4- Negotiating Nation-building and Citizenship through the Truth and Reconciliation Committee’s ‘Dramatic’ Spheres: A Reading of Two Post-apartheid Plays
Corresponding Author(s) : Busuyi Mekusi
Afrique et développement,
Vol. 35 No 1-2 (2010): Afrique et développement: Numéro spécial sur la langue, la littérature et le pouvoir dans l'espace public
Résumé
Avoir une voix, que ce soit au niveau individuel ou communautaire, a été l’un des moyens ataviques de définition et d’affirmation de l’humanité. Cela tient compte de l’inscription de l’hégémonie à double face des succès ou victoires et des frustrations tant au niveau de l’espace privé que de la sphère publique. Les perturbations de cette possibilité par des clivages entre les autochtones en Afrique du Sud précoloniale ont empiré sous le feu de la répression coloniale que ce pays a subie et ont été aggravées par le régime d’apartheid. En raison de cette mauvaise administration, des voix ont été réprimées, avec quelques cacophonies de dissension. Le paroxysme de ces désenchantements vers la fin de l’apartheid présageait significativement la nécessité de la reconstruction et la redéfinition de la citoyenneté et de la cohabitation, et donc la nécessité d’établir une sphère publique, ou sinon établir un domaine public, sous la forme de la Commission vérité et réconciliation de l’archevêque Desmond Tutu. Cet article vise donc à examiner le (s) monde (s) dramatique (s) créé (s) à l’aide des propriétés matérielles du TRC dans Nothing but the Truth de John Kani et The Bells of Amersfoort de Zakes Mda. L’article soutient que la domination et la manipulation de ce domaine public par l’État au détriment de l’individu n’est pas seulement nuisible, mais constitue un rejet de la pertinence de telles sphères. Cet article, en parcourant les indexes de ces pièces, conclut donc que tout individu doit non seulement avoir une voix et être entendu, mais aussi jouir de son droit à une participation égale impartiale. Sinon, la sphère publique ne serait impuissante et l’idée de construction de la nation et de la citoyenneté souhaitable ne serait rien d’autre qu’un simple stratagème.
Mots-clés
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
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- Achebe, C., 1975, Morning Yet on Creation Day, New York: Anchor Press.
- Ainley, R., ed., 1998, ‘Introduction’, New Frontiers of Space, Bodies and Gender, London: Routledge, pp. xiii-xvii.
- Asmal, K. et al., 1996, Reconciliation Through Truth: a Reckoning of Apartheid’s Criminal Governance, Cape Town: David Philip Publishers.
- Baddeley, A., 1989, ‘The Psychology of Remembering and Forgetting’, Memory, History, Culture and the Mind, ed., Thomas Butler, New York: Basil Blackwell Ltd, pp. 33-60.
- Ben Achour, Y., 2002, ‘The Order of Truth and the Order of Society’, Experiments with Truth: Transitional Justice and the Process of Truth and Reconciliation, Document 11_Platform 2, Okwui Enwezor et al., eds., Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz Publishers, pp. 123-134.
- Bester, R., 2002, ‘Trauma and Truth’, Experiments with Truth: Transitional Justice and the Process of Truth and Reconciliation, Document 11_Platform 2, Okwui Enwezor et al., eds., Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz Publishers, pp. 155-173.
- Bharucha, R., 2002, ‘Between Truth and Reconciliation: Experiments in Theater and Public Culture’, Experiments with Truth: Transitional Justice and the Process of Truth and Reconciliation, Document 11_Platform 2, Okwui Enwezor et al., eds., Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz Publishers, pp. 361-388.
- Bozzoli, B., 2004, Theatre of Struggle and the End of Apartheid, Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
- Bridge, G., 2004, ‘Pierre Bourdieu’, Key Thinkers on Space and Place, eds., Phil Hubbard, Rob Kitchin and Gill Valentine, London: SAGE Publications Inc., pp. 59-64.
- Clarke, D. and Doel, M., 2004, ‘Zygmunt Bauman’, Key Thinkers on Space and Place, eds., Phil Hubbard, Rob Kitchin and Gill Valentine, London: SAGE Publications Inc., pp. 33-39.
- Cole, C.M., 2004, ‘Theatres of Truth, Acts of Reconciliation: the TRC in South Africa’, African Drama and Performance, eds., John Conteh-Morgan and Tejumola Olaniyan, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 219-226.
- Enwezor, O., 2002, ‘Introduction’, Experiments with Truth: Transitional Justice and the Process of Truth and Reconciliation, Document 11_Platform 2, Okwui Enwezor et al., eds., Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz Publishers, pp. 13-17.
- Fombad, C.M., 2004, ‘Prospects for Peace Building through Truth Commissions in Africa’, The Quest for Peace in Africa: Transformations, Democracy and Public Policy, ed., Alfred G. Nhema, Utrecht: International Books, pp. 189-219.
- Goode, L., 2005, Jurgen Habermas: Democracy and the Public Sphere, London: Pluto Press.
- Goodsell, C.T., 2003, ‘The Concept of Public Space and Its Democratic Manifestations’, American Review of Public Administration, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 361-383.
- Kani, J., 2002, Nothing But the Truth, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
- Kok, de I., 1998, ‘Cracked Heirlooms: Memory on Exhibition’, Negotiating the Past: the Making of Memory in South Africa, eds., Sarrah Nuttall and Carli Coetzee, Cape Town: Oxford University Press, pp. 57-71.
- Mamdani, M., 2000, ‘The Truth According to the TRC’, The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing and Social Justice, eds., Ifi Amadiume and Abdullahi An- Na’im, London: Zed Books, pp. 176-182.
- Massey, D., 2005, For Space, London: SAGE Publications.
- McCorkle, J., 2001, ‘Gender, Text and Space in J.M. Coetzee’s Fiction’, Spaces and Crossings: Essays on Literature and Culture in Africa and Beyond, eds., Rita Wilson and Carlotta von Maltzan, New York: Peter Lang, pp.107-123.
- McGuigan, J., 1998, ‘What Price the Public Sphere?’, Electronic Empires: Global Media and Local Resistance, ed., Daya Kishan Thussu, London: Arnold, pp. 91-107.
- Mda, Z., 2002, Fools, Bells, and the Habit of Eating (Three satires), Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
- Natter, W. and J.P. Jones, 1997, ‘Identity, Space, and Other Uncertainties’, Georges Benko and Ulf Strohmayer, eds., Space and Social Theory, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, pp. 141-161.
- Nuttall, S., 1998, ‘Telling “Free” Stories? Memory and Democracy in South African Autobiography Since 1994', Negotiating the Past: the Making of Memory in South Africa, Sarah Nuttall and Carli Coetzee, eds., Cape Town: Oxford University Press, pp. 76-88.
- Olukoshi, A., 2008, ‘Bringing the Public Sphere into African Democratic Theory’, Paper presented during the First Plenary Session of the CODESRIA 12th General Assembly, at Yaoundé, Cameroon, on 8th December.
- Philo, C., 2004, ‘Michel Foucault’, Key Thinkers on Space and Place, eds., Phil Hubbard, Rob Kitchin and Gill Valentine, London: SAGE Publications Inc., pp. 121-128.
- Ricoeur, P., 2004, Memory, History, Forgetting, Translated by Kathleen Blamey and David Pellaver, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
- Sachs, A., 2002, ‘Different Kinds of Truth: The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission’, Experiments with Truth: Transitional Justice and the Process of Truth and Reconciliation, Document 11_Platform 2, Okwui Enwezor et al., eds., Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz Publishers, pp. 43-60.
- Sanders, M., 2007, Ambiguities of Witnessing: Law and Literature in the Time of a Truth Commission, Johannesburg, Wits University Press.
- Shafir, M., 2004, ‘The Politics of Public Space and the Legacy of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Hungary’, An abridged version of the Paper ‘Hungarian Politics and the Legacy of the Holocaust Since 1989’, presented at the 16-18 March 2004 Symposium ‘The Holocaust in Hungary: Sixty Years Later’, Washington, D. C., The United State Holocaust Memorial Museum.
- Sharp, J., 2007, ‘The Life and Death of Public Spaces: Public Art and Community Regeneration in Glasgow’, Cultural Geographies, pp. 274-292.
- Shields, R., 1997, ‘Spatial Stress and Resistance: Social Meanings of Spatialization’, Georges Benko and Ulf Strohmayer, eds., Space and Social Theory, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, pp. 186-202.
- Soyinka, W., 2000, ‘Memory, Truth and Healing’, The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing and Social Justice, eds., Ifi Amadiume and Abdullahi An-Na’im, London: Zed Books, pp. 20-37.
- Sparks, C., 1998, ‘Is there a Public Sphere?’, in Electronic Empires: Global Media and Local Resistance, ed., Daya Kishan Thussu, London: Arnold, pp. 108- 124.
- Tierney, T., 2007, Abstract Space: The Beneath the Media Surface, Oxon: Taylor & Francis.
- Vora, J.A. and Vora, E., 2004, ‘The Effectiveness of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Perceptions of Xhosa, Afrikaner, and English South Africa’, Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 34, No 3, pp. 301-322.
- Werlen, B., 1993, Society, Action and Space: An Alternative Human Geography, London: Routledge.
Les références
Achebe, C., 1975, Morning Yet on Creation Day, New York: Anchor Press.
Ainley, R., ed., 1998, ‘Introduction’, New Frontiers of Space, Bodies and Gender, London: Routledge, pp. xiii-xvii.
Asmal, K. et al., 1996, Reconciliation Through Truth: a Reckoning of Apartheid’s Criminal Governance, Cape Town: David Philip Publishers.
Baddeley, A., 1989, ‘The Psychology of Remembering and Forgetting’, Memory, History, Culture and the Mind, ed., Thomas Butler, New York: Basil Blackwell Ltd, pp. 33-60.
Ben Achour, Y., 2002, ‘The Order of Truth and the Order of Society’, Experiments with Truth: Transitional Justice and the Process of Truth and Reconciliation, Document 11_Platform 2, Okwui Enwezor et al., eds., Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz Publishers, pp. 123-134.
Bester, R., 2002, ‘Trauma and Truth’, Experiments with Truth: Transitional Justice and the Process of Truth and Reconciliation, Document 11_Platform 2, Okwui Enwezor et al., eds., Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz Publishers, pp. 155-173.
Bharucha, R., 2002, ‘Between Truth and Reconciliation: Experiments in Theater and Public Culture’, Experiments with Truth: Transitional Justice and the Process of Truth and Reconciliation, Document 11_Platform 2, Okwui Enwezor et al., eds., Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz Publishers, pp. 361-388.
Bozzoli, B., 2004, Theatre of Struggle and the End of Apartheid, Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
Bridge, G., 2004, ‘Pierre Bourdieu’, Key Thinkers on Space and Place, eds., Phil Hubbard, Rob Kitchin and Gill Valentine, London: SAGE Publications Inc., pp. 59-64.
Clarke, D. and Doel, M., 2004, ‘Zygmunt Bauman’, Key Thinkers on Space and Place, eds., Phil Hubbard, Rob Kitchin and Gill Valentine, London: SAGE Publications Inc., pp. 33-39.
Cole, C.M., 2004, ‘Theatres of Truth, Acts of Reconciliation: the TRC in South Africa’, African Drama and Performance, eds., John Conteh-Morgan and Tejumola Olaniyan, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 219-226.
Enwezor, O., 2002, ‘Introduction’, Experiments with Truth: Transitional Justice and the Process of Truth and Reconciliation, Document 11_Platform 2, Okwui Enwezor et al., eds., Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz Publishers, pp. 13-17.
Fombad, C.M., 2004, ‘Prospects for Peace Building through Truth Commissions in Africa’, The Quest for Peace in Africa: Transformations, Democracy and Public Policy, ed., Alfred G. Nhema, Utrecht: International Books, pp. 189-219.
Goode, L., 2005, Jurgen Habermas: Democracy and the Public Sphere, London: Pluto Press.
Goodsell, C.T., 2003, ‘The Concept of Public Space and Its Democratic Manifestations’, American Review of Public Administration, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 361-383.
Kani, J., 2002, Nothing But the Truth, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
Kok, de I., 1998, ‘Cracked Heirlooms: Memory on Exhibition’, Negotiating the Past: the Making of Memory in South Africa, eds., Sarrah Nuttall and Carli Coetzee, Cape Town: Oxford University Press, pp. 57-71.
Mamdani, M., 2000, ‘The Truth According to the TRC’, The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing and Social Justice, eds., Ifi Amadiume and Abdullahi An- Na’im, London: Zed Books, pp. 176-182.
Massey, D., 2005, For Space, London: SAGE Publications.
McCorkle, J., 2001, ‘Gender, Text and Space in J.M. Coetzee’s Fiction’, Spaces and Crossings: Essays on Literature and Culture in Africa and Beyond, eds., Rita Wilson and Carlotta von Maltzan, New York: Peter Lang, pp.107-123.
McGuigan, J., 1998, ‘What Price the Public Sphere?’, Electronic Empires: Global Media and Local Resistance, ed., Daya Kishan Thussu, London: Arnold, pp. 91-107.
Mda, Z., 2002, Fools, Bells, and the Habit of Eating (Three satires), Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
Natter, W. and J.P. Jones, 1997, ‘Identity, Space, and Other Uncertainties’, Georges Benko and Ulf Strohmayer, eds., Space and Social Theory, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, pp. 141-161.
Nuttall, S., 1998, ‘Telling “Free” Stories? Memory and Democracy in South African Autobiography Since 1994', Negotiating the Past: the Making of Memory in South Africa, Sarah Nuttall and Carli Coetzee, eds., Cape Town: Oxford University Press, pp. 76-88.
Olukoshi, A., 2008, ‘Bringing the Public Sphere into African Democratic Theory’, Paper presented during the First Plenary Session of the CODESRIA 12th General Assembly, at Yaoundé, Cameroon, on 8th December.
Philo, C., 2004, ‘Michel Foucault’, Key Thinkers on Space and Place, eds., Phil Hubbard, Rob Kitchin and Gill Valentine, London: SAGE Publications Inc., pp. 121-128.
Ricoeur, P., 2004, Memory, History, Forgetting, Translated by Kathleen Blamey and David Pellaver, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Sachs, A., 2002, ‘Different Kinds of Truth: The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission’, Experiments with Truth: Transitional Justice and the Process of Truth and Reconciliation, Document 11_Platform 2, Okwui Enwezor et al., eds., Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz Publishers, pp. 43-60.
Sanders, M., 2007, Ambiguities of Witnessing: Law and Literature in the Time of a Truth Commission, Johannesburg, Wits University Press.
Shafir, M., 2004, ‘The Politics of Public Space and the Legacy of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Hungary’, An abridged version of the Paper ‘Hungarian Politics and the Legacy of the Holocaust Since 1989’, presented at the 16-18 March 2004 Symposium ‘The Holocaust in Hungary: Sixty Years Later’, Washington, D. C., The United State Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Sharp, J., 2007, ‘The Life and Death of Public Spaces: Public Art and Community Regeneration in Glasgow’, Cultural Geographies, pp. 274-292.
Shields, R., 1997, ‘Spatial Stress and Resistance: Social Meanings of Spatialization’, Georges Benko and Ulf Strohmayer, eds., Space and Social Theory, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, pp. 186-202.
Soyinka, W., 2000, ‘Memory, Truth and Healing’, The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing and Social Justice, eds., Ifi Amadiume and Abdullahi An-Na’im, London: Zed Books, pp. 20-37.
Sparks, C., 1998, ‘Is there a Public Sphere?’, in Electronic Empires: Global Media and Local Resistance, ed., Daya Kishan Thussu, London: Arnold, pp. 108- 124.
Tierney, T., 2007, Abstract Space: The Beneath the Media Surface, Oxon: Taylor & Francis.
Vora, J.A. and Vora, E., 2004, ‘The Effectiveness of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Perceptions of Xhosa, Afrikaner, and English South Africa’, Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 34, No 3, pp. 301-322.
Werlen, B., 1993, Society, Action and Space: An Alternative Human Geography, London: Routledge.