5 - A ‘Chinese’ Street (Un)Scripted and (Re)Imagined: Material Shifts, City-Making and Altered Ways of Living in Suburban Johannesburg
Corresponding Author(s) : Romain Dittgen
Africa Development,
Vol. 48 No. 1 (2023): Africa Development
Abstract
Derrick Avenue in Cyrildene, is a striking example of clichéd Chinese (street life) atmosphere in Johannesburg. Owing to its visible markers and demographics, this activity node sparks visions of a spatialised elsewhere. Standing in sharp contrast to a surrounding quiet and mostly residential neighbourhood, Derrick Avenue has been viewed as exceptional, different and closed, resulting in a spatial and cognitive divorce from the rest of the area. These representations, largely associated with Chinese spaces, not only shape the ways in which such spaces are commonly examined, understood and conceptualised, but also contribute to side-lining the existence of transversal urban processes and realities. This article moves away from entering Derrick Avenue through the lens of ethnicity and othering, in an effort to read this street as a holistic object of research. Through (un)writing this space, we unpack its complexities as well as explore the coexistent tension between specific characteristics of a lived and constructed differentiation and geographies of the ‘familiar’ Once decoupled from predetermined analytical categories and conceptual frameworks, the articulation between ‘migrant space’ and ‘host city’ is not merely confined to a study of relational ties (whether parallel, contentious or complementary), but becomes one of entanglement in terms of city-making processes and broader societal dynamics.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Accone, D., 2006, ‘“Ghost people”: Localising the Chinese self in an African context’, Asian Studies Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 257–272.
- Accone, D., and Harris, K.L., 2008, ‘A century of not belonging – the Chinese in South Africa’, in K-P.K. Eng and A. Davidson, eds., At home in the Chinese diaspora, London, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 187–205.
- Amin, A., 2002, ‘Ethnicity and the multicultural city: Living with diversity’, Environment and Planning A, Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 959–980.
- Anderson, K., 2018, ‘Chinatown dis-oriented: Shifting standpoints in the age of China’, Australian Geographer, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 133–148.
- Anderson, K., 1991, Vancouver’s Chinatown: Racial discourse in Canada – 1875–1980, Montreal, McGill Queens University Press.
- Anderson, K., 1990, ‘“Chinatown re-oriented”: A critical analysis of recent redevelopment schemes in a Melbourne and Sydney enclave’, Australian Geographical Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 137–154.
- Anthony, R., 2019, ‘“China in Africa” in the Anthropocene’, in C. Alden and D. Large, eds., New directions in Africa-China Studies, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 104–117.
- Ball rd, R., 2010, ‘“Slaughter in the suburbs”: Livestock slaughter and race in post-apartheid cities’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 1069–1087.
- Ballard, R., and Harrison, P., 2020, ‘Transnational urbanism interrupted: A Chinese developer’s attempts to secure approval to build the “New York of Africa”’ at Modderfontein, Johannesburg’, Environment and Planning A, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 383–402.
- Brill, F., and Reboredo, R., 2019, ‘Failed fantasies in a South African context: the case of Modderfontein, Johannesburg’, Urban Forum, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 171–189.
- Çağlar, A., and Glick Schiller, N., 2018, Migrants & city-making. Dispossession, displacement, and urban regeneration, Durham and London, Duke University Press.
- Chipkin, I., 2013, ‘Capitalism, city, apartheid in the twenty-first century’, Social Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 228–247.
- City of Johannesburg, 2016a, ‘Cyrildene: Development Framework’, Urban Development Framework, November, Johannesburg, 123 pp.
- City of Johannesburg, 2016b, ‘Cyrildene: Annexure B – Public Participation’, Urban Development Framework, November, Johannesburg, 90 pp.
- Crankshaw, O., Gilbert, A., and Morris, A., 2000, ‘Backyard Soweto’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 841–857.
- Derrida, J., 2013 [1998], ‘Avowing – The impossible: “Returns,” repentance, and reconciliation’, in E. Weber, ed., Living together: Jacques Derrida’s communities of violence and peace, New York, Fordham University Press, pp. 18–41.
- Dittgen, R., 2017, ‘Features of modernity, development and “orientalism”: Reading Johannesburg through its “Chinese” urban spaces’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 979–996.
- Dittgen, R., 2015, ‘Of other spaces? Hybrid forms of Chinese engagement in Sub- Saharan Africa’, Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 43–73.
- Dittgen, R., and Anthony, R., 2018, ‘Yellow, red, and black. Fantasies about China and “the Chinese” in contemporary South Africa’, in F. Billé and S. Urbansky, eds., Yellow perils – China narratives in the contemporary world, Honolulu, University of Hawai’i Press, pp. 108–141.
- Dittgen, R. and Chungu, G., 2019, ‘(Un)writing “Chinese space” in urban Africa. Of city-making, lived experiences, and entangled processes’, Editorial, China Perspectives, Vol. 4, pp. 3–7.
- Dittgen, R., Lewis, M., and Chungu, G., 2019, ‘Of spatial and temporal entanglements: Narrating a (Chinese) street in suburban Johannesburg’, Photo Essay, China Perspectives, Vol. 4, pp. 37–43.
- Financial Mail, 1997, ‘Asia moves into old Jo’burg’, 3 October, [SA Media Archives]. Gauteng City-Region Observatory, 2013, ‘Backyard structures in Gauteng’, Map of the Month.(https://www.gcro.ac.za/outputs/map-of-the-month/detail/backyard-structures-gauteng/). 8 September 2022.
- Harris, K.L., 2018, ‘The construction of “otherness”: A history of the Chinese migrants in South Africa’, in S. Cornelissen and Y. Mine, eds., Migration and agency in a globalizing world, London, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 115–142.
- Harris, K.L., 1998, ‘The Chinese “South Africans”: An interstitial community’, in L. Wang and G. Wang, eds., The Chinese diaspora, Vol. 2, Singapore, Times Academic Press.
- Harrison, P., and Rubin, M., 2020, ‘The politics of TOD: The case of Johannesburg’s Corridors of Freedom’, in R. Margot, A. Todes, P. Harrison and A. Appelbaum, eds., Densifying the City? Global Cases and Johannesburg, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 256–265.
- Harrison, P., Pieterse, E., Scheba, S., and Rubin, M., 2018, ‘Daily practices of informality amid urban poverty’, Research Report, South African Research Chair in Spatial Analysis and City Planning, African Centre for Cities, 70 pp.
- Harrison, P., Moyo, K., and Yang, Y., 2012, ‘Strategy and tactics: Chinese immigrants and diasporic spaces in Johannesburg, South Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 899–925.
- Hart, G., 2018, ‘Relational comparison revisited: Marxist postcolonial geographies in practice’, Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 371–394.
- Huang, M., 2021, ‘The Chinese century and the city of gold: Rethinking race and capitalism’, Public Culture, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 193–217.
- Huang, M., 2015, ‘Hidden in plain sight: Everyday aesthetics and capital in Chinese Johannesburg’, Paper presented at the WISER Seminar, Johannesburg, University of the Witwatersrand, 5 October.
- Huynh, T.T., 2018, ‘China Town malls in South Africa in the 21st century: Ethnic Chinatowns or Chinese state projects?’, Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 28–54.
- Huynh, T.T., 2015, ‘“It’s not copyrighted,” looking West for authenticity: Historical Chinatowns and China Town malls in South Africa’, China Media Research, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 99–111.
- Ip, D., 2005, ‘Contesting Chinatown: Place-making and the emergence of ethnoburbia in Brisbane, Australia’, GeoJournal, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 63–74.
- Lai, D.C., 2003, ‘From downtown slums to suburban malls: Chinese migration and settlement in Canada’, in L.J.C. Ma and C. Cartier, eds., The Chinese diaspora: Space, place, mobility and identity, Oxford, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 311–336.
- Leeman, J. and G. Modan, 2009, ‘Commodified language in Chinatown: A contextualized approach to linguistic landscape’, Journal of Sociolinguistics, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 332–362.
- Li, E.X. and P.S. Li, 2011, ‘Vancouver Chinatown in transition’, Journal of Chinese Overseas, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 7–23.
- Li, W., 2009, Ethnoburb: The new ethnic community in urban America, Honolulu, University of Hawai’i Press.
- Li, W., 2005, ‘Beyond Chinatown, beyond enclave: Reconceptualising contemporary Chinese settlements in the United States’, GeoJournal, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 31–40.
- Li, W., 1998, ‘Los Angeles’s Chinese ethnoburb: From ethnic service center to global economy outpost’, Urban Geography, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 502–517.
- Lin, E., 2014, “‘Big fish in a small pond”: Chinese migrant shopkeepers in South Africa’, International Migration Review, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 181–215.
- Liu, Y-Y.T., 2017, ‘Exploring guanxi in a cross-cultural context: The case of Cantonese-speaking Chinese in Johannesburg’, Journal of Chinese Overseas, Vol. 13, pp. 263–286.
- Lou, J.J., 2010, ‘Chinatown transformed: Ideology, power, and resources in narrative place-making’, Discourse Studies, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 625–647.
- Lou, J.J., 2007, ‘Revitalizing Chinatown into a heterotopia: A geosemiotic analysis of shop signs in Washington, D.C’s Chinatown’, Space and Culture, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 170–194.
- Lu, D., 2000, ‘The changing landscape of hybridity: A reading of ethnic identity and urban form in Vancouver’, Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 19–28.
- Luk, C.M., and Phan, M.B., 2005, ‘Ethnic enclave reconfiguration: A “new” Chinatown in the making’, GeoJournal, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 17–30.
- Lung-Amam, W.S., 2017, Trespassers? Asian Americans and the battle for suburbia, Oakland, University of California Press.
- Mabin, A., Butcher S., and Bloch, R., 2013, ‘Peripheries, suburbanisms and change in sub-Saharan African cities’, Social Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 167–190.
- Mail & Guardian, 1998, ‘The Asian invasion of Cyrildene’, 9–16 April, [SA Media Archives].
- Massey, D., 2005, For space, London, Sage Publications.
- Massey, D., 1993, ‘Power-geometry and a progressive sense of place’, in J. Bird, B. Curtis, T. Putnam and L. Tickner, eds., Mapping the futures – Local cultures, global change, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 60–70.
- Mattingly, C., 2019, ‘Defrosting concepts, destabilizing doxa: Critical phenomenology and the perplexing particular’, Anthropological Theory, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 415–439.
- Murray, M.J., 2015, ‘Waterfall city (Johannesburg): Privatized urbanism in extremis’, Environment and Planning A, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 503–520.
- Ndebele, N., 2006 [1991], Rediscovery of the ordinary – Essays on South African literature and culture, Scottsville, University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
- Park, Y.J., 2010, ‘Chinese enclave communities and their impact on South African society’, in S. Marks, ed., Strengthening the civil society perspective: China’s African impact, Cape Town, Fahamu, pp. 113–127.
- Park, Y.J., 2008, A matter of honour: Being Chinese in South Africa, Johannesburg, Jacana Media.
- Poulson, L., 2010, ‘A room in the city: Strategies for accessing affordable accommodation’, Urban Forum, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 21–36.
- Preston, V., and Lo, L., 2000, ‘“Asian theme” malls in suburban Toronto: Land use conflict in Richmond Hill’, The Canadian Geographer, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 182–190.
- Quayson, A., 2014, Oxford Street, Accra – City life and the itineraries of transnationalism, Durham and London, Duke University Press.
- Rath, J., Bodaar, A., Wagemaakers, T., and Wu, P.Y, 2017, ‘Chinatown 2.0: the difficult flowering of an ethnically themed shopping area’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 81–98.
- Shah, N., 2001, Contagious divides: Epidemics and race in San Francisco’s Chinatown, Berkeley, University of California Press.
- Shapurjee, Y., Le Roux, A., and Coetzee, M., 2014, ‘Backyard housing in Gauteng: An analysis of spatial dynamics’, Town and Regional Planning, Vol. 64, pp. 19–30.
- Storper, M., and Scott, A.J., 2016, ‘Current debates in urban theory: A critical assessment’, Urban Studies, Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 1114–1136.
- Van Norden, B.W., 2017, Taking back philosophy – A multicultural manifesto, New York, Columbia University Press.
- Xu, L., 2017, ‘Cyrildene Chinatown, suburban settlement, and ethnic economy in post-apartheid Johannesburg’, in Y-C. Kim, ed., China and Africa – A new paradigm of global business, London, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 81–104.
- Yap, M., and Man, D.L., 1996, Colour, confusion and concessions. The history of the Chinese in South Africa, Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press.
- Zack, T., and Lewis, M., 2017, Johannesburg, Made in China, Johannesburg, Fourthwall Books.
- Zhou, M., 2009, Contemporary Chinese America: Immigration, ethnicity and community transformation, Philadelphia, Temple University Press.
- Zhou, M., 1992, Chinatown: The socioeconomic potential of an urban enclave, Philadelphia, Temple University Press.
- Zhou, M., and Logan, J.R., 1991, ‘In and out of Chinatown: Residential mobility and segregation of New York City’s Chinese’, Social Forces, Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 387–407.
- Zhou, M., and Logan, J.R., 1989, ‘Returns on human capital in ethnic enclaves: New York City’s Chinatown’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 809–820.
- Zhou, Y., 1998a, ‘How does place matter? A comparative study of Chinese ethnic economies in Los Angeles and New York City’, Urban Geography, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 531–553.
- Zhou, Y., 1998b, ‘Beyond ethnic enclaves: Location strategies of Chinese producer service firms in Los Angeles’, Economic Geography, Vol. 74, No. 3, pp. 228–251.
References
Accone, D., 2006, ‘“Ghost people”: Localising the Chinese self in an African context’, Asian Studies Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 257–272.
Accone, D., and Harris, K.L., 2008, ‘A century of not belonging – the Chinese in South Africa’, in K-P.K. Eng and A. Davidson, eds., At home in the Chinese diaspora, London, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 187–205.
Amin, A., 2002, ‘Ethnicity and the multicultural city: Living with diversity’, Environment and Planning A, Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 959–980.
Anderson, K., 2018, ‘Chinatown dis-oriented: Shifting standpoints in the age of China’, Australian Geographer, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 133–148.
Anderson, K., 1991, Vancouver’s Chinatown: Racial discourse in Canada – 1875–1980, Montreal, McGill Queens University Press.
Anderson, K., 1990, ‘“Chinatown re-oriented”: A critical analysis of recent redevelopment schemes in a Melbourne and Sydney enclave’, Australian Geographical Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 137–154.
Anthony, R., 2019, ‘“China in Africa” in the Anthropocene’, in C. Alden and D. Large, eds., New directions in Africa-China Studies, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 104–117.
Ball rd, R., 2010, ‘“Slaughter in the suburbs”: Livestock slaughter and race in post-apartheid cities’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 1069–1087.
Ballard, R., and Harrison, P., 2020, ‘Transnational urbanism interrupted: A Chinese developer’s attempts to secure approval to build the “New York of Africa”’ at Modderfontein, Johannesburg’, Environment and Planning A, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 383–402.
Brill, F., and Reboredo, R., 2019, ‘Failed fantasies in a South African context: the case of Modderfontein, Johannesburg’, Urban Forum, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 171–189.
Çağlar, A., and Glick Schiller, N., 2018, Migrants & city-making. Dispossession, displacement, and urban regeneration, Durham and London, Duke University Press.
Chipkin, I., 2013, ‘Capitalism, city, apartheid in the twenty-first century’, Social Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 228–247.
City of Johannesburg, 2016a, ‘Cyrildene: Development Framework’, Urban Development Framework, November, Johannesburg, 123 pp.
City of Johannesburg, 2016b, ‘Cyrildene: Annexure B – Public Participation’, Urban Development Framework, November, Johannesburg, 90 pp.
Crankshaw, O., Gilbert, A., and Morris, A., 2000, ‘Backyard Soweto’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 841–857.
Derrida, J., 2013 [1998], ‘Avowing – The impossible: “Returns,” repentance, and reconciliation’, in E. Weber, ed., Living together: Jacques Derrida’s communities of violence and peace, New York, Fordham University Press, pp. 18–41.
Dittgen, R., 2017, ‘Features of modernity, development and “orientalism”: Reading Johannesburg through its “Chinese” urban spaces’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 979–996.
Dittgen, R., 2015, ‘Of other spaces? Hybrid forms of Chinese engagement in Sub- Saharan Africa’, Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 43–73.
Dittgen, R., and Anthony, R., 2018, ‘Yellow, red, and black. Fantasies about China and “the Chinese” in contemporary South Africa’, in F. Billé and S. Urbansky, eds., Yellow perils – China narratives in the contemporary world, Honolulu, University of Hawai’i Press, pp. 108–141.
Dittgen, R. and Chungu, G., 2019, ‘(Un)writing “Chinese space” in urban Africa. Of city-making, lived experiences, and entangled processes’, Editorial, China Perspectives, Vol. 4, pp. 3–7.
Dittgen, R., Lewis, M., and Chungu, G., 2019, ‘Of spatial and temporal entanglements: Narrating a (Chinese) street in suburban Johannesburg’, Photo Essay, China Perspectives, Vol. 4, pp. 37–43.
Financial Mail, 1997, ‘Asia moves into old Jo’burg’, 3 October, [SA Media Archives]. Gauteng City-Region Observatory, 2013, ‘Backyard structures in Gauteng’, Map of the Month.(https://www.gcro.ac.za/outputs/map-of-the-month/detail/backyard-structures-gauteng/). 8 September 2022.
Harris, K.L., 2018, ‘The construction of “otherness”: A history of the Chinese migrants in South Africa’, in S. Cornelissen and Y. Mine, eds., Migration and agency in a globalizing world, London, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 115–142.
Harris, K.L., 1998, ‘The Chinese “South Africans”: An interstitial community’, in L. Wang and G. Wang, eds., The Chinese diaspora, Vol. 2, Singapore, Times Academic Press.
Harrison, P., and Rubin, M., 2020, ‘The politics of TOD: The case of Johannesburg’s Corridors of Freedom’, in R. Margot, A. Todes, P. Harrison and A. Appelbaum, eds., Densifying the City? Global Cases and Johannesburg, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 256–265.
Harrison, P., Pieterse, E., Scheba, S., and Rubin, M., 2018, ‘Daily practices of informality amid urban poverty’, Research Report, South African Research Chair in Spatial Analysis and City Planning, African Centre for Cities, 70 pp.
Harrison, P., Moyo, K., and Yang, Y., 2012, ‘Strategy and tactics: Chinese immigrants and diasporic spaces in Johannesburg, South Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 899–925.
Hart, G., 2018, ‘Relational comparison revisited: Marxist postcolonial geographies in practice’, Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 371–394.
Huang, M., 2021, ‘The Chinese century and the city of gold: Rethinking race and capitalism’, Public Culture, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 193–217.
Huang, M., 2015, ‘Hidden in plain sight: Everyday aesthetics and capital in Chinese Johannesburg’, Paper presented at the WISER Seminar, Johannesburg, University of the Witwatersrand, 5 October.
Huynh, T.T., 2018, ‘China Town malls in South Africa in the 21st century: Ethnic Chinatowns or Chinese state projects?’, Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 28–54.
Huynh, T.T., 2015, ‘“It’s not copyrighted,” looking West for authenticity: Historical Chinatowns and China Town malls in South Africa’, China Media Research, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 99–111.
Ip, D., 2005, ‘Contesting Chinatown: Place-making and the emergence of ethnoburbia in Brisbane, Australia’, GeoJournal, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 63–74.
Lai, D.C., 2003, ‘From downtown slums to suburban malls: Chinese migration and settlement in Canada’, in L.J.C. Ma and C. Cartier, eds., The Chinese diaspora: Space, place, mobility and identity, Oxford, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 311–336.
Leeman, J. and G. Modan, 2009, ‘Commodified language in Chinatown: A contextualized approach to linguistic landscape’, Journal of Sociolinguistics, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 332–362.
Li, E.X. and P.S. Li, 2011, ‘Vancouver Chinatown in transition’, Journal of Chinese Overseas, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 7–23.
Li, W., 2009, Ethnoburb: The new ethnic community in urban America, Honolulu, University of Hawai’i Press.
Li, W., 2005, ‘Beyond Chinatown, beyond enclave: Reconceptualising contemporary Chinese settlements in the United States’, GeoJournal, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 31–40.
Li, W., 1998, ‘Los Angeles’s Chinese ethnoburb: From ethnic service center to global economy outpost’, Urban Geography, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 502–517.
Lin, E., 2014, “‘Big fish in a small pond”: Chinese migrant shopkeepers in South Africa’, International Migration Review, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 181–215.
Liu, Y-Y.T., 2017, ‘Exploring guanxi in a cross-cultural context: The case of Cantonese-speaking Chinese in Johannesburg’, Journal of Chinese Overseas, Vol. 13, pp. 263–286.
Lou, J.J., 2010, ‘Chinatown transformed: Ideology, power, and resources in narrative place-making’, Discourse Studies, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 625–647.
Lou, J.J., 2007, ‘Revitalizing Chinatown into a heterotopia: A geosemiotic analysis of shop signs in Washington, D.C’s Chinatown’, Space and Culture, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 170–194.
Lu, D., 2000, ‘The changing landscape of hybridity: A reading of ethnic identity and urban form in Vancouver’, Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 19–28.
Luk, C.M., and Phan, M.B., 2005, ‘Ethnic enclave reconfiguration: A “new” Chinatown in the making’, GeoJournal, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 17–30.
Lung-Amam, W.S., 2017, Trespassers? Asian Americans and the battle for suburbia, Oakland, University of California Press.
Mabin, A., Butcher S., and Bloch, R., 2013, ‘Peripheries, suburbanisms and change in sub-Saharan African cities’, Social Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 167–190.
Mail & Guardian, 1998, ‘The Asian invasion of Cyrildene’, 9–16 April, [SA Media Archives].
Massey, D., 2005, For space, London, Sage Publications.
Massey, D., 1993, ‘Power-geometry and a progressive sense of place’, in J. Bird, B. Curtis, T. Putnam and L. Tickner, eds., Mapping the futures – Local cultures, global change, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 60–70.
Mattingly, C., 2019, ‘Defrosting concepts, destabilizing doxa: Critical phenomenology and the perplexing particular’, Anthropological Theory, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 415–439.
Murray, M.J., 2015, ‘Waterfall city (Johannesburg): Privatized urbanism in extremis’, Environment and Planning A, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 503–520.
Ndebele, N., 2006 [1991], Rediscovery of the ordinary – Essays on South African literature and culture, Scottsville, University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
Park, Y.J., 2010, ‘Chinese enclave communities and their impact on South African society’, in S. Marks, ed., Strengthening the civil society perspective: China’s African impact, Cape Town, Fahamu, pp. 113–127.
Park, Y.J., 2008, A matter of honour: Being Chinese in South Africa, Johannesburg, Jacana Media.
Poulson, L., 2010, ‘A room in the city: Strategies for accessing affordable accommodation’, Urban Forum, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 21–36.
Preston, V., and Lo, L., 2000, ‘“Asian theme” malls in suburban Toronto: Land use conflict in Richmond Hill’, The Canadian Geographer, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 182–190.
Quayson, A., 2014, Oxford Street, Accra – City life and the itineraries of transnationalism, Durham and London, Duke University Press.
Rath, J., Bodaar, A., Wagemaakers, T., and Wu, P.Y, 2017, ‘Chinatown 2.0: the difficult flowering of an ethnically themed shopping area’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 81–98.
Shah, N., 2001, Contagious divides: Epidemics and race in San Francisco’s Chinatown, Berkeley, University of California Press.
Shapurjee, Y., Le Roux, A., and Coetzee, M., 2014, ‘Backyard housing in Gauteng: An analysis of spatial dynamics’, Town and Regional Planning, Vol. 64, pp. 19–30.
Storper, M., and Scott, A.J., 2016, ‘Current debates in urban theory: A critical assessment’, Urban Studies, Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 1114–1136.
Van Norden, B.W., 2017, Taking back philosophy – A multicultural manifesto, New York, Columbia University Press.
Xu, L., 2017, ‘Cyrildene Chinatown, suburban settlement, and ethnic economy in post-apartheid Johannesburg’, in Y-C. Kim, ed., China and Africa – A new paradigm of global business, London, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 81–104.
Yap, M., and Man, D.L., 1996, Colour, confusion and concessions. The history of the Chinese in South Africa, Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press.
Zack, T., and Lewis, M., 2017, Johannesburg, Made in China, Johannesburg, Fourthwall Books.
Zhou, M., 2009, Contemporary Chinese America: Immigration, ethnicity and community transformation, Philadelphia, Temple University Press.
Zhou, M., 1992, Chinatown: The socioeconomic potential of an urban enclave, Philadelphia, Temple University Press.
Zhou, M., and Logan, J.R., 1991, ‘In and out of Chinatown: Residential mobility and segregation of New York City’s Chinese’, Social Forces, Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 387–407.
Zhou, M., and Logan, J.R., 1989, ‘Returns on human capital in ethnic enclaves: New York City’s Chinatown’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 809–820.
Zhou, Y., 1998a, ‘How does place matter? A comparative study of Chinese ethnic economies in Los Angeles and New York City’, Urban Geography, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 531–553.
Zhou, Y., 1998b, ‘Beyond ethnic enclaves: Location strategies of Chinese producer service firms in Los Angeles’, Economic Geography, Vol. 74, No. 3, pp. 228–251.