8 - Potentialising Traditional Peacebuilding System towards Resolution of Land Disputes in African communities
Corresponding Author(s) : Kazeem Oyedele Lamidi
Africa Development,
Vol. 49 No. 1 (2024): Africa Development
Abstract
Land is a common cause of conflict in Africa. It is at the root of much social unrest and violence among family members, groups and communities. Although the state judicial system has been a major adjudicator in these instances, their case pronouncements have brought little or no recourse to peaceful co-existence among the conflicted parties. This article seeks to advance the potential of the traditional peacebuilding system as a ‘community friendly’ option especially for constructive land dispute resolution. Traditional peacebuilding is devoid of long judicial proceedings, ‘preconceived’ justice and high costs. This article argues that, unlike the state judicial system, traditional peacebuilding is not only about making resolutions through rational choice, custom knowledge, community history and social cohesion but also about enhancing restorative justice, inclusiveness and peace promotion, and developing the trust and safety that is so badly needed across African communities. It, therefore, concludes that the traditional peacebuilding system has an organisational propensity to resolve land disputes within an institutionalised structure across African communities.
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- Ademowo, Y., 2015, ‘Peace and Conflict Resolution. Being a Lecture Note: Peacemaking in Traditional African Society, National Open University of Nigeria’.
- Aggarwal, A., 2008, ‘Indigenous Institutions for Natural Resource Management: Potential and Threats’, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 43, No. 23, pp. 21–24.
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References
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Aggarwal, A., 2008, ‘Indigenous Institutions for Natural Resource Management: Potential and Threats’, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 43, No. 23, pp. 21–24.
Agwu, F.A., 2007, World Peace through World Law: The Dilemma of the United Nations Security Council. Ibadan: University Press Plc.
Ajayi, A.T., and Buhari, L.O., 2014, ‘Methods of Conflict Resolution in African Traditional Society’, African Research Review, 8(2): 138–157.
Anastase, S., 2015, Homegrown mechanisms of conflict resolution in Africa’s Great Lakes Region, Kigali: Centre for Conflict Management.
Anderson, M.B., 1999, Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace—Or War. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
Ayano, M.F., 2020, ‘Law and land conflict in emerging market economies: Ethiopia, 2014–2018’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 18, pp. 988–1012.
Bah, A.B., ed., 2020, Post-Conflict Institutional Design: Peacebuilding and Democracy in Africa. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
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Benson, K.S., and Lamidi, K.O., 2018, ‘Local Institutions and Peace-Keeping in Southwestern Nigeria: A Situational Analysis’, International Journal of Research in Arts and Social Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 268–279.
Bleiker, R., and Brigg, M., eds, 2010, Mediating across Difference. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Bob, U., 2010, ‘Land-related conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa’, African Journal on Conflict Resolution, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 49–64.
Boege, V., 2004, Muschelgeld und Blutdiamanten. Traditionale Konfliktbearbeitung in zeitgenoessischen Gewaltkonflikten. Schriften des Deutschen Uebersee-Instituts, Hamburg Nr. 63. Hamburg: Deutsches Uebersee-Institut.
Boege, V., 2006, Traditional approaches to conflict transformation: potentials and limits, Berghof: Centre for Constructive Conflict Management.
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Brown, M.A., 2007, Gender and Customary Governance in Vanuatu, Paper presented at the PIPSA Conference, Port Vila, December 2007.
Bruce, J., and Boudreaux, K., 2013, Land Disputes and Land Conflicts. A USAID Issue Brief. Washington DC: USAID Press.
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Carton, B., 2000, Blood from your children: The colonial origins of generational conflict in South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.
Cochrane, L., and Legault, D.D., 2020, ‘The rush for land and agricultural investment in Ethiopia: What we know and what we are missing’, Land, Vol. 9, p. 167.
Dadashpoor, H., and Somayeh, A., 2019, ‘Land tenure-related conflicts in peri-urban areas: A review’, Land Use Policy, Vol. 85, pp. 218–229.
Daudeline, J., 2002, Land as a source of conflict and in post-conflict settlement, World Bank Regional Workshop on Land Issues in Africa and the Middle East, 29 April–2 May, Kampala, Uganda.
Davies, J., and Kaufman, E., 2002, Second Track/Citizens’ Diplomacy, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Deininger, K., and Castagnini, R., 2006, ‘Incidence and impact of land conflict in Uganda’, Journal of Economic Behaviour Organisation, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 321–345.
Deininger, K. and Yamano, T., 2005, Land Conflicts in Kenya: Causes, Impacts and Resolutions, FASID Discussion Paper 2005-12-002.
Faure, G. Oliver 2000, ‘Traditional Conflict Management in Africa and China’, in Zartman, I. William, ed., Traditional Cures for Modern Conflicts. African Conflict ‘Medicine’. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 153–165.
Fischer, A.M., 2005, State Growth and Social Exclusion in Tibet: Challenges of recent economic growth, Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
Gamson, W.A., 1992, Talking Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gico, I., 2020, The Tragedy of the Judiciary: An Inquiry into the Economic Nature of Law and Courts, German Law Journal, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 644–673. DOI:10.1017/glj.2020.34
Goodale, M.R.G., and Sky, P.K.A., 2001, ‘Comparative study of land tenure, property boundaries and dispute resolution: Case studies from Bolivia and Norway’, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 17, pp. 183–200.
Haggins, C., Musahara, H., Kamungi, P.M., Oketch, J.S., and Vlassenroot, K., 2005, ‘Conflict in the Great Lakes Region—How is it linked with land and migration?’ ODI: Natural Resource Perspectives, Vol. 96, No. 2, pp. 1–4.
Homer-Dixon, T.F., 1994, ‘Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases’, International Security, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 1–40.
Huyse, L., 2008, ‘Introduction: Tradition-Based Approaches in Peacemaking, Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Policies’, in Huyse, L. and Salter, M., eds., Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict. Learning from African Experiences, Stockholm: International IDEA, pp. 1–22.
Jabs, L.B., 2014, ‘‘No monkey destroys his forest’: A review of traditional African interpersonal conflict management’, Journal of Global Peace and Conflict, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1–24.
Jalingo, F., and Sugiono, M., 2010, ‘Crossing Borders: Indonesian Experience with Local Conflict Resolution’, in Bleiker, R. and Brigg, M., eds., Mediating across Difference, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Kagwanji, P., 2009, Ethnicity, land and conflict in Africa: The cases of Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda, Nairobi: Africa Policy Institute Working Paper Series.
Lamidi, K.O., 2021, ‘Local Institutions and Peacemaking in Southwest Nigeria’, African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 54–75.
Lumumba-Kasngo, T., and Gahama, J., eds, 2017, Peace, Security and Post-Conflict Reconstruction in the Great Lakes Region, Dakar: CODESRIA.
Lund, M., 2001, ‘A Toolbox for Responding to Conflict and Building Peace’, in Reychler, L. and Paffenholz, T., eds, Peacebuilding: A Field Guide, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
MacGinty, R., 2008, ‘Indigenous Peace-Making versus the Liberal Peace’, Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 139–163.
Mamo, A.B., 2019, ‘Three ways of looking at dispute resolution’, Wake Forest Law Review, Vol. 54, pp. 13–39.
Manyozo, L., 2006, ‘Manifesto for Development Communication: Nora C. Quebral and the Los Baños School of Development Communication’, Asian Journal of Communication, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 79–99.
Marshall, D.R., 2000, Women in War and Peace: Grassroots Peacebuilding, Washington,
DC: United States Institute of Peace.
Mbwirire, J., and Dube, L., 2017, ‘Co-opting Traditional Institutions in State Politics; A Case Study of Mashonaland Central Province, Zimbabwe’, Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 217–224.
Menkhaus, K., 2000, ‘Traditional Conflict Management in Contemporary Somalia’, in Zartman, I. William, ed., Traditional Cures for Modern Conflicts. African Conflict ‘Medicine’, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 183–199.
Moore, G., 2010, ‘Africa’s Continental Divide: Land Disputes’, Christian Science Monitor January 30. www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0130/Africa-s-continental-divide-land-disputes.
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Mwambari, D., 2017, ‘Women-Led Non-Governmental Organizations and Peacebuilding in Rwanda’, African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 66–79. https://doi.org/10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.7.1.05
Mwambari, D., Walsh, B., and Olonisakin, F., 2021, ‘Women’s overlooked contribution to Rwanda’s state-building conversations’, Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 475–499.
Mwikisa, P.W., and Dikobe, M.M., 2009, ‘Stories and Literature in Culture as Sources of Indigenous Insights in Peacebuilding and Development’, Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 46–56. DOI:10.1080/1542 3166.2009.375660324978
Odgaard, R., 2006, Land rights and land conflicts in Africa: The Tanzania case, Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.
Ogoloma, F.I., and Ukpere, W.I., 2011, ‘The Role of Women in Peacemaking, Conflict and Rehabilitation Management in Elele, Ikwerre Local Government of Rivers State, Nigeria’, African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 5, No. 33, pp. 12711–12714.
Ojiji, O., 2007, ‘Conflict Handling Styles’, in Bassey, C., and Oshita, O., eds, Conflict Resolution, Identity Crisis and Development in Africa, Lagos: Malthouse Press.
Okech, A., 2019, Widow Inheritance and Contested Citizenship in Kenya (1st ed.), London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429022715
Okoro, K.N., 2010, ‘African Traditional Education: A Viable Alternative for Peace Building Process in Modern Africa’, Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 136–159.
Olonisakin, F., Kifle, A.A., and Muteru, A., 2021, ‘Introduction: reframing narratives of peace-building and state-building in Africa’, Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 401–407.
Olowu, D., 2018, ‘Indigenous Approaches to Conflict Resolution in Africa: A Study
of the Barolong People of the North-West Province, South Africa’, Journal of Law and Judicial System, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 10–16.
Osamba, J., 2001, ‘Peacebuilding and Transformation from below: Indigenous Approaches to Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation among pastoral Societies in the Borderlands of Eastern Africa’, Africa Journal on Conflict Resolution, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp 1–10.
Osei-Hwedie, B.Z., and Abu-Nimer, M., 2009, ‘Enhancing the Positive Contributions of African Culture in Peacebuilding and Development’, Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 1–5. DOI: 10.1080/154 23166.2009.435176528326
Oshita, O.O., 2005, ‘Conflict dynamics in a multi-ethnic state: Revivalism and brinkmanship in contemporary Nigeria’, in Albert, I. O., ed., Perspectives on Peace and Conflict in Africa, Ibadan: John Archers, pp. 91–95.
Osimen, G.U., Akinwunmi, A.A., and Adetula, S.L., 2015, ‘Peace Keeping Role of Nigeria in Sub-Sahara Africa’, International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies, Vol. 2, Issue 10, pp. 26–34.
Payne, M., 1997, Modern Social Work Theory. Chicago: Lyceum Books.
Peter, P.E., 2004, ‘Inequality and social conflict over land in Africa’, Journal of Agrarian Change, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 269–314.
Ramoroka, M.D., 2009, The History of the Barolong in the District of Mafikeng: A Study of the Intra-Batswana Ethnicity and Political Culture from 1852 to 1950, PhD thesis: University of Zululand.
Remi, F., 2007, A Framework for Mainstreaming Peacebuilding in Development Programming in Nigeria. Abuja: NEEDS.
Reuveny, R., 2007, ‘Climate change-induced migration and violent conflict’, Political Geography, Vol. 26, pp. 656–673.
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