4 - China in Africa with New Approach of Media Development
Corresponding Author(s) : Najamul Saqib Memon
Africa Development,
Vol. 48 No. 4 (2023): Africa Development
Abstract
Mass media has not only changed the mode of information-sharing but has also changed the mode of policy, foreign policy-making and people-to- people contact in being used as a means of soft power. This paper focuses on Chinese investment in the media sector of African countries and explores what motivates China’s huge investments in the African media landscape. The study is descriptive, based on primary and secondary sources of literature. Methodologically, it uses qualitative research through content analysis of ‘soft power politics’ and ‘public diplomacy’ theories. China’s media development assistance in Africa is a manifestation of the Chinese strategy of soft power politics and the application of public diplomacy. This study claims that China’s media development assistance programme is helping Africa to develop its media infrastructure, techniques of broadcasting and cultural exchanges, which influence African public opinion and offer media content that is entirely different from Western-dominated media groups. In return, this helps China to promote a positive image and win the hearts and minds of people on the African continent.
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- Agence France-Presse, 2023, Xinhua News Agency, https://www.afp.com/en/products/partners/xinhua-news-agency
- Armel, K., 2021, 'China’s Engagements in Africa: Is China a ‘Partner’ or a ‘Predator’?' Chinese Journal of International Review, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1–26.
- Axelsson, M., 2009, China in the eyes of Africa – A textual analysis of the Nigerian and South African blogosphere regarding China’s activity on the African continent, PhD thesis: Lund University.
- Banda, F., 2009, 'China in the African Mediascape: A critical injection', Journal of African Media Studies, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 343–361.
- Cavlak, H., 2019, 'China Threat Theory: A Cultural Institutional Perspective on the Mass Media Coverage of the 19th Congress', Journal of Mehmat Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, Vol. 6, No. 01, pp. 64–76.
- Chahine, J., 2010, Public Diplomacy: A Conceptual Framework. Unpublished doctoral dissertation: McGill University.
- China Daily, 2023, About China Daily Group, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/ static_e/aboutus.html
- China Radio International (CRI), 17 September 2019, Radio China International Online. http://german.cri.cn/wir/wir/3268/20190917/351604.html
- Gagliardone, I., and Geall, S., 2014, 'China in Africa’s media and telecommunications: cooperation, connectivity and control', Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre (NOREF) Expert Analysis, pp. 1–6.
- Gagliardone, I., Repnikova, M., and Stremlau, N., 2010, 'China in Africa: a new approach to media development?' The Center for Global Communication Studies.
- Gill, B., Huang, C-H., and Morrison, J. S., 2007, Assessing China’s growing influence in Africa, China Security, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 3–21.
- Gill , K. G., 2016, 'South–South cooperation and the rise of the Global South', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 557–574.
- Glasser, C., 2009, International Libel and Privacy Handbook: A Global Reference for Journalists, Publishers, Webmasters, and Lawyers, New York: Bloomberg Press.
- Grassi, S., 2014, Changing the Narrative: China’s Media Offensive in Africa, Friedrich- Ebert-Stiftung, Africa Department.
- Hartig, F., 2015, Chinese public diplomacy: The rise of the Confucius Institute. New York: Routledge.
- Hocking, B., and Melissen, J., 2015, Diplomacy in the digital age, Clingendael Report. The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
- Huaxia, 6 November 2021, Xinhua. Retrieved from Xinhuanet: http://www.news.cn/english/2021-11/06/c_1310294764.htm
- Hukil, S., 2015, 'Is Public Diplomacy Inherently a Manifestation of ‘Soft Power’?' Glendon Journal of International Studies/Revue d’études internationales de Glendon, Vol. 8, pp. 1–2.
- Jenkins, F., 2021, 'China’s Projection of Soft Power in terms of Constructive Journalism: A Media Content Analysis of Constructive News Coverage of South Africa' by China Daily and South China Morning Post in 2015 and 2018. Transcience, pp. 24–43.
- Jiang, F., Li, S., Ronning, H., and Tjonneland, E., 2016, 'The voice of China in Africa: media, communication technologies and image-building', Chinese Journal of Communication, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1–7.
- Jinyuan, G., 1984, 'China and Africa: the development of relations over many centuries', African Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 331, pp. 241–250.
- Jonker, K., and Robinson, B., 2018, China’s Impact on the African Renaissance: The Baobab Grows, Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Kayani, S. A., and Rehman, M. S., 2015, 'Public Diplomacy: A New Foreign Policy Paradigm', Margalla Papers.
- Kokkinos, S. H., 2012, China in Africa: The use of Soft Power and its Implications for a Global ‘Peaceful Rise’, Unpublished Master’s thesis: Stellenbosch University.
- Leslie, M., 2016, 'The dragon shapes its image: a study of Chinese media influence strategies in Africa', African Studies Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 3/4, p. 161.
- Li, S., 2017, 'How Chinese Media Houses Are Established in Africa', in Li, S., ed. Mediatized China-Africa Relations, Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 103–122.
- Li, S., and Ronning, H., 2013a, China in Africa: Soft power, media perceptions and a pan-developing identity. CMI Report.
- Li, S., and Ronning, H., 2013b, Winning hearts and minds: Chinese Soft Power Foreign Policy in Africa. CMI Brief, 3.
- Lim, L. and Bergin, J., 2020, The China Story: Reshaping the World’s Media. International Federation of Journalists.
- Lin, L., 2017, 'Joseph Nye’s Soft Power Theory and Its Revelation Towards Ideological and Political Education', Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 5, p. 69.
- Makara, G. L., 2016, 'Perceptions of Chinese presence in Africa as reflected in the African media: case study of Uganda', Chinese Journal of Communication, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 21–37.
- Matanji, F., 2022, 'China in Africa: Representation of Chinese Investments in Africa by Western, Chinese and African Media', International Journal of Communication, Vol. 16, pp. 1713–1736.
- Mboya, O. C., 2015, Chinese Print Media’s Portrayal of China in Africa: A Case of China Daily Africa. Unpublished Master’s thesis: University of Nairobi.
- Melnyk, I., 2021, The Image of China and the United States of America in Selected African Media, African Journalism Studies, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 75–90.
- Ministry of Commerce of China, 2021, China-Africa Cooperation Vision 2035. http://images.mofcom.gov.cn/xyf/202112/20211210083030926.pdf
- Mthembu, P., 2016, Reflecting on the Johannesburg Summit of the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC): Where to from here? Johannesburg: Institute for Global Dialogue, p. 125.
- Nassanga, G., and Makara, S., 2014, Perceptions of Chinese presence in Africa as reflected in the African media: Case Study of Uganda, Unpublished Master’s thesis: University of Nairobi.
- Nye, J. S., 1990a, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, New York: Basic Books.
- Nye, J. S., 1990b, 'Soft power', Foreign Policy, Vol. 80, pp. 153–171.
- Nye, J. S., 2004, The Benefits of Soft Power. https://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/the-benefits-of-soft-power. Accessed 9 August 2020.
- Nye, J. S., 2006, Think Again: Soft Power. https://foreignpolicy.com/2006/02/23/think-again-soft-power/ Accessed 22 July 2019.
- Nye, J. S., 2008, 'Public Diplomacy and Soft Power', The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, pp. 94–109.
- Rodrigue, T. T., 2018, 'Can Western Media Overshadow the China-Africa Storytelling? Case Study of the BBC Documentary ‘The Chinese Are Coming’', New Media and Mass Communication, pp. 49–59.
- Ross, C, 2003, Pillars of Public Diplomacy, Harvard International Review, Vol. 25, No. 2, p. 22.
- Shambaugh, D., 2015, China’s soft-power push: The search for respect, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 99–107.
- Singh, J. P., MacDonald, S. and Son, B., 2017, Soft Power Today: Measuring the Influences and Effects. A study commissioned by the British Council, University of Edinburgh.
- Tangen, O., 2020, China’s media strategy in Africa and its impact on the continent, DW Akademie. https://p.dw.com/p/3m85x
- The Forum on China–Africa Cooperation Johannesburg Action Plan 2016–2018, 2015, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1323159.shtml. Accessed 18 August 2020.
- Thussu, D. K., 2018, Internationalizing Media Studies, New York: Routledge. Tseng, S., 2009, The Republic of China’s foreign policy towards Africa: the case of ROC-RSA relations. Unpublished doctoral thesis: University of the Witwatersrand.
- Umejei, E., 2020, Chinese Media in Africa: Perception, Performance and Paradox. Lanham, MA: Lexington.
- USC US-China Institute, 23 September 2021, China’s African Audiences. https://china.usc.edu/chinas-african-audiences
- Watkins, D., 2013, Connected CE Devices Global Market Forecast, Strategy Analytics, 18 March. https://www.strategyanalytics.com/access-services/devices/connected-home/consumer-electronics/reports/report-detail/connected-ce-devices-global-forecast
- Wu, Y-S., 2014, China’s Media and Public Diplomacy: Illustrations from South Africa. Chr. Michelsen Institute.
- Xiang, X. Z., 2019, 'Does China’s outward focused journalism engage a constructive approach? A qualitative content analysis of Xinhua News Agency’s English news', Asian Journalof Communication, Vol. 29, No. 04, pp. 346–362.
- Xiaoling Zhang, H. W., 2016, 'China’s expanding influence in Africa: projection, perception and prospects in Southern African countries', Communicatio South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 1–22.
- Xinhua, 10 November 2009, China.org.cn: http://www.china.org.cn/ world/2009-11/10/content_18856664.htm
- Yanqiu, Z., 2014, 'Understand China’s Media in Africa from the perspective of Constructive Journalism. China and Africa Media, Communications and Public Diplomacy', Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
- Yu, S. Z., 2022, 'What is FOCAC? Three historic stages in the China–Africa relationship', The London School of Economics and Political Sciences, https://blogs. lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2022/02/03/what-is-focac-three-stages-the-new-china- africa-relationship-trade-economics/
- Zou, S., 2021, 'Restyling propaganda: popularized party press and the making of soft propaganda in China', Information, Communication and Society, pp. 1–17.
References
Agence France-Presse, 2023, Xinhua News Agency, https://www.afp.com/en/products/partners/xinhua-news-agency
Armel, K., 2021, 'China’s Engagements in Africa: Is China a ‘Partner’ or a ‘Predator’?' Chinese Journal of International Review, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1–26.
Axelsson, M., 2009, China in the eyes of Africa – A textual analysis of the Nigerian and South African blogosphere regarding China’s activity on the African continent, PhD thesis: Lund University.
Banda, F., 2009, 'China in the African Mediascape: A critical injection', Journal of African Media Studies, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 343–361.
Cavlak, H., 2019, 'China Threat Theory: A Cultural Institutional Perspective on the Mass Media Coverage of the 19th Congress', Journal of Mehmat Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, Vol. 6, No. 01, pp. 64–76.
Chahine, J., 2010, Public Diplomacy: A Conceptual Framework. Unpublished doctoral dissertation: McGill University.
China Daily, 2023, About China Daily Group, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/ static_e/aboutus.html
China Radio International (CRI), 17 September 2019, Radio China International Online. http://german.cri.cn/wir/wir/3268/20190917/351604.html
Gagliardone, I., and Geall, S., 2014, 'China in Africa’s media and telecommunications: cooperation, connectivity and control', Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre (NOREF) Expert Analysis, pp. 1–6.
Gagliardone, I., Repnikova, M., and Stremlau, N., 2010, 'China in Africa: a new approach to media development?' The Center for Global Communication Studies.
Gill, B., Huang, C-H., and Morrison, J. S., 2007, Assessing China’s growing influence in Africa, China Security, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 3–21.
Gill , K. G., 2016, 'South–South cooperation and the rise of the Global South', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 557–574.
Glasser, C., 2009, International Libel and Privacy Handbook: A Global Reference for Journalists, Publishers, Webmasters, and Lawyers, New York: Bloomberg Press.
Grassi, S., 2014, Changing the Narrative: China’s Media Offensive in Africa, Friedrich- Ebert-Stiftung, Africa Department.
Hartig, F., 2015, Chinese public diplomacy: The rise of the Confucius Institute. New York: Routledge.
Hocking, B., and Melissen, J., 2015, Diplomacy in the digital age, Clingendael Report. The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
Huaxia, 6 November 2021, Xinhua. Retrieved from Xinhuanet: http://www.news.cn/english/2021-11/06/c_1310294764.htm
Hukil, S., 2015, 'Is Public Diplomacy Inherently a Manifestation of ‘Soft Power’?' Glendon Journal of International Studies/Revue d’études internationales de Glendon, Vol. 8, pp. 1–2.
Jenkins, F., 2021, 'China’s Projection of Soft Power in terms of Constructive Journalism: A Media Content Analysis of Constructive News Coverage of South Africa' by China Daily and South China Morning Post in 2015 and 2018. Transcience, pp. 24–43.
Jiang, F., Li, S., Ronning, H., and Tjonneland, E., 2016, 'The voice of China in Africa: media, communication technologies and image-building', Chinese Journal of Communication, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1–7.
Jinyuan, G., 1984, 'China and Africa: the development of relations over many centuries', African Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 331, pp. 241–250.
Jonker, K., and Robinson, B., 2018, China’s Impact on the African Renaissance: The Baobab Grows, Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kayani, S. A., and Rehman, M. S., 2015, 'Public Diplomacy: A New Foreign Policy Paradigm', Margalla Papers.
Kokkinos, S. H., 2012, China in Africa: The use of Soft Power and its Implications for a Global ‘Peaceful Rise’, Unpublished Master’s thesis: Stellenbosch University.
Leslie, M., 2016, 'The dragon shapes its image: a study of Chinese media influence strategies in Africa', African Studies Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 3/4, p. 161.
Li, S., 2017, 'How Chinese Media Houses Are Established in Africa', in Li, S., ed. Mediatized China-Africa Relations, Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 103–122.
Li, S., and Ronning, H., 2013a, China in Africa: Soft power, media perceptions and a pan-developing identity. CMI Report.
Li, S., and Ronning, H., 2013b, Winning hearts and minds: Chinese Soft Power Foreign Policy in Africa. CMI Brief, 3.
Lim, L. and Bergin, J., 2020, The China Story: Reshaping the World’s Media. International Federation of Journalists.
Lin, L., 2017, 'Joseph Nye’s Soft Power Theory and Its Revelation Towards Ideological and Political Education', Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 5, p. 69.
Makara, G. L., 2016, 'Perceptions of Chinese presence in Africa as reflected in the African media: case study of Uganda', Chinese Journal of Communication, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 21–37.
Matanji, F., 2022, 'China in Africa: Representation of Chinese Investments in Africa by Western, Chinese and African Media', International Journal of Communication, Vol. 16, pp. 1713–1736.
Mboya, O. C., 2015, Chinese Print Media’s Portrayal of China in Africa: A Case of China Daily Africa. Unpublished Master’s thesis: University of Nairobi.
Melnyk, I., 2021, The Image of China and the United States of America in Selected African Media, African Journalism Studies, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 75–90.
Ministry of Commerce of China, 2021, China-Africa Cooperation Vision 2035. http://images.mofcom.gov.cn/xyf/202112/20211210083030926.pdf
Mthembu, P., 2016, Reflecting on the Johannesburg Summit of the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC): Where to from here? Johannesburg: Institute for Global Dialogue, p. 125.
Nassanga, G., and Makara, S., 2014, Perceptions of Chinese presence in Africa as reflected in the African media: Case Study of Uganda, Unpublished Master’s thesis: University of Nairobi.
Nye, J. S., 1990a, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, New York: Basic Books.
Nye, J. S., 1990b, 'Soft power', Foreign Policy, Vol. 80, pp. 153–171.
Nye, J. S., 2004, The Benefits of Soft Power. https://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/the-benefits-of-soft-power. Accessed 9 August 2020.
Nye, J. S., 2006, Think Again: Soft Power. https://foreignpolicy.com/2006/02/23/think-again-soft-power/ Accessed 22 July 2019.
Nye, J. S., 2008, 'Public Diplomacy and Soft Power', The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, pp. 94–109.
Rodrigue, T. T., 2018, 'Can Western Media Overshadow the China-Africa Storytelling? Case Study of the BBC Documentary ‘The Chinese Are Coming’', New Media and Mass Communication, pp. 49–59.
Ross, C, 2003, Pillars of Public Diplomacy, Harvard International Review, Vol. 25, No. 2, p. 22.
Shambaugh, D., 2015, China’s soft-power push: The search for respect, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 99–107.
Singh, J. P., MacDonald, S. and Son, B., 2017, Soft Power Today: Measuring the Influences and Effects. A study commissioned by the British Council, University of Edinburgh.
Tangen, O., 2020, China’s media strategy in Africa and its impact on the continent, DW Akademie. https://p.dw.com/p/3m85x
The Forum on China–Africa Cooperation Johannesburg Action Plan 2016–2018, 2015, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1323159.shtml. Accessed 18 August 2020.
Thussu, D. K., 2018, Internationalizing Media Studies, New York: Routledge. Tseng, S., 2009, The Republic of China’s foreign policy towards Africa: the case of ROC-RSA relations. Unpublished doctoral thesis: University of the Witwatersrand.
Umejei, E., 2020, Chinese Media in Africa: Perception, Performance and Paradox. Lanham, MA: Lexington.
USC US-China Institute, 23 September 2021, China’s African Audiences. https://china.usc.edu/chinas-african-audiences
Watkins, D., 2013, Connected CE Devices Global Market Forecast, Strategy Analytics, 18 March. https://www.strategyanalytics.com/access-services/devices/connected-home/consumer-electronics/reports/report-detail/connected-ce-devices-global-forecast
Wu, Y-S., 2014, China’s Media and Public Diplomacy: Illustrations from South Africa. Chr. Michelsen Institute.
Xiang, X. Z., 2019, 'Does China’s outward focused journalism engage a constructive approach? A qualitative content analysis of Xinhua News Agency’s English news', Asian Journalof Communication, Vol. 29, No. 04, pp. 346–362.
Xiaoling Zhang, H. W., 2016, 'China’s expanding influence in Africa: projection, perception and prospects in Southern African countries', Communicatio South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 1–22.
Xinhua, 10 November 2009, China.org.cn: http://www.china.org.cn/ world/2009-11/10/content_18856664.htm
Yanqiu, Z., 2014, 'Understand China’s Media in Africa from the perspective of Constructive Journalism. China and Africa Media, Communications and Public Diplomacy', Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
Yu, S. Z., 2022, 'What is FOCAC? Three historic stages in the China–Africa relationship', The London School of Economics and Political Sciences, https://blogs. lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2022/02/03/what-is-focac-three-stages-the-new-china- africa-relationship-trade-economics/
Zou, S., 2021, 'Restyling propaganda: popularized party press and the making of soft propaganda in China', Information, Communication and Society, pp. 1–17.