa in motion. Dynamics and drivers of migration South of the Sahara, Rome: FAO and CIRAD, pp. 32–33.

Borras, S., and Franco, C., 2010, Contemporary discourses and contestations around pro-poor land policies and land governance, Journal of Agrarian Change, Vol. 10, pp. 1–32.

Bracking, S., and Sachikonye, L., 2006, Remittances, Poverty Reduction and the Informalisation of the Household Well-being in Zimbabwe, Working Paper No 45, Global Poverty Research Group, Oxford.

Bryceson, D. F., 2002a, The scramble in Africa: Reorienting rural livelihoods, World Development, Vol. 30, pp. 725–739.

Bryceson, D. F., 2002b, Multiplex livelihoods in rural Africa: Recasting the terms and conditions of gainful employment, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 40, pp. 1–28.

Burgess, R., 2001, Land and Welfare: Theory and Evidence from China, Department of Economics and STICERD, London School of Economics.

Chipenda, C. and Tom, T., 2019, The generational question after land reform in Zimbabwe: A social reproductive perspective, African Journal of Economic Management Studies, Vol, 2.

Chiweshe, M. K., 2015 Women and emergence of grassroots institutions on post- Fast Track Land Reform farms in Zimbabwe, Journal of Gender, Agriculture and Food Security, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 40–53.

Choithani, C., 2018, Understanding the linkages between migration and household food security in India, Geographical Research, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 192–205.

De Jager, N. and Musuva, C., 2016, The influx of Zimbabweans into South Africa: A crisis of governance that spills over, Africa Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 15–30. Dzingirai, V., Egger, E-V., Landau, L., Litchfield, J., Mutopo, P. and Nyikahadzoi, K., 2015, Migration out of poverty in Zimbabwe, Working Paper 29 September 2015, Migrating Out of Poverty Research Programme Consortium.

FAO, IFAD, IOM and WFP, 2018, The linkages between migration, agriculture, food security and rural development, Rome.

Africa Development, Volume XLVII, No. 3, 2022

Hebinck, P., 2018, De-/re-agrarianisation: Global perspectives, Journal of Rural Studies, May, Editorial.

Knoll, A., Rampa, F., Torres, C., Molina, P. B. and Cascone, N., 2017, The nexus between food and nutrition security, and migration: Clarifying the debate and charting a way forward, European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) Discussion Paper No. 212, May 2017.

Laborde, D., Bizikova, L., Lallemant, T. and Smaller, C., 2017, What is the link between hunger and migration? International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Lowder, S., Skoet, J. and Raney, T., 2016, The number, size, and distribution of farms, smallholder farms, and family farms worldwide, World Development, Vol. 87, pp. 16–29.

Manamere, K. T., 2014, Majoni-joni – wayward criminals or a good catch? African Diaspora, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 89–113.

Milone, P.and Ventura, F., 2010, Networking the Rural, the Future of Green Regions in Europe, Assen: Royal Van Gorcum.

Mkandawire, T., 2004, Introduction. Social policy in a development context, in Mkandawire, T., ed., Social policy in a development context, Basingstoke: UNRISD/Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1–33.

Mkandawire, T., 2007, Transformative social policy and innovation in developing countries, The European Journal of Development Research, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 13–29. Mkandawire, T., 2014, Lessons from the social policy and development of South Korea: An interrogation, in Yi, I. and Mkandawire, T., eds, Learning from the South Korean developmental success: Effective developmental cooperation and synergistic institutions and policies, Basingstoke: UNRISD/Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 11–30.

Moyo, S., 2011, Three decades of agrarian reform in Zimbabwe, Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 493–531.

Moyo, S., Chambati, W.,Murisa,T.,Siziba, D., Dangwa, C., Mujeyi, K. and Nyoni, N., 2009, Fast track land reform baseline study in Zimbabwe: Trends and tendencies, 2005/06, Harare: African Institute for Agrarian Studies.

Moyo, S. and Makumbe, J., 2000, The Socioeconomic Environment and NGOs, in Moyo, S., Makumbe, J. and Raftopoulos, B., eds, NGOs, The State and Politics, Harare: SAPES Books, pp 7–20.

Mutopo, P., 2014, ‘Belonging and rural livelihoods: Women’s access to land and non- permanent

mobility at Merrivale Farm, Mwenezi District.’ Erdkunde, Vol. 68, No. 3 (July–September 2014), pp. 197–207.

Mutopo, P., Manjengwa, J. and Chiweshe, M., 2014, Shifting gender dimensions and rural livelihoods after Zimbabwe fast track land reform programme, Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 45–61.

Potts, D., 2010, Internal migration in Zimbabwe: The impact of livelihood destruction in rural and urban Areas, in Crush, J. and Tevera, D., eds, Zimbabwe’sExodus: Crisis, Migration and Survival, Cape Town: SAMP Publication.

Tekwa: The Food Security, Employment and Migration Nexus in Zimbabwe 251

Poulton, C. Davies, R., Matshe, I. and Urey, I., 2002, A review of Zimbabwe’s agricultural economic policies: 1980 –2000, ADU Working Paper, 02/01 March 2002.

Raftopoulos, B., 2011, A Study on Migration and Remittances in Matebeleland, Zimbabwe, Cape Town: Solidarity Peace Trust.

Rawal, V., 2008, Ownership holdings of land in rural India: putting the record straight, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 43, No. 10, pp. 43–47.

Sadiddin, A., Cattaneo, A., Cirillo, M. and Miller, M., 2019, Food insecurity as a determinant of international migration: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa, Food Security, Vol. 11, pp. 515–530.

Scoones, I., Marongwe, N., Mavedzenge, B., Murimbarimba, F., Mahenehene, J. and Sukume, C., 2010, Zimbabwe’s land reform: Myths and realities, Harare: Weaver Press.

Scoones, I., Marongwe, N., Mavedzenge, B., Murimbarimba, F., Mahenehene, J. and Sukume, C., 2012, Livelihoods after Land Reform in Zimbabwe: Understanding Processes of Rural Differentiation, Journal of Agrarian Change, Vol. 12, pp. 503–527.

Sibanda, V. and Makwata, R., 2017, Zimbabwe Post Independence Economic Policies: A Critical Review, Saarbrucken: Lambert Academic Publishing.

Stone, G. V., 2010, Malthus, Agribusiness, and the Death of the Peasantry, Current Anthropology, Vol. 42, No. 4.

Tavuyanago, B., 2017, ‘Our fathers and grandfathers were born here...’: Shangaan eviction experiences from the Gonarezhou National Park, 1957–1968, Historia, Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 46–67.

Tekwa, N., 2020, Gender, land reform and welfare outcomes. A case study of Chiredzi district, Zimbabwe, PhD thesis, University of South Africa, Pretoria.

Tekwa, N., and Tekwa, H., 2022, Gender, household food security and neoliberal decimation of the grain producing peasantry in Zimbabwe, in Mazwi, F. Helliker K. and Mudimu G. T., eds, Capital Penetration and the Peasantry in Southern and Eastern Africa – Neoliberal Restructuring, Heidelberg: Springer Nature.

Tom, T., 2020, The wider vision of social policy: An analysis of the transformative role of the fast track land reform programme in Zvimba District, Zimbabwe, PhD Thesis, University of South Africa.

Van der Ploeg, J. D., 2017, Differentiation: Old controversies, new insights, Journal of Peasant Studies, pp. 1–36.

Utete, C. M. B., 2003, Report of the Presidential Land Review Committee, under the Chairmanship of Dr Charles M.B. Utete, Volumes 1 and 2: Main report to His Excellency the President of The Republic of Zimbabwe, Presidential Land Review Committee (PLRC), Harare.

Zhou, G., 2000, Public enterprise sector reforms in Zimbabwe: A macro analytical approach, Zambezia, Vol. 27, No 2, pp. 195–219.

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