3 - The Potential Contribution of Love-Sex Songs to the Spread or Prevention of HIV/AIDS: The Case of the Oromo of Ethiopia
Corresponding Author(s) : Workineh Kelbessa
Africa Development,
Vol. 38 No. 3-4 (2013): Africa Development
Abstract
This article examines the potential contribution of Oromo love-sex songs to the spread or prevention of the HIV/AIDS. It also shows how Oromo love songs express Oromo beliefs, sexual values, customs, meanings and interpretations of masculinity. The Oromo recite various songs to praise love/sex and lovers; they express, in a manner as explicit as the so-called modern songs, the joy of loving, being loved and the natural energies of lovely sex. They transmit critical information about the Oromo world view by reflecting the beliefs and the values enshrined in Oromo social institutions. This study reveals that Oromo love-sex songs can encourage or discourage risky sexual behaviour. It explains how some Oromo love songs when misunderstood, can influence people to engage in unsafe sex which can potentially spread the HIV/AIDS. Although Oromo sexual ethics are being challenged by external forces, there are some love songs that can educate young people to practise safe sex. Love songs thus can help people to determine real love/lovely sex and negotiate their understanding of sex and HIV/AIDS. This article suggests that Oromo love-sex songs should be critically re-examined to determine to what degree they put ives at risk, and reflect values concerning sexuality, love and gender relations.
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- Abrokwaa, Clemente K., 1999, ‘Indigenous Music Education in Africa’, in Ladislaus M Semali and Joe L. Kincheloe, eds., What is Indigenous Knowledge? Voices from the Academy, New York and London: Falmer Press, pp. 191-207.
- Agaw, Kofi, 2004, ‘Aesthetic Inquiry and the Music of Africa’, in Kwasi Wiredu, ed., A Companion to African Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 404-414.
- Baissa, Lemmu, 1994, ‘“Gada Values”: The Building Blocks of A Democratic Polity’, The Journal of Oromo Studies, I (2): 47-52.
- Baxter, P. T. W., 1974, ‘Some Preliminary Observations on a Type of Arsi Song, Wellu, Which is Popular with Young Men’, Accademia Nazionale Dei Lincei, 809-820.
- Bekele, Zenebe, 1987, Music in the Horn: A Preliminary Analytical Approach to the Study of Ethiopian Music, Stockholm: Författares Bokmaskin.
- Betreyohannes, Simeneh, 2008, ‘Music and Politics in Twentieth Century Ethiopia: Empire, Modernization and Revolution’, MA Thesis, Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University.
- Bitima, Tamene, n.d., Walaloota Uumata Oromo (unpublished manuscript). Cerulli, Enrico, [1922] 2003, Folk Literature of the Galla of Southern Abyssinia (Harvard African Studies 3), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [Available online at http://www.samizdat.com/cerulli.html].
- Eaton, David, 2004, ‘Understanding AIDS in Public Lives’, in Ezekiel Kalipeni et al., eds., HIV and AIDS in Africa: Beyond Epidemiology, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 279-290.
- Frederick, Robin, 2004, ‘A Brief History of Love Songs.’ [Available online at http://www.soundexp.com/history.html.]
- Foucault, Michel, 1976, The Will to Knowledge: The History of Sexuality, Volume 1, Trans. Robert Hurley. London: Penguin Books.
- Fox, Michael V., 1983, ‘Love, Passion, and Perception in Israelite and Egyptian Love Poetry’, Journal of Biblical Literature, 102(2): 219-228.
- Gemede, Eshete, 2007, ‘African Society and Egalitarian Values: Oromo Folklore Literature and Cultural Studies in a Contemporary Context’, PhD Dissertation. Institut for Litteratur, Kultur og Medier, Syddansk Universitet.
- Gumii Qormaata Afaan Oromoo (GQAO), (Oromo Language Study and Standardisation Team), 1993, Afoola Oromoo: Sirba Warroommii, Geerarsa. Jildii-I. Finfinnee: Biiroo Aadaafi Beeksisa Oromiyaa (BABO).
- Izugbara, C. Otutubikey, 2005, ‘Local Erotic Songs and Chants among Rural Nigerian Adolescent Males’, Sexuality and Culture, 9(3): 53-76.
- Janssen, D. F., 2002, ‘Growing Up Sexually’, World Reference Atlas. [Available online at http://www2.hu berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/AFRICA.HTM.]
- Kebede, Ashenafi, 1971, ‘The Music of Ethiopia: Its Development and Cultural Setting’, PhD Dissertation, Wesleyan University.
- Kebede, Ashenafi, 1995, Roots of Black Music: The Vocal, Instrumental, and Dance Heritage of Africa and Black America, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
- Kelbessa, Workineh, 2001, Traditional Oromo Attitudes towards the Environment: An Argument for Environmentally Sound Development, OSSREA Social Science Research Report Series, No. 19, Addis Ababa: OSSREA.
- Kelbessa, Workineh, 2002, ‘Indigenous and Modern Environmental Ethics: Towards Partnership’, in Gail Presbey et al., eds., Thought and Practice in African Philosophy: Selected Papers of the Sixth Annual Conference of International Society for African Philosophy and Studies, Nairobi: Konrad Adenauer Foundation, pp. 47-61.
- Kelbessa, Workineh, 2008, ‘African Philosophy of Sex and the HIV/AIDS Epidemic’, in Jinfen Yan and David Schrader, eds., Creating a Global Dialogue on Value Inquiry: Papers from the XXII World Congress of Philosophy (Rethinking Philosophy Today), Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, pp.349-391.
- Lakoff, George, 1987, Women, Fire and, and Dangerous Things, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson, 1980, Metaphors We Live by, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Lakoff, George and Mark Turner, 1989, More than Cool Reason, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Legesse, Asmarom, 1973, Gada: Three Approaches to the Study of African Society, New York: Free Press.
- Legesse, Asmarom, 2000, Oromo Democracy: An Indigenous African Political System, Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press. Leus, Ton with Cynthia Salvadori, 2006, Aadaa Boraanaa: A Dictionary of Borana Culture, Addis Ababa: Shama Books.
- Mbembe, Achille, 2001, ‘At the Edge of the World: Boundaries, Territoriality, and Sovereignty in Africa’, in Arjun Appadurai, ed., Globalization, Durham and London: Duke University Press, pp. 22-51.
- Obenga, Théophile, 2004, ‘Egypt: Ancient History of African Philosophy’, in Kwasi Wiredu ed., A Companion to African Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 31-49.
- Pankhurst, Sylvia, 1955, Ethiopia: A Cultural History. London: Fletcher and Son Ltd.
- Powne, Michael, 1968, Ethiopian Music: An Introduction. A Survey of Ecclesiastical and Secular Ethiopian Music and Instruments, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
- Repke, Heinrich H & Edwards S. Ayensu, 2001, HIV/AIDS: Knowledge Protects: New and Specific Approaches to Contain the Spread of HIV in Developing Countries, Postdam: Strauss.
- Shelemay, Kay Kaufman and Jeffery Petyer, 1997, ‘Ethiopian Chant and Notation in Western Scholarship’, Ethiopian Christian Liturgical Chant: An Anthology, Madison, WI: A-R Editions, Inc., pp. 131-148.
- Steinriede, Kent, 2007, ‘African Musicians and HIV/AIDS Education’, Medical Journal of Therapeutics Africa, 1(2):105-107.
- Stillwaggon, Eileen, 2003, ‘Racial Metaphors: Interpreting Sex and AIDS in Africa’, Development and Change, 34 (5): 809-832.
- Sumner, Claude, 1996, Proverbs, Songs, Folktales: An Anthology of Oromo Literature, Addis Ababa: Gudina Tumsa Foundation.
- Sumner, Claude, 1997, Oromo Wisdom Literature. Vol. II. Songs: Collection and Analysis, Addis Ababa: Gudina Tumsa Foundation.
- Taa, Tesemma, 2004, ‘Oromo Traditional Songs’, in Catherine Griefenow-Mewis and Tamene Bitima, eds., Oromo Oral Poetry Seen from Within, Koln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, pp.13-40.
- Tolesa, Addisu, 1990, ‘The Historical Transformation of a Folklore Genre: The Geerarsa as a National Literature of the Oromo in the Context of Amhara Colonization in Ethiopia’, PhD Dissertation, The Folklore Institute, Indiana University.
- Triulzi, Alessandro with Tamene Bitima, 1996, ‘On Some Masqala and Daboo Songs of the Macca Oromo`, in R. J. Hayward and I. M. Lewis, eds., Voice and Power: The Culture of Language in North-East Africa. Essays in Honour of B. W. Andrzejewski, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, pp. 243-256.
- UNAIDS, 2007, AIDS Epidemic Update. [Available online at http:// data.unaids.org/pub/Eplsides/2007/2007_epiu-pdate-en.pdf.]
- UNAIDS, 2008, 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic [Available online at http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/2008/ 2008_Global_report.asp]
- Vadasy, Tibor, 1970, ‘Ethiopian Folk- Dance’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, VIII (2): 119-146.
- Vadasy, Tibor, 1971, ‘Ethiopian Folk- Dance II: Tegré and Guragé’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies IX (2): 191-217.
- Vadasy, Tibor, 1973, ‘Ethiopian Folk-Dance III: Wällo and Galla [Oromo]’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, XI (1): 213-31.
- Wako, Fugich, 2010, ‘“Putting Down Women” with Male Oratory: An Analysis of an Oral Poetic Form among the Boorana Oromo’, Journal of Oromo Studies, 17(1): 179-217.
- Weeks, Jeffrey, [1986] 2003, Sexuality. Second edn., London and New York: Routledge.
References
Abrokwaa, Clemente K., 1999, ‘Indigenous Music Education in Africa’, in Ladislaus M Semali and Joe L. Kincheloe, eds., What is Indigenous Knowledge? Voices from the Academy, New York and London: Falmer Press, pp. 191-207.
Agaw, Kofi, 2004, ‘Aesthetic Inquiry and the Music of Africa’, in Kwasi Wiredu, ed., A Companion to African Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 404-414.
Baissa, Lemmu, 1994, ‘“Gada Values”: The Building Blocks of A Democratic Polity’, The Journal of Oromo Studies, I (2): 47-52.
Baxter, P. T. W., 1974, ‘Some Preliminary Observations on a Type of Arsi Song, Wellu, Which is Popular with Young Men’, Accademia Nazionale Dei Lincei, 809-820.
Bekele, Zenebe, 1987, Music in the Horn: A Preliminary Analytical Approach to the Study of Ethiopian Music, Stockholm: Författares Bokmaskin.
Betreyohannes, Simeneh, 2008, ‘Music and Politics in Twentieth Century Ethiopia: Empire, Modernization and Revolution’, MA Thesis, Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University.
Bitima, Tamene, n.d., Walaloota Uumata Oromo (unpublished manuscript). Cerulli, Enrico, [1922] 2003, Folk Literature of the Galla of Southern Abyssinia (Harvard African Studies 3), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [Available online at http://www.samizdat.com/cerulli.html].
Eaton, David, 2004, ‘Understanding AIDS in Public Lives’, in Ezekiel Kalipeni et al., eds., HIV and AIDS in Africa: Beyond Epidemiology, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 279-290.
Frederick, Robin, 2004, ‘A Brief History of Love Songs.’ [Available online at http://www.soundexp.com/history.html.]
Foucault, Michel, 1976, The Will to Knowledge: The History of Sexuality, Volume 1, Trans. Robert Hurley. London: Penguin Books.
Fox, Michael V., 1983, ‘Love, Passion, and Perception in Israelite and Egyptian Love Poetry’, Journal of Biblical Literature, 102(2): 219-228.
Gemede, Eshete, 2007, ‘African Society and Egalitarian Values: Oromo Folklore Literature and Cultural Studies in a Contemporary Context’, PhD Dissertation. Institut for Litteratur, Kultur og Medier, Syddansk Universitet.
Gumii Qormaata Afaan Oromoo (GQAO), (Oromo Language Study and Standardisation Team), 1993, Afoola Oromoo: Sirba Warroommii, Geerarsa. Jildii-I. Finfinnee: Biiroo Aadaafi Beeksisa Oromiyaa (BABO).
Izugbara, C. Otutubikey, 2005, ‘Local Erotic Songs and Chants among Rural Nigerian Adolescent Males’, Sexuality and Culture, 9(3): 53-76.
Janssen, D. F., 2002, ‘Growing Up Sexually’, World Reference Atlas. [Available online at http://www2.hu berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/AFRICA.HTM.]
Kebede, Ashenafi, 1971, ‘The Music of Ethiopia: Its Development and Cultural Setting’, PhD Dissertation, Wesleyan University.
Kebede, Ashenafi, 1995, Roots of Black Music: The Vocal, Instrumental, and Dance Heritage of Africa and Black America, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Kelbessa, Workineh, 2001, Traditional Oromo Attitudes towards the Environment: An Argument for Environmentally Sound Development, OSSREA Social Science Research Report Series, No. 19, Addis Ababa: OSSREA.
Kelbessa, Workineh, 2002, ‘Indigenous and Modern Environmental Ethics: Towards Partnership’, in Gail Presbey et al., eds., Thought and Practice in African Philosophy: Selected Papers of the Sixth Annual Conference of International Society for African Philosophy and Studies, Nairobi: Konrad Adenauer Foundation, pp. 47-61.
Kelbessa, Workineh, 2008, ‘African Philosophy of Sex and the HIV/AIDS Epidemic’, in Jinfen Yan and David Schrader, eds., Creating a Global Dialogue on Value Inquiry: Papers from the XXII World Congress of Philosophy (Rethinking Philosophy Today), Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, pp.349-391.
Lakoff, George, 1987, Women, Fire and, and Dangerous Things, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson, 1980, Metaphors We Live by, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George and Mark Turner, 1989, More than Cool Reason, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Legesse, Asmarom, 1973, Gada: Three Approaches to the Study of African Society, New York: Free Press.
Legesse, Asmarom, 2000, Oromo Democracy: An Indigenous African Political System, Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press. Leus, Ton with Cynthia Salvadori, 2006, Aadaa Boraanaa: A Dictionary of Borana Culture, Addis Ababa: Shama Books.
Mbembe, Achille, 2001, ‘At the Edge of the World: Boundaries, Territoriality, and Sovereignty in Africa’, in Arjun Appadurai, ed., Globalization, Durham and London: Duke University Press, pp. 22-51.
Obenga, Théophile, 2004, ‘Egypt: Ancient History of African Philosophy’, in Kwasi Wiredu ed., A Companion to African Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 31-49.
Pankhurst, Sylvia, 1955, Ethiopia: A Cultural History. London: Fletcher and Son Ltd.
Powne, Michael, 1968, Ethiopian Music: An Introduction. A Survey of Ecclesiastical and Secular Ethiopian Music and Instruments, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
Repke, Heinrich H & Edwards S. Ayensu, 2001, HIV/AIDS: Knowledge Protects: New and Specific Approaches to Contain the Spread of HIV in Developing Countries, Postdam: Strauss.
Shelemay, Kay Kaufman and Jeffery Petyer, 1997, ‘Ethiopian Chant and Notation in Western Scholarship’, Ethiopian Christian Liturgical Chant: An Anthology, Madison, WI: A-R Editions, Inc., pp. 131-148.
Steinriede, Kent, 2007, ‘African Musicians and HIV/AIDS Education’, Medical Journal of Therapeutics Africa, 1(2):105-107.
Stillwaggon, Eileen, 2003, ‘Racial Metaphors: Interpreting Sex and AIDS in Africa’, Development and Change, 34 (5): 809-832.
Sumner, Claude, 1996, Proverbs, Songs, Folktales: An Anthology of Oromo Literature, Addis Ababa: Gudina Tumsa Foundation.
Sumner, Claude, 1997, Oromo Wisdom Literature. Vol. II. Songs: Collection and Analysis, Addis Ababa: Gudina Tumsa Foundation.
Taa, Tesemma, 2004, ‘Oromo Traditional Songs’, in Catherine Griefenow-Mewis and Tamene Bitima, eds., Oromo Oral Poetry Seen from Within, Koln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, pp.13-40.
Tolesa, Addisu, 1990, ‘The Historical Transformation of a Folklore Genre: The Geerarsa as a National Literature of the Oromo in the Context of Amhara Colonization in Ethiopia’, PhD Dissertation, The Folklore Institute, Indiana University.
Triulzi, Alessandro with Tamene Bitima, 1996, ‘On Some Masqala and Daboo Songs of the Macca Oromo`, in R. J. Hayward and I. M. Lewis, eds., Voice and Power: The Culture of Language in North-East Africa. Essays in Honour of B. W. Andrzejewski, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, pp. 243-256.
UNAIDS, 2007, AIDS Epidemic Update. [Available online at http:// data.unaids.org/pub/Eplsides/2007/2007_epiu-pdate-en.pdf.]
UNAIDS, 2008, 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic [Available online at http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/2008/ 2008_Global_report.asp]
Vadasy, Tibor, 1970, ‘Ethiopian Folk- Dance’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, VIII (2): 119-146.
Vadasy, Tibor, 1971, ‘Ethiopian Folk- Dance II: Tegré and Guragé’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies IX (2): 191-217.
Vadasy, Tibor, 1973, ‘Ethiopian Folk-Dance III: Wällo and Galla [Oromo]’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, XI (1): 213-31.
Wako, Fugich, 2010, ‘“Putting Down Women” with Male Oratory: An Analysis of an Oral Poetic Form among the Boorana Oromo’, Journal of Oromo Studies, 17(1): 179-217.
Weeks, Jeffrey, [1986] 2003, Sexuality. Second edn., London and New York: Routledge.