3 - The Potential Contribution of Love-Sex Songs to the Spread or Prevention of HIV/AIDS: The Case of the Oromo of Ethiopia
Corresponding Author(s) : Workineh Kelbessa
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 38 No 3-4 (2013): Afrique et développement
Résumé
Cet article examine la contribution potentielle des chansons d’amour/sexe Oromo à la propagation ou la prévention de l’épidémie du VIH/SIDA. Il aborde également la façon dont les chansons d’amour Oromo traduisent les croyances, les valeurs sexuelles, les coutumes, les sens et interprétations de la masculinité chez les Oromo. Les Oromo chantent plusieurs chansons pour magnifier l’amour/le sexe et les amoureux. Ils expriment, d’une manière aussi explicite les chansons dites modernes, la joie d’aimer, d’être aimé et l’énergie naturelle que procure une vie sexuelle joyeuse. Ils transmettent des informations importantes sur le monde tel qu’il est perçu par les Oromo en reflétant les croyances et les valeurs qui trouvent leur siège dans les institutions sociales Oromo. Cette étude révèle que les chansons d’amour-sexe Oromo peuvent encourager ou dissuader des comportements sexuels à risque. Elle explique les proportions dans lesquelles certaines chansons d’amour Oromo, lorsqu’elles sont mal interprétées, peuvent inciter certaines personnes à s’adonner à de rapports sexuels non protégés susceptibles de favoriser la propagation de l’épidémie du VIH/SIDA. En dépit de la remise en cause des normes d’éthique sexuelle des Oromo par des facteurs externes, il existe des chansons d’amour qui peuvent encourager les jeunes à adopter des pratiques sexuelles sans risque. Les chansons d’amour peuvent donc permettre à des personnes de faire la différence entre le vrai amour/l’amour du sexe et affiner leur compréhension du lien entre sexualité et VIH/SIDA. Cet article soutient que les chansons d’amour/sexe Oromo devraient faire l’objet d’un examen critique pour déterminer dans quelle mesure celles-ci ont mis des vies en danger, et é oqué des valeurs relatives à la sexualité, l’amour et les relations entre les sexes.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Abrokwaa, Clemente K., 1999, ‘Indigenous Music Education in Africa’, in Ladislaus M Semali and Joe L. Kincheloe, eds., What is Indigenous Knowledge? Voices from the Academy, New York and London: Falmer Press, pp. 191-207.
- Agaw, Kofi, 2004, ‘Aesthetic Inquiry and the Music of Africa’, in Kwasi Wiredu, ed., A Companion to African Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 404-414.
- Baissa, Lemmu, 1994, ‘“Gada Values”: The Building Blocks of A Democratic Polity’, The Journal of Oromo Studies, I (2): 47-52.
- Baxter, P. T. W., 1974, ‘Some Preliminary Observations on a Type of Arsi Song, Wellu, Which is Popular with Young Men’, Accademia Nazionale Dei Lincei, 809-820.
- Bekele, Zenebe, 1987, Music in the Horn: A Preliminary Analytical Approach to the Study of Ethiopian Music, Stockholm: Författares Bokmaskin.
- Betreyohannes, Simeneh, 2008, ‘Music and Politics in Twentieth Century Ethiopia: Empire, Modernization and Revolution’, MA Thesis, Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University.
- Bitima, Tamene, n.d., Walaloota Uumata Oromo (unpublished manuscript). Cerulli, Enrico, [1922] 2003, Folk Literature of the Galla of Southern Abyssinia (Harvard African Studies 3), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [Available online at http://www.samizdat.com/cerulli.html].
- Eaton, David, 2004, ‘Understanding AIDS in Public Lives’, in Ezekiel Kalipeni et al., eds., HIV and AIDS in Africa: Beyond Epidemiology, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 279-290.
- Frederick, Robin, 2004, ‘A Brief History of Love Songs.’ [Available online at http://www.soundexp.com/history.html.]
- Foucault, Michel, 1976, The Will to Knowledge: The History of Sexuality, Volume 1, Trans. Robert Hurley. London: Penguin Books.
- Fox, Michael V., 1983, ‘Love, Passion, and Perception in Israelite and Egyptian Love Poetry’, Journal of Biblical Literature, 102(2): 219-228.
- Gemede, Eshete, 2007, ‘African Society and Egalitarian Values: Oromo Folklore Literature and Cultural Studies in a Contemporary Context’, PhD Dissertation. Institut for Litteratur, Kultur og Medier, Syddansk Universitet.
- Gumii Qormaata Afaan Oromoo (GQAO), (Oromo Language Study and Standardisation Team), 1993, Afoola Oromoo: Sirba Warroommii, Geerarsa. Jildii-I. Finfinnee: Biiroo Aadaafi Beeksisa Oromiyaa (BABO).
- Izugbara, C. Otutubikey, 2005, ‘Local Erotic Songs and Chants among Rural Nigerian Adolescent Males’, Sexuality and Culture, 9(3): 53-76.
- Janssen, D. F., 2002, ‘Growing Up Sexually’, World Reference Atlas. [Available online at http://www2.hu berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/AFRICA.HTM.]
- Kebede, Ashenafi, 1971, ‘The Music of Ethiopia: Its Development and Cultural Setting’, PhD Dissertation, Wesleyan University.
- Kebede, Ashenafi, 1995, Roots of Black Music: The Vocal, Instrumental, and Dance Heritage of Africa and Black America, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
- Kelbessa, Workineh, 2001, Traditional Oromo Attitudes towards the Environment: An Argument for Environmentally Sound Development, OSSREA Social Science Research Report Series, No. 19, Addis Ababa: OSSREA.
- Kelbessa, Workineh, 2002, ‘Indigenous and Modern Environmental Ethics: Towards Partnership’, in Gail Presbey et al., eds., Thought and Practice in African Philosophy: Selected Papers of the Sixth Annual Conference of International Society for African Philosophy and Studies, Nairobi: Konrad Adenauer Foundation, pp. 47-61.
- Kelbessa, Workineh, 2008, ‘African Philosophy of Sex and the HIV/AIDS Epidemic’, in Jinfen Yan and David Schrader, eds., Creating a Global Dialogue on Value Inquiry: Papers from the XXII World Congress of Philosophy (Rethinking Philosophy Today), Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, pp.349-391.
- Lakoff, George, 1987, Women, Fire and, and Dangerous Things, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson, 1980, Metaphors We Live by, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Lakoff, George and Mark Turner, 1989, More than Cool Reason, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Legesse, Asmarom, 1973, Gada: Three Approaches to the Study of African Society, New York: Free Press.
- Legesse, Asmarom, 2000, Oromo Democracy: An Indigenous African Political System, Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press. Leus, Ton with Cynthia Salvadori, 2006, Aadaa Boraanaa: A Dictionary of Borana Culture, Addis Ababa: Shama Books.
- Mbembe, Achille, 2001, ‘At the Edge of the World: Boundaries, Territoriality, and Sovereignty in Africa’, in Arjun Appadurai, ed., Globalization, Durham and London: Duke University Press, pp. 22-51.
- Obenga, Théophile, 2004, ‘Egypt: Ancient History of African Philosophy’, in Kwasi Wiredu ed., A Companion to African Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 31-49.
- Pankhurst, Sylvia, 1955, Ethiopia: A Cultural History. London: Fletcher and Son Ltd.
- Powne, Michael, 1968, Ethiopian Music: An Introduction. A Survey of Ecclesiastical and Secular Ethiopian Music and Instruments, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
- Repke, Heinrich H & Edwards S. Ayensu, 2001, HIV/AIDS: Knowledge Protects: New and Specific Approaches to Contain the Spread of HIV in Developing Countries, Postdam: Strauss.
- Shelemay, Kay Kaufman and Jeffery Petyer, 1997, ‘Ethiopian Chant and Notation in Western Scholarship’, Ethiopian Christian Liturgical Chant: An Anthology, Madison, WI: A-R Editions, Inc., pp. 131-148.
- Steinriede, Kent, 2007, ‘African Musicians and HIV/AIDS Education’, Medical Journal of Therapeutics Africa, 1(2):105-107.
- Stillwaggon, Eileen, 2003, ‘Racial Metaphors: Interpreting Sex and AIDS in Africa’, Development and Change, 34 (5): 809-832.
- Sumner, Claude, 1996, Proverbs, Songs, Folktales: An Anthology of Oromo Literature, Addis Ababa: Gudina Tumsa Foundation.
- Sumner, Claude, 1997, Oromo Wisdom Literature. Vol. II. Songs: Collection and Analysis, Addis Ababa: Gudina Tumsa Foundation.
- Taa, Tesemma, 2004, ‘Oromo Traditional Songs’, in Catherine Griefenow-Mewis and Tamene Bitima, eds., Oromo Oral Poetry Seen from Within, Koln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, pp.13-40.
- Tolesa, Addisu, 1990, ‘The Historical Transformation of a Folklore Genre: The Geerarsa as a National Literature of the Oromo in the Context of Amhara Colonization in Ethiopia’, PhD Dissertation, The Folklore Institute, Indiana University.
- Triulzi, Alessandro with Tamene Bitima, 1996, ‘On Some Masqala and Daboo Songs of the Macca Oromo`, in R. J. Hayward and I. M. Lewis, eds., Voice and Power: The Culture of Language in North-East Africa. Essays in Honour of B. W. Andrzejewski, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, pp. 243-256.
- UNAIDS, 2007, AIDS Epidemic Update. [Available online at http:// data.unaids.org/pub/Eplsides/2007/2007_epiu-pdate-en.pdf.]
- UNAIDS, 2008, 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic [Available online at http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/2008/ 2008_Global_report.asp]
- Vadasy, Tibor, 1970, ‘Ethiopian Folk- Dance’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, VIII (2): 119-146.
- Vadasy, Tibor, 1971, ‘Ethiopian Folk- Dance II: Tegré and Guragé’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies IX (2): 191-217.
- Vadasy, Tibor, 1973, ‘Ethiopian Folk-Dance III: Wällo and Galla [Oromo]’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, XI (1): 213-31.
- Wako, Fugich, 2010, ‘“Putting Down Women” with Male Oratory: An Analysis of an Oral Poetic Form among the Boorana Oromo’, Journal of Oromo Studies, 17(1): 179-217.
- Weeks, Jeffrey, [1986] 2003, Sexuality. Second edn., London and New York: Routledge.
Les références
Abrokwaa, Clemente K., 1999, ‘Indigenous Music Education in Africa’, in Ladislaus M Semali and Joe L. Kincheloe, eds., What is Indigenous Knowledge? Voices from the Academy, New York and London: Falmer Press, pp. 191-207.
Agaw, Kofi, 2004, ‘Aesthetic Inquiry and the Music of Africa’, in Kwasi Wiredu, ed., A Companion to African Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 404-414.
Baissa, Lemmu, 1994, ‘“Gada Values”: The Building Blocks of A Democratic Polity’, The Journal of Oromo Studies, I (2): 47-52.
Baxter, P. T. W., 1974, ‘Some Preliminary Observations on a Type of Arsi Song, Wellu, Which is Popular with Young Men’, Accademia Nazionale Dei Lincei, 809-820.
Bekele, Zenebe, 1987, Music in the Horn: A Preliminary Analytical Approach to the Study of Ethiopian Music, Stockholm: Författares Bokmaskin.
Betreyohannes, Simeneh, 2008, ‘Music and Politics in Twentieth Century Ethiopia: Empire, Modernization and Revolution’, MA Thesis, Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University.
Bitima, Tamene, n.d., Walaloota Uumata Oromo (unpublished manuscript). Cerulli, Enrico, [1922] 2003, Folk Literature of the Galla of Southern Abyssinia (Harvard African Studies 3), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [Available online at http://www.samizdat.com/cerulli.html].
Eaton, David, 2004, ‘Understanding AIDS in Public Lives’, in Ezekiel Kalipeni et al., eds., HIV and AIDS in Africa: Beyond Epidemiology, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 279-290.
Frederick, Robin, 2004, ‘A Brief History of Love Songs.’ [Available online at http://www.soundexp.com/history.html.]
Foucault, Michel, 1976, The Will to Knowledge: The History of Sexuality, Volume 1, Trans. Robert Hurley. London: Penguin Books.
Fox, Michael V., 1983, ‘Love, Passion, and Perception in Israelite and Egyptian Love Poetry’, Journal of Biblical Literature, 102(2): 219-228.
Gemede, Eshete, 2007, ‘African Society and Egalitarian Values: Oromo Folklore Literature and Cultural Studies in a Contemporary Context’, PhD Dissertation. Institut for Litteratur, Kultur og Medier, Syddansk Universitet.
Gumii Qormaata Afaan Oromoo (GQAO), (Oromo Language Study and Standardisation Team), 1993, Afoola Oromoo: Sirba Warroommii, Geerarsa. Jildii-I. Finfinnee: Biiroo Aadaafi Beeksisa Oromiyaa (BABO).
Izugbara, C. Otutubikey, 2005, ‘Local Erotic Songs and Chants among Rural Nigerian Adolescent Males’, Sexuality and Culture, 9(3): 53-76.
Janssen, D. F., 2002, ‘Growing Up Sexually’, World Reference Atlas. [Available online at http://www2.hu berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/AFRICA.HTM.]
Kebede, Ashenafi, 1971, ‘The Music of Ethiopia: Its Development and Cultural Setting’, PhD Dissertation, Wesleyan University.
Kebede, Ashenafi, 1995, Roots of Black Music: The Vocal, Instrumental, and Dance Heritage of Africa and Black America, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Kelbessa, Workineh, 2001, Traditional Oromo Attitudes towards the Environment: An Argument for Environmentally Sound Development, OSSREA Social Science Research Report Series, No. 19, Addis Ababa: OSSREA.
Kelbessa, Workineh, 2002, ‘Indigenous and Modern Environmental Ethics: Towards Partnership’, in Gail Presbey et al., eds., Thought and Practice in African Philosophy: Selected Papers of the Sixth Annual Conference of International Society for African Philosophy and Studies, Nairobi: Konrad Adenauer Foundation, pp. 47-61.
Kelbessa, Workineh, 2008, ‘African Philosophy of Sex and the HIV/AIDS Epidemic’, in Jinfen Yan and David Schrader, eds., Creating a Global Dialogue on Value Inquiry: Papers from the XXII World Congress of Philosophy (Rethinking Philosophy Today), Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, pp.349-391.
Lakoff, George, 1987, Women, Fire and, and Dangerous Things, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson, 1980, Metaphors We Live by, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George and Mark Turner, 1989, More than Cool Reason, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Legesse, Asmarom, 1973, Gada: Three Approaches to the Study of African Society, New York: Free Press.
Legesse, Asmarom, 2000, Oromo Democracy: An Indigenous African Political System, Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press. Leus, Ton with Cynthia Salvadori, 2006, Aadaa Boraanaa: A Dictionary of Borana Culture, Addis Ababa: Shama Books.
Mbembe, Achille, 2001, ‘At the Edge of the World: Boundaries, Territoriality, and Sovereignty in Africa’, in Arjun Appadurai, ed., Globalization, Durham and London: Duke University Press, pp. 22-51.
Obenga, Théophile, 2004, ‘Egypt: Ancient History of African Philosophy’, in Kwasi Wiredu ed., A Companion to African Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 31-49.
Pankhurst, Sylvia, 1955, Ethiopia: A Cultural History. London: Fletcher and Son Ltd.
Powne, Michael, 1968, Ethiopian Music: An Introduction. A Survey of Ecclesiastical and Secular Ethiopian Music and Instruments, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
Repke, Heinrich H & Edwards S. Ayensu, 2001, HIV/AIDS: Knowledge Protects: New and Specific Approaches to Contain the Spread of HIV in Developing Countries, Postdam: Strauss.
Shelemay, Kay Kaufman and Jeffery Petyer, 1997, ‘Ethiopian Chant and Notation in Western Scholarship’, Ethiopian Christian Liturgical Chant: An Anthology, Madison, WI: A-R Editions, Inc., pp. 131-148.
Steinriede, Kent, 2007, ‘African Musicians and HIV/AIDS Education’, Medical Journal of Therapeutics Africa, 1(2):105-107.
Stillwaggon, Eileen, 2003, ‘Racial Metaphors: Interpreting Sex and AIDS in Africa’, Development and Change, 34 (5): 809-832.
Sumner, Claude, 1996, Proverbs, Songs, Folktales: An Anthology of Oromo Literature, Addis Ababa: Gudina Tumsa Foundation.
Sumner, Claude, 1997, Oromo Wisdom Literature. Vol. II. Songs: Collection and Analysis, Addis Ababa: Gudina Tumsa Foundation.
Taa, Tesemma, 2004, ‘Oromo Traditional Songs’, in Catherine Griefenow-Mewis and Tamene Bitima, eds., Oromo Oral Poetry Seen from Within, Koln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, pp.13-40.
Tolesa, Addisu, 1990, ‘The Historical Transformation of a Folklore Genre: The Geerarsa as a National Literature of the Oromo in the Context of Amhara Colonization in Ethiopia’, PhD Dissertation, The Folklore Institute, Indiana University.
Triulzi, Alessandro with Tamene Bitima, 1996, ‘On Some Masqala and Daboo Songs of the Macca Oromo`, in R. J. Hayward and I. M. Lewis, eds., Voice and Power: The Culture of Language in North-East Africa. Essays in Honour of B. W. Andrzejewski, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, pp. 243-256.
UNAIDS, 2007, AIDS Epidemic Update. [Available online at http:// data.unaids.org/pub/Eplsides/2007/2007_epiu-pdate-en.pdf.]
UNAIDS, 2008, 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic [Available online at http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/2008/ 2008_Global_report.asp]
Vadasy, Tibor, 1970, ‘Ethiopian Folk- Dance’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, VIII (2): 119-146.
Vadasy, Tibor, 1971, ‘Ethiopian Folk- Dance II: Tegré and Guragé’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies IX (2): 191-217.
Vadasy, Tibor, 1973, ‘Ethiopian Folk-Dance III: Wällo and Galla [Oromo]’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, XI (1): 213-31.
Wako, Fugich, 2010, ‘“Putting Down Women” with Male Oratory: An Analysis of an Oral Poetic Form among the Boorana Oromo’, Journal of Oromo Studies, 17(1): 179-217.
Weeks, Jeffrey, [1986] 2003, Sexuality. Second edn., London and New York: Routledge.